Ground-dwelling
Guides
Ageneotettix deorum
white-whiskered grasshopper, white whiskers grasshopper, sand grasshopper
Ageneotettix deorum is a medium-sized slant-faced grasshopper widely distributed across North American grasslands. It is frequently the dominant species in mixedgrass and bunchgrass prairie outbreaks, reaching densities of 25 adults per square yard. The species exhibits early-season hatching with nymphal development spanning 40–48 days. Adults are ground-dwelling, diurnal herbivores that feed on grasses and ground litter. Population dynamics show sensitivity to weather and predation, with outbreaks typically building over 3–5 years followed by sudden crashes.
Aglaopteryx gemma
little gem cockroach
Aglaopteryx gemma is a small cockroach species in the family Ectobiidae, commonly known as the little gem cockroach. First described by Hebard in 1917, this species occurs in the southeastern United States and the Bahamas. It belongs to a genus of small, often inconspicuous cockroaches that inhabit leaf litter and ground-level vegetation.
Agroeca
Agroeca is a genus of liocranid sac spiders first described by Niklas Westring in 1861. The genus contains 35 recognized species distributed across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Species in this genus are ground-dwelling hunters with nocturnal activity patterns. The genus shows a notably broad geographic distribution, with multiple species endemic to East Asia.
Agrothereutes abbreviatus
Agrothereutes abbreviatus is a parasitic wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, characterized by sexual dimorphism in wing development. Females are brachypterous with wings reduced to the postscutellum or first abdominal tergite, while males have fully developed wings. The species is active in spring and searches for hosts on the ground and in leaf litter.
Allocosa sublata
Allocosa sublata is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae, first described by Montgomery in 1902. It is a ground-dwelling spider known from the United States. Very few observations exist in public databases, with only five records on iNaturalist as of the latest data. The genus Allocosa contains multiple North American species, many of which occupy similar terrestrial habitats.
Alopecosa
Fox Spiders
Alopecosa is a genus of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) comprising approximately 160 species. These ground-dwelling spiders are predominantly Eurasian in distribution, with some species extending into North Africa and North America. Most species reach up to 2 cm in body length. Females construct burrows for egg deposition and guard their egg sacs until hatching. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with species historically grouped into sibling species complexes based on morphology, though courtship behavior and molecular techniques have proven more reliable for species delimitation.
Alopecosa kochi
Koch's Wolf Spider
Alopecosa kochi is a medium-sized wolf spider (Lycosidae) distributed across North America from southern Canada to northern Mexico. It is an active cursorial hunter that does not build capture webs, instead pursuing small invertebrates on open ground. The species exhibits clear sexual dimorphism, with males typically smaller, darker, and possessing more defined leg banding. Females carry egg sacs attached to their spinnerets and transport spiderlings on their backs after hatching.
Amaurobiidae
Hackledmesh Weavers, Night Spiders, Laceweavers
Amaurobiidae is a family of three-clawed spiders found worldwide, containing approximately 286 species in 51 genera. Members are characterized by possessing either a cribellum (a silk-spinning plate) or being ecribellate, and are often difficult to distinguish from related families such as Agelenidae, Desidae, and Amphinectidae. The family's taxonomic boundaries and internal relationships have been historically contentious, with genera frequently reassigned between families based on morphological and molecular studies. Australian representatives are small to medium-sized entelegyne spiders with minimal sheet webs, while North American species include relatively large, powerful hunters.
Amaurochrous ovalis
Amaurochrous ovalis is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae, described by Barber & Sailer in 1953. The genus Amaurochrous belongs to the tribe Podopini, a group of pentatomids often associated with ground-dwelling or cryptic habitats. Very little specific information has been published about the biology or ecology of this particular species.
Anambodera gemina
Anambodera gemina is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in Central America and North America. The species belongs to a genus restricted to western North America whose members are poorly represented in collections due to cryptic habits—they typically alight on rock surfaces or bare soil rather than visiting flowers, unlike the related genus Acmaeodera.
Anambodera nebulosa
Anambodera nebulosa is a small metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. The species is found in western North America and is characterized by its cryptic habits, typically occurring on rock surfaces or bare soil rather than flowers. It was described by Horn in 1894 and is one of several species in the genus Anambodera, which is restricted to western North America and remains incompletely known taxonomically.
Anapidae
Ground Orb-web Spiders
Anapidae is a family of minute spiders containing approximately 233 extant species in 59 genera, with most adults measuring less than 2 mm in body length. The family has undergone significant taxonomic revision, incorporating the former families Micropholcommatidae and Holarchaeidae as subfamilies. Members are primarily ground-dwelling inhabitants of moist forest habitats, where many species construct diminutive orb webs less than 3 cm in diameter. The group exhibits remarkable anatomical conservation despite extreme miniaturization, retaining complete organ systems and musculature that comparable-sized insects often reduce or lose.
Aphonopelma vorhiesi
Tucson Bronze Tarantula, Madrean Red Rump
Aphonopelma vorhiesi is a tarantula species in the family Theraphosidae, commonly known as the Tucson Bronze or Madrean Red Rump. It occurs in Arizona and New Mexico. The species resembles Aphonopelma chalcodes but is considerably rarer in captivity. Like other Aphonopelma species, it is a ground-dwelling spider that constructs and occupies burrows.
Apiocera
Flower-loving Flies
Apiocera is the sole genus in the family Apioceridae, comprising approximately 150 species of flies commonly known as flower-loving flies. The genus is divided into four subgenera, each restricted to a different continent: Apiocera (Australia), Ripidosyrma (southern Africa), Pyrocera (North America), and Anypenus (South America). Despite their common name, most species do not visit flowers. The family was historically broader, with other genera now transferred to Mydidae.
Astenus brevipennis
Astenus brevipennis is a species of rove beetle (family Staphylinidae) described by Austin in 1877. It belongs to the subfamily Paederinae, a group characterized by relatively slender bodies and predatory habits. The species name "brevipennis" refers to short wings, a trait common among rove beetles where the hardened forewings (elytra) are reduced and leave most of the abdomen exposed. This species has been recorded from scattered localities across eastern North America.
Bothrotes plumbeus
Bothrotes plumbeus is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae. Records indicate it has been collected in the southwestern United States, with observations from locations in New Mexico and surrounding regions. The species is associated with arid and semi-arid habitats, including grasslands and open woodlands. Like other tenebrionids, it is likely nocturnal and ground-dwelling, though specific behavioral details remain limited.
Botocudo
Botocudo is a genus of dirt-colored seed bugs (Hemiptera: Rhyparochromidae: Antillocorini) established by Kirkaldy in 1904. The genus comprises true bugs in the lygaeoid lineage, with species such as Botocudo modestus known from North America. Members of this genus are ground-dwelling seed feeders, consistent with the ecological profile of their family.
Camptocosa
Camptocosa is a genus of wolf spiders (family Lycosidae) described in 2005. The genus currently contains two species. Members of this genus are ground-dwelling hunting spiders.
Caponiidae
Bright Lungless Spiders
Caponiidae is a family of ecribellate haplogyne spiders distinguished by several unusual morphological traits. Members lack book lungs, instead respiring through tracheae. The posterior median spinnerets are anteriorly displaced, forming a transverse row with the anterior lateral spinnerets—a unique arrangement among spiders. Most species possess only two eyes, though eye number varies remarkably within the family, with some species having four, six, or eight eyes; in certain species, eye number increases through ontogeny. The family comprises 21 genera and approximately 157 species, predominantly distributed in the Americas and Africa.
Castianeira longipalpa
Long-palped Ant-mimic Spider
Castianeira longipalpa is an ant-mimic spider in the family Corinnidae, recognized as the most widespread member of its genus in the United States and Canada. This species exhibits Batesian mimicry of ants, gaining protection from predators that avoid aggressive ant species. It is a fast, ground-dwelling hunter active during daylight hours.
Cathormiocerus
Cathormiocerus is a genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae, and tribe Trachyphloeini. It was established by Schönherr in 1842. The genus is distributed across parts of Europe and Africa, with records from Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Tanzania. Members of this genus are ground-dwelling weevils, consistent with the habits of their tribe.
Chalcoscirtus
Chalcoscirtus is a genus of jumping spiders (Salticidae) established by Philipp Bertkau in 1880. The name derives from Ancient Greek 'chalc-' (copper) and 'scirt-' (leap), referring to the metallic coloration and characteristic jumping behavior. The genus comprises approximately 45 species distributed primarily across Eurasia, with limited representation in North America. Species occupy diverse habitats from lowland steppes to high alpine zones.
Cicurina pusilla
Cicurina pusilla is a small spider species in the family Cicurinidae, described by Simon in 1886. It is known from the United States, with six iNaturalist observations recorded. Like other members of the genus Cicurina, it is likely a ground-dwelling or cryptic species, though specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented. The genus Cicurina includes several cave-dwelling specialists, though C. pusilla itself has not been documented as a cave obligate.
Comantella fallei
Comantella fallei is a small to medium-sized robber fly (10-15 mm) found in California and Colorado. Adults are active in early spring and late fall, an unusual seasonal pattern for Asilidae. The species is distinguished by a humpbacked profile, a slender spur on the front tibia, and a distinctive "Mohawk" mane of hairs on the thorax. One observation documents predation on a small wolf spider (Pardosa).
Conozoa sulcifrons
Groove-headed grasshopper, Wallula grasshopper
Conozoa sulcifrons, commonly known as the groove-headed grasshopper or wallula grasshopper, is a species of band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is native to western North America and has been recorded from western Wyoming. The species is part of the Oedipodinae subfamily, characterized by banded wings and ground-dwelling habits typical of band-winged grasshoppers.
Cybaeus morosus
Morose Woodland Spider
Cybaeus morosus is a small woodland spider in the family Cybaeidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1886. It belongs to the 'marronoid' clade, a group of spiders united by molecular phylogenetics rather than obvious morphological similarities. The species is known from forest floor habitats in North America, where it constructs sheet webs or retreats under debris. Like other Cybaeidae, it is a ground-dwelling spider that plays a role in leaf litter decomposition and nutrient cycling.
Dictynidae
Meshweavers
Dictynidae is a family of cribellate spiders characterized by their ability to produce hackled band silk. Members build irregular, tangled webs on or near the ground, typically among branches or stems of vegetation. The family comprises approximately 45 genera and 339 species as of October 2025. Recent phylogenomic studies have placed Dictynidae within the marronoid clade, a group of spiders previously difficult to classify due to their morphological similarity. The family exhibits notable ecological diversity, including intertidal species, social species, and species associated with artificial structures.
Dipsocoromorpha
minute litter bugs
Dipsocoromorpha is an infraorder of minute true bugs within Heteroptera, containing approximately 300 species in one superfamily (Dipsocoroidea). Members are among the smallest adult true bugs, typically 0.5–4.0 mm in length. The group exhibits highest diversity in tropical regions, with many species remaining undescribed due to their cryptic habits and small size.
Dismodicus
dwarf spiders
Dismodicus is a genus of dwarf spiders in the family Linyphiidae, first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1884. The genus contains six species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with centers of diversity in Europe and North America. These spiders are part of the sheet-web weaving guild, constructing horizontal webs close to the ground.
Dysdera
woodlouse hunter, sowbug killer, slater-eating spider, woodlouse spider, pillbug hunter
Dysdera is a genus of spiders in the family Dysderidae, first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804. The genus originated from Central Asia to Central Europe and has since spread globally through human commerce. Members are specialized predators of woodlice (terrestrial isopods), using enlarged chelicerae and long fangs to pierce their armored prey. The genus exhibits remarkable adaptive radiation, particularly on oceanic islands—most notably the Canary Islands, where 48 endemic species occur. Dysdera crocata, the cosmopolitan woodlouse hunter, is the only widespread species outside its native range and the sole representative in North America.
Eleodes delicata
clown beetle
Eleodes delicata is a species of clown beetle (family Tenebrionidae) described by Blaisdell in 1929. It belongs to a large genus of darkling beetles known for defensive head-stand behavior. The species is recorded from Mexico, though detailed biological information appears limited in published literature. Like other Eleodes species, it is presumed to be nocturnal and ground-dwelling.
Episinus
Square-ended Cobweb Spiders
Episinus is a genus of comb-footed spiders in the family Theridiidae, first described by Walckenaer in 1809. The genus includes approximately 64 described species distributed across Asia, Africa, and the Americas, with 16 species recorded from China. These small spiders are known for their highly reduced, H- or Y-shaped webs constructed near ground level in low vegetation. Several species have conservation significance, including the Tree H-weaver (Episinus maculipes) which is Red Data Book listed in the UK.
Erigone dentigera
Teethed Dwarf Weaver
Erigone dentigera is a small dwarf spider in the family Linyphiidae, commonly known as the Teethed Dwarf Weaver. It has a Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, the Caucasus, and Russia's Far East. The species was first described by O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1874. Like other members of the genus Erigone, it is a minute ground-dwelling spider.
Eucyrtopogon maculosus
Euophrys monadnock
Euophrys monadnock is a jumping spider species in the family Salticidae, first described by James Henry Emerton in 1891. It occurs across northern North America, including Canada and the northern United States, with records extending south along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Males are notably colorful with distinctive black and orange leg markings, while females are more subdued in coloration. The species inhabits ground-level environments in forested and shrubland habitats.
Euryopis funebris
Euryopis funebris is a small cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, subfamily Hadrotarsinae. It is native to North America and has been introduced to South Africa. Unlike typical theridiids that build tangled webs, this species is an active ant-hunting specialist that uses silk to immobilize prey rather than construct capture webs.
Eusattus muricatus
Eusattus muricatus is a darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae. The genus Eusattus comprises sand-dwelling species found in arid and semi-arid regions of western North America. Eusattus muricatus is one of several species in this genus adapted to sandy habitats, where it occurs as part of the ground-dwelling beetle fauna.
Eusattus productus
Eusattus productus is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1858. The genus Eusattus comprises small to medium-sized tenebrionids associated with sandy or loose soil habitats. The species is known from Mexico, with records indicating occurrence in arid or semi-arid regions. Like other members of the genus, it is likely nocturnal and ground-dwelling, though specific behavioral observations remain limited.
Geotomini
Geotomini is a tribe of burrower bugs within the subfamily Cydninae. Members are ground-dwelling heteropterans with documented maternal care behaviors, including seed-carrying by females to provision nymphs. The tribe has been studied primarily through the species Melanaethus crenatus, with limited tribe-wide behavioral characterization.
Ghelna
Ghelna is a genus of small jumping spiders (Salticidae) endemic to North America, described by Wayne Paul Maddison in 1996. The genus contains four species distributed across Canada and the eastern and central United States. Unlike many related jumping spiders, Ghelna species are ground-dwelling rather than arboreal. Mature males are typically smaller than females and often display more distinct coloration.
Ghelna canadensis
Three-lined Ground Jumping Spider, Red Velvet Jumper
Ghelna canadensis is a small jumping spider in the family Salticidae, measuring 4–6.4 mm in body length. Mature males are 4–5 mm, while females are slightly larger at 4.6–6.4 mm. The species is notable for being ground-dwelling, which is unusual among its subtribe Dendryphantina, whose members are typically arboreal. Males have a distinctive red velvety appearance with three visible lines, while females are darker gray or brownish with indistinct markings. It occurs across much of the eastern United States and adjacent Canada.
Glenognatha foxi
Dwarf Ground Long-jawed Spider
Glenognatha foxi is a species of long-jawed orb weaver spider in the family Tetragnathidae, commonly known as the Dwarf Ground Long-jawed Spider. It is distributed across a broad latitudinal range from Canada to Panama. The species belongs to a genus of small-bodied spiders characterized by elongated chelicerae and ground-dwelling habits, distinguishing them from the more web-associated Tetragnatha.
Habronattus borealis
Boreal Paradise Spider
Habronattus borealis is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, native to North America. It was first described by Nathan Banks in 1895, with earlier observations by J. H. Emerton in 1901 from salt marsh habitats in Massachusetts. The species is part of the diverse Habronattus genus, known for sexually dimorphic males with elaborate courtship displays. It inhabits ground-level environments and has been documented across Canada and the United States.
Habronattus brunneus
Habronattus brunneus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, first described by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1901. It occurs in the United States and Caribbean, including the Bahamas, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Hispaniola, and the Virgin Islands. Males discriminate between substrate-borne cues from females based on age and mating status, spending more time exploring cues from mature, non-mated females. Populations exhibit differing prey colour biases, with some showing strong avoidance of red prey and others showing no colour bias.
Habronattus bulbipes
Habronattus bulbipes is a species of jumping spider (family Salticidae) first described by Chamberlin and Ivie in 1941. The genus Habronattus comprises approximately 100 species, most occurring in North America, with the greatest diversity in the southwestern United States. Members of this genus are small, ground-dwelling spiders known for elaborate multimodal courtship displays combining visual and acoustic signals.
Habronattus californicus
Habronattus californicus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It is native to western North America, occurring in California and the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico. Like other members of the genus Habronattus, males likely possess elaborate courtship displays involving visual and acoustic signals. The genus is known for having some of the most complex multimodal courtship behaviors among terrestrial invertebrates.
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carolinensis
Habronattus carolinensis is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It is found in the United States and possibly Canada. Like other members of the genus Habronattus, it is a small, ground-dwelling spider with acute vision and elaborate courtship behavior. The genus is known for having some of the most complex multimodal courtship displays among terrestrial invertebrates, combining visual signals with vibratory drumming.
Habronattus coecatus
Habronattus coecatus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. The species occurs across North America, Mexico, and Bermuda. Males possess distinctive red scales on the clypeus and exhibit elaborate multimodal courtship involving both visual displays and vibratory signals. The species belongs to a genus known for complex courtship behaviors that have been described as among the most elaborate of any terrestrial invertebrate.
Habronattus cognatus
Habronattus cognatus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, native to North America. Like other members of the genus Habronattus, males are known for elaborate courtship displays combining visual and acoustic signals. The genus is notable for having the third pair of legs modified for visual recognition by females during courtship. The species has been recorded from Alberta and Manitoba in Canada, with broader distribution across North America.
Habronattus dorotheae
Habronattus dorotheae is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, described by Gertsch and Mulaik in 1936. The genus Habronattus is one of the most diverse genera of jumping spiders in North America, with males typically exhibiting elaborate visual and acoustic courtship displays. As a member of this genus, H. dorotheae likely shares the characteristic ground-dwelling habits and complex mating behaviors that have made Habronattus a subject of extensive behavioral research. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico.