Enarmonia

Hübner, [1825], 1816

cherry bark tortrix (E. formosana)

Enarmonia is a of in the Olethreutinae. The genus contains approximately six described , with Enarmonia formosana (cherry bark tortrix) being the most extensively studied due to its economic significance as a pest of Prunus species. develop as concealed feeders under bark, mining the cambium layer. are active in spring and communicate via species-specific .

Enarmonia by (c) Drepanostoma, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Drepanostoma. Used under a CC-BY license.Enarmonia cockleana by the Smithsonian. Used under a CC0 license.Enarmonia decor by the Smithsonian. Used under a CC0 license.

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Enarmonia: //ɛn.ɑːrˈmoʊ.ni.ə//

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Habitat

Associated with rosaceous trees and shrubs, particularly Prunus . inhabit the space beneath bark, mining in the cambium layer. use trees for calling, resting, copulation, and .

Distribution

Palearctic distribution. Documented in central-east Europe (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Austria, Germany), Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), and to North America (British Columbia). Distribution approximates isotherms of 8–11°C with zonal exceptions.

Seasonality

emerge in spring.

Diet

feed beneath bark of trees, mining in the cambium layer.

Host Associations

  • Prunus avium - sweet cherry; target association
  • Prunus cerasus - sour cherry
  • Prunus armeniaca - apricot
  • Prunus domestica - plum
  • Prunus persica - peach
  • Prunus divaricata - wild almond
  • Prunus serrulata - flowering cherry

Life Cycle

develop concealed under bark. occurs in silken located in bark crevices or in soil. emerge in spring.

Behavior

are concealed feeders under bark. Both sexes detect and avoid nonhost volatiles including nonanal (from aspen) and α-pinene (from conifers), which deter males from traps and females from . Calling, resting, and copulation occur on trees.

Ecological Role

of rosaceous trees. Serves as for diverse hymenopterous complex including 25+ and 4+ species. Nonhost volatile recognition may reduce competition and risk by enabling avoidance of unsuitable trees.

Human Relevance

E. formosana is a significant pest of cherry orchards. Synthetic (E9-12:OAc and Z9-12:OAc blends) are under evaluation for mass trapping and male disorientation as management strategies.

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Sources and further reading