Solitary
Guides
Agapostemon texanus
metallic green sweat bee, Texas striped sweat bee
Agapostemon texanus is a ground-nesting sweat bee with the widest geographic range of any species in its genus, spanning from southern Canada to Costa Rica. Both sexes exhibit metallic blue-green coloration on the head and thorax, while males display distinctive black and yellow abdominal banding. The species is exclusively solitary, differing from other Agapostemon that may form communal nests. It is a generalist forager active from March through October, transporting pollen on its hind legs.
Anacridium aegyptium
Egyptian grasshopper, Egyptian locust, Egyptian Bird Grasshopper
One of the largest European grasshoppers, reaching up to 70 mm in females. Distinguished by striped eyes, blue hind tibiae, and orange hind femora with dark markings. Solitary and folivorous, inhabiting warm, bright environments from sea level to 1,500 m. Active year-round with adults most visible August–September; overwinters as adults and spawns in spring.
Apinae
Apine Bees
Apinae is the largest subfamily of Apidae, encompassing the majority of bee diversity in the family. It includes the corbiculate bees—bumblebees (Bombini), honey bees (Apini), orchid bees (Euglossini), and stingless bees (Meliponini)—characterized by the presence of a pollen basket (corbicula) on the hind legs. The subfamily also contains numerous solitary and kleptoparasitic groups, including most bees formerly classified in Anthophoridae. Social organization ranges from highly eusocial perennial colonies to solitary nesting, with several tribes entirely composed of nest parasites.
Bembicina
sand wasps
Bembicina is a subtribe of sand wasps within the tribe Bembicini, family Crabronidae. Members are characterized by rapid, agile flight and nesting behavior in sandy substrates. They are predatory wasps that provision nests with paralyzed prey, primarily small flies. The subtribe includes the well-known genus Bembix, which is common in North America.
Bicyrtes viduatus
Bicyrtes viduatus is a sand wasp in the family Crabronidae, found in Central America. It is characterized by pale yellow coloration and lacks the distinctive thoracic 'smiley face' pattern present in related yellow-colored species B. capnopterus and B. ventralis. The submarginal cell of the wing is clouded while the wings remain largely clear. As a member of the genus Bicyrtes, it shares the family's general biology as a solitary, fossorial wasp that preys on true bugs.
Bothynostethini
Bothynostethini is a small tribe of solitary wasps in the family Crabronidae, described by W. Fox in 1894. The tribe is restricted to the Neotropical region. Members are distinguished by unusual structural modifications at the apex of the hind femora. The tribe contains relatively few species and is not well represented in collections.
Calliopsis andreniformis
Eastern Miner Bee
Calliopsis andreniformis, commonly known as the eastern miner bee, is a solitary ground-nesting bee in the family Andrenidae. It is native to North America and has been documented as a specialist pollinator of plants in the family Fabaceae. The species belongs to a genus of small mining bees that typically nest in sandy or bare soils. Like other members of Andrenidae, females construct individual burrows and provision cells with pollen and nectar for their offspring.
Calliopsis rhodophila
Calliopsis rhodophila is a mining bee in the family Andrenidae, described by Cockerell in 1897. The species occurs in Central and North America, where it nests in sandy soils. Like other members of the genus, it is solitary and ground-nesting. Observations of related Calliopsis species suggest males are notably larger than typical for the genus and exhibit hovering flight behavior near female nesting sites.
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
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foraminatus
Potter wasp, Mason wasp
Euodynerus foraminatus is a solitary mason wasp in the family Vespidae, subfamily Eumeninae. Females construct multi-celled nests in pre-existing cavities such as holes in wood or abandoned bee burrows, provisioning each cell with paralyzed caterpillars as food for their larvae. The species is notable for having single-locus complementary sex determination, which typically produces sterile diploid males, yet field studies have documented surprisingly high rates of sibling mating in natural populations. It is widespread across North America and readily uses artificial nest structures such as bee blocks.
Euparagia desertorum
Euparagia desertorum is a species of pollen wasp in the subfamily Masarinae, described by Bohart in 1948. The species epithet "desertorum" suggests an association with desert habitats. Members of the genus Euparagia are among the most primitive living vespid wasps and are endemic to arid regions of western North America. Like other masarine wasps, adults are solitary and provision their nests with pollen and nectar rather than prey.
Halictus rubicundus
Orange-legged Furrow Bee
Halictus rubicundus, the orange-legged furrow bee, is a ground-nesting sweat bee with one of the widest natural distributions of any bee species, occurring throughout temperate regions of the Holarctic. The species is notable for its socially polymorphic behavior: populations are eusocial in warmer, lower-elevation regions with longer growing seasons, producing multiple broods with worker offspring, while populations at higher latitudes or elevations are solitary, producing only a single brood. This environmental plasticity in social organization has made the species a key model for studying the evolution of social behavior. Females excavate burrows in soil, typically on south-facing slopes to maximize thermal conditions for larval development.
Harpactus
Snatching Sand Wasps
Harpactus is a genus of solitary hunting wasps in the family Crabronidae, commonly known as Snatching Sand Wasps. These wasps are part of the tribe Bembicini (or Gorytini in some classifications) and are known for their ground-nesting behavior and predatory habits. The genus was established by Shuckard in 1837 and includes multiple described species.
Lasioglossum texanum
Nocturnal Sweat Bee, Texas Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum texanum is a nocturnal sweat bee (family Halictidae) notable for its unusual foraging behavior. Unlike most bees, it actively collects pollen during evening hours and continues after dark until approximately 10:00 PM when moonlight is available. It is a ground-nesting solitary bee with highly specialized pollen preferences, foraging exclusively from flowers of the four-point evening-primrose (Oenothera rhombipetala).
Lestica producticollis
square-headed wasp
Lestica producticollis is a species of square-headed wasp in the family Crabronidae, native to North America. It belongs to the tribe Crabronini, a group of solitary hunting wasps. Members of the genus Lestica are similar in appearance to related genera such as Crabro, Ectemnius, and Anacrabro, and are distinguished by subtle morphological features of the abdomen. As with other Crabronini, these wasps are predatory and provision nests with paralyzed prey for their larvae.
Masarinae
Pollen Wasps
Masarinae, commonly known as pollen wasps, is a subfamily of solitary wasps within Vespidae. Unlike their social and predatory relatives, pollen wasps provision their nests exclusively with pollen and nectar, resembling bees in their foraging behavior. The subfamily is small but globally distributed, with notable diversity in western North America, southern Africa, southern Europe, central Asia, and Australia. In North America, only the genus Pseudomasaris occurs, with 14 species. Many species exhibit strong flower associations, often oligolectic, specializing on particular plant genera such as Penstemon, Phacelia, and Eriodyction.
Melissodes tristis
Dark-faced Longhorn Bee
Melissodes tristis is a long-horned bee species in the family Apidae, tribe Eucerini. It is commonly known as the Dark-faced Longhorn Bee. The species occurs in North America and Central America. Like other Melissodes species, it is a solitary bee with males typically exhibiting elongated antennae.
Meteorinae
meteorine wasps
Meteorinae is a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps, though since 2015 most scientists have treated this clade as the tribe Meteorini within Euphorinae. The group is characterized by koinobiont endoparasitoid biology, attacking larval Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. The subfamily's name derives from the distinctive pupal stage, in which the cocoon hangs suspended from a long silk thread when parasitizing lepidopteran hosts. Several species have been employed in biological control programs against forest and agricultural pests.
Monaphis antennata
Solitary Birch Aphid
Monaphis antennata is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Solitary Birch Aphid. It is a specialist feeder on birch trees (Betula spp.) and is distinguished from most other aphids by its solitary rather than colonial lifestyle. The species was described by Kaltenbach in 1843 and occurs across parts of Europe.
Perdita coreopsidis
Coreopsis Fairy Bee, tickseed perdita
Perdita coreopsidis is a small solitary mining bee in the family Andrenidae, commonly known as the Coreopsis Fairy Bee or tickseed perdita. The species was described by Cockerell in 1906 and belongs to the large genus Perdita, which contains hundreds of North American species. Four subspecies are recognized, indicating geographic variation across its range. The specific epithet "coreopsidis" suggests a likely association with Coreopsis (tickseed) plants, though this relationship requires confirmation.
Perdita perpallida
pale miner bee, All-pale Perdita
Perdita perpallida is a solitary mining bee in the family Andrenidae, native to North America. The species is distinguished by its notably pale yellow to white coloration, which sets it apart from most other Perdita species that typically exhibit darker or more contrasting patterns. Formerly divided into two subspecies, the taxon was revised in 2023 when Perdita perpallida citrinella was synonymized with the nominate form after being recognized as intraspecific color variation. The species belongs to a large genus of small bees that are important but often overlooked pollinators.
Phaeogenes
Phaeogenes is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. Species are distributed across Eurasia and North America. The genus includes solitary pupal parasites that attack Lepidoptera hosts. At least one species, Phaeogenes vincibilis, has been documented parasitizing the bindweed plume moth (Emmelina monodactyla).
Pseudaugochlora
Pseudaugochlora is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae, tribe Augochlorini. Members are small to medium-sized bees with metallic coloration. The genus occurs in the Neotropical region, with records from Caribbean islands including Providencia. As with other Augochlorini, they are solitary or weakly social ground-nesting bees.
Ptilothrix
chimney bees, mallow bees
Ptilothrix is a genus of solitary, ground-nesting bees in the family Apidae, tribe Emphorini, with an amphitropical distribution in the New World. These bees range from 7 to 15 mm in body length and are distinguished by prominent, coarse scopae on their hind legs adapted for collecting large-grained pollen. Females excavate nests in hard-packed soil using water carried from ponds to moisten the substrate, constructing distinctive turreted or chimney-like nest entrances. The genus exhibits narrow pollen specialization (oligolecty), with species specializing on particular plant families including Malvaceae, Convolvulaceae, Onagraceae, Cactaceae, Pontederiaceae, and Asteraceae.
Rhopalosomatidae
Rhopalosomatid Wasps
Rhopalosomatidae is a small family of aculeate wasps containing approximately 68 extant species in four genera: Rhopalosoma, Olixon, Liosphex, and Paniscomima. Adults are solitary and often ant-like in appearance. Larvae are obligate ectoparasitoids of crickets (Orthoptera: Grylloidea), attaching to the lateral side of the host between the metafemur and abdomen. The family exhibits remarkable morphological diversity, with winged species typically nocturnal and brachypterous species mainly diurnal. The family has a worldwide tropical and subtropical distribution, absent from Europe and Antarctica.
Scolia dubia dubia
Blue-winged Wasp, Two-spotted Scoliid Wasp, Blue-winged Digger Wasp
Scolia dubia dubia is a subspecies of scoliid wasp commonly known as the Blue-winged Wasp. Adults measure 20–25 mm in length and are distinguished by a bi-colored abdomen: black on the upper half and reddish-brown on the lower half, with two bright yellow spots in the red portion. The wings exhibit brilliant blue iridescent highlights visible in direct sunlight. Females are solitary parasitoids of scarab beetle grubs, including Cotinis nitida (Green June Beetle) and Popillia japonica (Japanese Beetle). Males are non-stinging and can be distinguished by longer antennae, more slender bodies, and a three-pronged pseudostinger.
Sierolomorphidae
Sierolomorphidae is a small family of aculeate wasps containing 13 extant species across two genera, Sierolomorpha and Proscleroderma. The family has a fossil record extending to the Early Cretaceous, with specimens known from amber deposits. They are solitary wasps of rare occurrence, predominantly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere.
Stictiella
Butterfly-wolf Wasps, sand wasps
Stictiella is a genus of sand wasps in the family Crabronidae, established by J. Parker in 1917. The genus comprises at least 14 described species distributed across North America. These solitary wasps are ground-nesting diggers that provision their nests with prey. The common name "Butterfly-wolf Wasps" reflects their documented habit of preying on lepidopteran larvae, particularly skippers (Hesperiidae) and noctuid moths (Noctuidae).