Agricultural-pest-control
Guides
Acanthepeira stellata
starbellied orbweaver, starbellied spider
Acanthepeira stellata is a distinctive orb-weaving spider known for its hard, spiked abdomen covered in prominent tubercles that give it a star-like appearance. The species ranges from Canada to Mexico and is commonly found in grasslands, prairies, meadows, and agricultural areas. It is nocturnal, constructing vertical orb webs close to the ground to capture prey. The spider exhibits effective crypsis, resembling plant debris such as burs or seed pods when at rest.
Agonum muelleri
Müller's Harp Ground Beetle
Agonum muelleri is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, widespread across the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Near East regions. It is notably abundant in agricultural landscapes, particularly soybean fields, where it functions as an active predator of pest insects. The species exhibits atypical behavior for a ground beetle by readily climbing vegetation to hunt prey. Two subspecies are recognized: A. muelleri muelleri and A. muelleri unicolor.
Aleochara
Aleochara is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) distinguished by its parasitoid larval life history. Adults are predatory, feeding on eggs, larvae, and puparia of scatophagous and necrophagous Diptera. Larvae are ectoparasitoids that develop inside fly puparia, killing the host. The genus contains at least 150 and possibly more than 400 species across 16 subgenera, with a worldwide distribution except Antarctica. Several species, notably Aleochara bilineata, are significant biological control agents of agricultural pest flies.
Brachistinae
Brachistinae is a subfamily of parasitoid wasps within Braconidae. Members are koinobiont endoparasitoids, primarily attacking coleopteran hosts including weevils (Curculionidae). The subfamily has undergone significant taxonomic revision: historically treated as tribes within Helconinae, then split with Blacinae, before Blacinae was synonymized under Brachistinae based on 2011 phylogenetic evidence. The genus Nealiolus has demonstrated potential as a biological control agent against pest weevils. Fossil representatives are known from late Eocene Baltic amber.
Broscus cephalotes
coastal ground beetle
Broscus cephalotes is a nocturnal, flightless ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is native to coastal regions of temperate Europe and western Siberia, and was introduced to eastern Canada around 1975, subsequently spreading into the United States. The species is recognized as beneficial in agricultural contexts due to its predatory habits.
Calosoma angulatum
angulate caterpillar hunter
Calosoma angulatum, commonly known as the angulate caterpillar hunter, is a large ground beetle in the family Carabidae. First described by Chevrolat in 1834, this species ranges from the southwestern United States through Central America into northern South America. It inhabits premontane moist forests and oak-savannah ecosystems. Adults are known to prey on Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm), indicating a role as a predator of agricultural pest caterpillars.
Chetogena
Chetogena is a genus of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) comprising parasitoid species. Members are solitary parasitoids that attack various Lepidoptera hosts. Some species exhibit specialized reproductive behaviors, including egg retention in response to host deprivation. The genus has been studied for biological control potential against agricultural pests.
Coccinella undecimpunctata
eleven-spot ladybird, eleven-spotted lady beetle, eleven-spotted ladybird beetle
Coccinella undecimpunctata, commonly known as the eleven-spot ladybird or eleven-spotted lady beetle, is a small predatory beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is endemic to the Palearctic region and has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand as a biological control agent. The species is distinguished by eleven black spots on its red or orange elytra, though one central spot creates the appearance of six spots per elytron. It is an effective predator of aphids and is used in integrated pest management programs.
Condylostylus longicornis
long-legged fly
Condylostylus longicornis is a predatory long-legged fly in the family Dolichopodidae, native to the Neotropics and southern United States. It has been introduced to multiple regions across the Pacific and Asia, including Hawaii, French Polynesia, Australia, and several South and Southeast Asian countries. The species exhibits distinctive morphological traits including an iridescent green exoskeleton, elongated legs, and a characteristic resting posture with wings held diagonally. It functions as an active predator in agricultural and natural ecosystems.
Cremnops
Pegasus wasps
Cremnops is a genus of braconid wasps in the subfamily Agathidinae, commonly called 'Pegasus wasps' due to their distinctive elongated, horse-like head shape. These relatively large braconids (6–10 mm) are known parasitoids of caterpillars in the families Pyralidae and Crambidae. The genus occurs in terrestrial habitats worldwide, with documented species in North America, Europe, Japan, and the Middle East. Thirty-three New World species have been revised, including five described in 2015.
Cynipoidea
Gall Wasps and Allies
Cynipoidea is a superfamily of small wasps comprising approximately 3,000 described species across seven extant families, with many undescribed species estimated. The group exhibits diverse life histories: while the family Cynipidae (gall wasps) are phytophagous and induce plant galls, the majority of species are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids of other insects. The superfamily is taxonomically challenging, with family-level identification historically difficult until the publication of a comprehensive illustrated key in 2020.
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tent-web spiders, tentweb weavers
Cyrtophora is a genus of tent-web spiders in the family Araneidae. Despite being classified as orb-weavers, these spiders construct horizontal, tent-like non-sticky webs rather than traditional orb webs. Many species exhibit colonial behavior, with multiple individuals sharing extensive web structures. The genus is distributed across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, with some species introduced to new areas. Females typically reach about 10 mm in body length.
Diospilus
Diospilus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Brachistinae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. At least one species, D. capito, is a parasitoid of pollen beetles (Meligethes spp.) in agricultural systems, particularly in rape and mustard crops. Species within this genus are small braconid wasps, though detailed morphological descriptions for the genus as a whole are limited.
Elasmus
Elasmus is a genus of chalcid wasps containing over 200 species worldwide. It is the sole member of the subfamily Elasminae (formerly family Elasmidae), though some authorities now place it within Eulophinae. Species are primarily parasitoids or hyperparasitoids, with documented hosts including lepidopteran larvae and larvae of Polistes paper wasps.
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
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atra
Post Dwarf Weaver
Erigone atra is a small sheet-weaving spider in the family Linyphiidae, commonly known as the Post Dwarf Weaver. It is one of the most abundant species in its genus, with a holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. The species is notable for its extensive use of aerial dispersal via ballooning, which enables colonization of agricultural habitats including cereal fields and grasslands. E. atra is recognized as an important biological control agent in agroecosystems, where it preys on crop pests such as aphids.
Euthyrhynchus floridanus
Florida predatory stink bug
Euthyrhynchus floridanus, commonly known as the Florida predatory stink bug, is a carnivorous shield bug in the family Pentatomidae and the sole species in its genus. Native to tropical and semi-tropical regions of the Americas, it has expanded its range northward in recent decades due to climate warming. This beneficial insect is a generalist predator that feeds on numerous agricultural and garden pests, including caterpillars, beetle larvae, and other stink bugs. Its distinctive orange and black coloration makes it easily recognizable among predatory true bugs.
Geocoris atricolor
big-eyed bug
Geocoris atricolor is a species of big-eyed bug in the family Geocoridae, native to western North America. It is one of three Geocoris species studied in California for temperature effects on development and reproduction. Like other big-eyed bugs, it is a predatory insect with piercing-sucking mouthparts, feeding on small arthropod prey and contributing to biological control in agricultural systems.
Geocoris pallens
western big-eyed bug
Geocoris pallens is a predatory true bug in the family Geocoridae, commonly known as the western big-eyed bug. It is an omnivorous predator that feeds on insect prey including aphids, leafhoppers, and seed bugs, as well as plant material such as seeds and green tissue. The species is native to western North America and has been introduced to Hawaii and other regions. Both adults and nymphs are predatory, making this species valuable for biological pest control in agricultural systems.
Geocoris paulus
big-eyed bug
Geocoris paulus is a predatory true bug in the family Geocoridae, commonly known as big-eyed bugs. This species is native to North America and shares the general characteristics of the genus Geocoris, including prominent eyes and predatory feeding habits. Like other Geocoris species, it is considered a beneficial insect in agricultural systems due to its role as a predator of various pest insects.
Gymnoclytia occidua
Gymnoclytia occidua is a North American tachinid fly species first described by Walker in 1849. As a member of the subfamily Phasiinae, it is a parasitoid whose larvae develop within host insects. The species has been documented from a broad geographic range spanning from Michigan and Nova Scotia southwest to Arizona, Mexico, and Georgia.
Hoplistoscelis
damsel bugs
Hoplistoscelis is a genus of damsel bugs in the family Nabidae, first described by Reuter in 1890. The genus contains approximately eight described species distributed in North America. Members of this genus are small predatory true bugs, typically nocturnal hunters that prey on other insects. They are economically significant as natural pest control agents in agricultural systems.
Hoplistoscelis sericans
damsel bug
Hoplistoscelis sericans is a species of damsel bug in the family Nabidae. It is found in North America and is one of approximately 41 species of damsel bugs documented north of Mexico. Damsel bugs in this genus are small, predatory true bugs that are economically important as biological control agents in agricultural systems.
Larinia
Grass Orb-web Spiders
Larinia is a genus of orb-weaving spiders (family Araneidae) comprising 69 species as of 2026. These medium-sized spiders are characterized by their elongated, straw-coloured bodies and association with grassland habitats. They construct loosely woven orb-webs in vegetation, typically at heights matching surrounding plants. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with species documented across multiple continents including Asia, Africa, Europe, the Americas, and Australia.
Leptomeraporus
Leptomeraporus is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Pteromalidae. A Brazilian study documented Leptomeraporus sp. as a parasitoid of the soybean stem miner fly Melanagromyza sojae, marking the first record of this genus in South America. The specimens were identified as likely representing an undescribed species. Members of this genus are known or suspected to act as primary parasitoids of dipteran larvae and may exhibit secondary parasitism on other Hymenoptera.
Mecaphesa celer
swift crab spider
Mecaphesa celer is a crab spider in the family Thomisidae, commonly known as the swift crab spider. It is distributed across much of North and Central America. The species exhibits extreme sexual size dimorphism, with females more than twice the size of males. It is a sit-and-wait predator that hunts on flowers and upper plant parts, and has been studied for its population genetics in fragmented volcanic habitats.
Meteorinae
meteorine wasps
Meteorinae is a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps, though since 2015 most scientists have treated this clade as the tribe Meteorini within Euphorinae. The group is characterized by koinobiont endoparasitoid biology, attacking larval Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. The subfamily's name derives from the distinctive pupal stage, in which the cocoon hangs suspended from a long silk thread when parasitizing lepidopteran hosts. Several species have been employed in biological control programs against forest and agricultural pests.
Myosoma
Myosoma is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). The genus was described by Brullé in 1846 and has priority over a later homonym in Entoprocta. At least two species are known from the Old World: M. chinensis and M. nyanzaensis, the latter described from Kenya as a gregarious ectoparasitoid of the stem-borer pest Chilo partellus.
Nabidae
Damsel Bugs
Nabidae is a family of predatory true bugs known as damsel bugs, containing over 500 species in approximately 20 genera. These soft-bodied, elongate insects are terrestrial predators that use raptorial forelegs to capture and hold prey, similar to mantids. They are economically important in agriculture due to their predation on crop pests including aphids, lepidopteran eggs, and other small insects. Many species are attracted to lights at night, and some exhibit wing polymorphism with fully winged, short-winged, or wingless forms.
Nabini
Damsel bugs
Nabini is a tribe of damsel bugs in the family Nabidae, comprising predatory true bugs found across diverse terrestrial habitats. Members are characterized by raptorial forelegs adapted for capturing prey, a slender body form, and a prominent curved rostrum. The tribe includes genera such as Nabis, the most speciose genus in the family. Nabini species are active hunters that contribute to biological control of pest insects in agricultural and natural systems.
Nabis capsiformis
Pale Damsel Bug
Nabis capsiformis, commonly known as the pale damsel bug, is one of the most widespread species in the genus Nabis. It is a generalist predator found across six continents including Africa, Europe, the Americas, and Oceania. The species is particularly abundant in agricultural ecosystems where it serves as a biocontrol agent. Both nymphs and adults are effective predators using raptorial front legs to capture prey.
Nabis nigrovittatus
Damsel bug
Nabis nigrovittatus is a predatory damsel bug in the family Nabidae. It is a small, nocturnal true bug that hunts other insects. The species has been recorded in Europe, northern Asia, and North America. Like other nabids, it is considered economically important for biological pest control in agricultural systems.
Nabis roseipennis
sculpted damsel bug, damsel bug
Nabis roseipennis is a small predatory true bug in the family Nabidae, commonly known as the sculpted damsel bug. It is one of the most abundant damsel bugs in cotton and soybean agroecosystems across the southeastern United States. The species is univoltine, with adults active from mid-July through September, and functions as a generalist predator of various agricultural pests. It has been extensively studied for its role in biological control and its tritrophic interactions with resistant crop plants.
Nabis rufusculus
Short-winged Nabis
Nabis rufusculus is a species of damsel bug in the family Nabidae, commonly known as the Short-winged Nabis. It is a small predatory true bug found in North American agroecosystems, particularly alfalfa and soybean fields. The species has been studied for its phenology and abundance patterns alongside congeners N. americoferus and N. roseipennis. Like other damsel bugs, it is an economically important predator in agricultural systems.
Nabis subcoleoptratus
Black Damsel Bug
Nabis subcoleoptratus, commonly known as the Black Damsel Bug, is a small predatory true bug in the family Nabidae. Like other damsel bugs, it is a nocturnal predator that feeds on other insects. The species is part of the genus Nabis, which contains numerous species across North America. Damsel bugs are economically important as natural predators in agricultural systems, helping control pest populations.
Nealiolus
Nealiolus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Brachistinae. The genus comprises nine described species, with three occurring in the Neotropical region. Members are specialized parasitoids of stem-boring and fruit-boring weevils (Curculionidae), including significant agricultural pests such as the sunflower stem weevil and cotton boll weevil. The genus has recognized potential as a biological control agent due to its host specificity and high parasitism rates.
Neoscona
Spotted Orb-weavers, Barn Spiders
Neoscona is a genus of orb-weaver spiders (Araneidae) containing over 100 described species, commonly known as spotted orb-weavers and barn spiders. The genus was erected by Eugène Simon in 1895 to separate species from the obsolete genus Epeira. Neoscona species are among the most common orb-weavers in North America and are found throughout most parts of the world. They construct vertical orb webs with approximately twenty radii and an open hub, typically hunting at night and retreating to the web periphery or a curled leaf during the day.
Orgilus
Orgilus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae with nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Species within this genus are internal parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, with documented hosts including pyralid and gelechiid moth pests. Several species have been studied as biological control agents for agricultural pests.
Orius tristicolor
minute pirate bug, minute flower bug
Orius tristicolor is a minute pirate bug in the family Anthocoridae, known for its role as a generalist predator of small arthropod pests. The species exhibits behavioral plasticity in foraging, adjusting search effort based on leaf damage and prey type. It develops through five nymphal instars before reaching adulthood and has been documented in agricultural systems, particularly in association with thrips and spider mites. The species occurs across a broad geographic range including North, Central, and South America, the Caribbean, and Oceania.
Oxyopes
Grass Lynx Spiders, Lynx Spiders
Oxyopes is a large, globally distributed genus of lynx spiders comprising approximately 279-300 species. Members are characterized by distinctive hexagonal eye arrangements and long, spine-like leg setae. They are active visual hunters that do not construct capture webs, instead employing ambush and stalking strategies to prey on insects. Several species have been documented as significant biological control agents in agricultural systems, particularly in cotton and tea plantations.
Peleteria
Peleteria is a widespread genus of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) comprising approximately 100 described species distributed across multiple continents. Members of this genus are larval endoparasitoids of various insect hosts, including caterpillars and other herbivorous insects. The genus is taxonomically divided into several subgenera based on morphological characters. Peleteria species contribute to natural biological control of agricultural and forest pests.
Peucetia viridans
Green Lynx Spider
Peucetia viridans is the largest North American lynx spider, distinguished by its bright green coloration and active hunting behavior. Unlike web-building spiders, it pursues prey with agility comparable to jumping spiders, pouncing in a cat-like manner that inspired its common name. Females exhibit extended maternal care, guarding egg sacs and early spiderlings while reducing their own foraging activity. The species occupies a notable position in agricultural ecosystems, where it preys on both crop pests and beneficial insects.
Phalangium opilio
European Harvestman, Common Harvestman, Brown Harvestman, Daddy Longlegs
Phalangium opilio is the most widespread harvestman species globally, native to Europe and much of Asia and introduced to North America, North Africa, and New Zealand. It is a synanthropic species that thrives in human-modified environments including agricultural fields, gardens, and urban green spaces. The species has become a model organism for arachnid developmental biology and comparative genomics due to its ease of laboratory culture and continuous life cycle. Adults are generalist predators and scavengers that contribute to biological pest control in agricultural systems.
Phidippus audax
bold jumping spider, daring jumping spider, bold jumper
Phidippus audax is a common North American jumping spider recognized by its iridescent green chelicerae and distinctive abdominal patterning. Adults range from 6–15 mm in body length, with females larger than males. The species is active during daylight hours, using exceptional stereoscopic vision to stalk and pounce on prey rather than building capture webs. It has been introduced to Hawaii, the Nicobar Islands, the Azores, and the Netherlands.
Platygastridae
Platygastridae is a family of minute parasitoid wasps in the superfamily Platygastroidea, comprising approximately 1100-2000 described species. Members are exclusively parasitoids, with most species measuring only 1–2 mm in length. The family is divided into two traditional subfamilies: Platygastrinae, which are koinobiont parasitoids of cecidomyiid (gall midge) eggs and larvae, and Sceliotrachelinae, which are generally idiobionts attacking eggs of beetles or Hemiptera. Several genera, including Synopeas, Trimorus, and Telenomus, contain species of agricultural importance as biological control agents.
Platypalpus
dance fly, hybotid dance fly
Platypalpus is a large genus of hybotid dance flies comprising at least 580 described species worldwide, with over 200 species in Europe alone. These small predatory flies are characterized by their compact bodies, enlarged compound eyes that occupy most of the head, and raptorial front legs adapted for seizing prey. Adults are active predators that feed on small insects, while larvae occupy diverse microhabitats including leaf litter, soil, and aquatic environments. The genus has been documented in agricultural ecosystems, particularly cereal crops and greenhouses, where they may contribute to pest regulation.
Poecilanthrax lucifer
Poecilanthrax lucifer is a species of bee fly (family Bombyliidae) in the genus Poecilanthrax, a strictly North American group. Adults are distinguished by conspicuous black and yellow tomentose crossbands on the abdomen and yellow or tan bases on the larger wing veins that contrast with the remainder of the wing pattern. The species has a notably wide distribution, occurring in the West Indies, southern Gulf States, Central America, and northward into Arkansas and southern Illinois. Larvae develop as parasites inside caterpillars of cutworms and armyworms (family Noctuidae), with documented hosts including fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Uniquely among its genus, P. lucifer has also been reported as a hyperparasite of Myzine haemorrhoidalis (family Tiphiidae), a primary parasite of white grubs (genus Phyllophaga) in Puerto Rico.
Pseudophanerotoma
A genus of solitary endoparasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Cheloninae. Species are known to parasitize tortricid moths, including agricultural pests. The genus occurs from southern Texas through Mexico and Central America to South America (Brazil, Peru, French Guiana). At least four species have been described: P. huichol (Mexico), P. austini (Guatemala), P. paranaensis (Brazil, French Guiana), and P. thapsina (Texas, French Guiana).
Tachininae
Tachininae is a subfamily of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) comprising approximately 127+ species across 53+ genera and 14 tribes. The group is supported as monophyletic based on molecular data, with the exclusion of Macquartini and Myiophasiini. Members are obligate parasitoids of insects, with documented hosts in Lepidoptera (primarily), Coleoptera, Diptera, and Dermaptera. They serve as important biological control agents of agricultural and forest pests.
Trichosirocalus
rosette weevils, crown weevils
A genus of small true weevils native to the Palearctic region. Several species have been widely introduced to North America, Australia, and New Zealand as biological control agents for invasive thistles. The genus was historically treated as containing a single species, T. horridus, but integrative taxonomic studies using molecular and morphological data have revealed multiple distinct species with different host associations.
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