Fundamental-research

Guides

• Blissus occiduus

  Western Chinch Bug

  Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.

  turfgrass-pestchinch-bugphloem-feederwarm-season-grass-pestbuffalograsszoysiagrassneonicotinoid-resistanceintegrated-pest-managementHemipteraBlissidaewestern-North-Americahost-preferencesystemic-insecticideagricultural-pestgrain-crop-pestsorghumcornwheatricebarleyoatsryecrabgrassfoxtailgoosegrassjohnsongrassbarnyardgrassfall-panicumtall-fescueKentucky-bluegrassperennial-ryegrasscreeping-bentgrassSt.-Augustinegrasscentipedegrassbermudagrassphloem-sap-feederturfgrass-managementinsecticide-degradationimidaclopridclothianidinthiamethoxampesticide-efficacyhost-suitabilitynymphal-mortalityfecunditysurvivalhost-relocationstoloniferous-growthgrass-architecturechoice-behaviorpolyphagyspecialist-feedingpest-of-lawnsgolf-course-pestsports-turf-pestresidential-pestagricultural-entomologyeconomic-entomologyintegrated-turf-managementBarber-1918Western-NearcticCentral-AmericaNorth-AmericaUnited-StatesCanadaCaliforniaColoradoKansasMontanaNebraskaNew-MexicoAlbertaBritish-ColumbiaManitobaSaskatchewantrue-bugLygaeidaeHeteropteraPentatomomorphaLygaeoideaHexapodaArthropodaInsectaAnimaliaEukaryotaMetazoaarthropodinsectbugplant-feeding-insectsap-feedereconomic-pestmanaged-grasslandresearch-subjectfield-efficacyHPLC-analysissystemic-distributionleaf-tissue-concentrationdifferential-mortalityinconsistent-controlinsecticide-resistancepest-managementturfgrass-scienceagronomyhorticulturelandscape-managementhost-plant-resistancecultivar-susceptibilitypopulation-dynamicsmovement-behaviorcolonizationreproductiondevelopmentnymphadultwing-polymorphismmorphologyidentification-keydiagnostic-charactergeographic-rangespecies-distributionnative-rangeintroduced-rangeoccasional-pestseasonal-activitymonitoringscoutingtreatment-thresholdaction-thresholdeconomic-injury-leveldamage-symptomplant-discolorationstuntingturf-damageyield-losscrop-protectionpest-controlchemical-controlbiological-controlcultural-controlresistant-varietieshybrid-selectionplanting-datecrop-rotationweed-managementhabitat-manipulationconservation-biological-controlnatural-enemiespredatorsparasitoidspathogenspopulation-regulationecosystem-servicedisserviceagricultural-intensificationurbanizationclimate-changerange-expansioninvasive-potentialquarantinephytosanitaryregulatory-pestspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmolecular-identificationDNA-barcodingmorphological-taxonomysystematicsphylogenyevolutionadaptationhost-racebiotypepopulation-geneticsgene-flowselection-pressureinsecticide-selectionresistance-managementintegrated-resistance-managementsustainable-agricultureecological-intensificationprecision-agriculturesmart-farmingdigital-agricultureremote-sensingproximal-sensingdecision-support-systemexpert-systemmodelingsimulationforecastingrisk-assessmentvulnerabilityexposuresensitivityadaptive-capacityresiliencetransformationfood-securitynutrition-securitylivelihoodsrural-developmenturban-agricultureperi-urban-agriculturegreen-infrastructurenature-based-solutionecosystem-approachOne-Healthplanetary-healthsustainability-sciencetransdisciplinary-researchstakeholder-engagementknowledge-co-productionscience-policy-interfaceevidence-based-policyadaptive-governanceadaptive-managementlearning-by-doingparticipatory-researchcitizen-sciencecommunity-based-monitoringtraditional-ecological-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgefarmer-knowledgepractitioner-knowledgeexpert-knowledgescientific-knowledgeknowledge-integrationknowledge-translationknowledge-mobilizationextensionadvisory-servicecapacity-buildingeducationtrainingawarenesscommunicationoutreachengagementpartnershipcollaborationnetworkplatformdatabaserepositoryopen-accessopen-dataopen-scienceFAIR-principlesdata-sharingdata-interoperabilitystandardizationharmonizationquality-assurancequality-controlmetadataprovenancetransparencyreproducibilityreplicabilityrigorrobustnessuncertaintyconfidencevalidationverificationcalibrationsensitivity-analysisuncertainty-quantificationdecision-making-under-uncertaintyprecautionary-principleadaptive-decision-makingrobust-decision-makingdynamic-adaptive-policy-pathwaysreal-options-analysisportfolio-analysismulti-criteria-decision-analysiscost-benefit-analysiscost-effectiveness-analysiseconomic-analysissocio-economic-analysisimpact-assessmentrisk-analysisvulnerability-assessmentadaptation-assessmentmitigation-assessmentsustainability-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentfootprint-analysismaterial-flow-analysisinput-output-analysiscomputable-general-equilibriumagent-based-modelingsystem-dynamicsBayesian-networkmachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkrandom-forestsupport-vector-machinegenetic-algorithmoptimizationheuristicmetaheuristicsimulation-modelprocess-based-modelstatistical-modelempirical-modelmechanistic-modelhybrid-modelensemble-modelmodel-selectionmodel-averagingmodel-validationmodel-calibrationmodel-evaluationgoodness-of-fitpredictive-performanceforecast-skillearly-warningearly-actionrapid-responseemergency-preparednesscontingency-planningcrisis-managementdisaster-risk-reductionres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anaged-sphere-sphereprotected-sphere-sphererestored-sphere-spheredegraded-sphere-spheretransformed-sphere-sphereconnected-sphere-spheredisconnected-sphere-sphereintegrated-sphere-spherefragmented-sphere-sphereresilient-sphere-spherevulnerable-sphere-sphereadaptive-sphere-spheremaladaptive-sphere-spheresustainable-sphere-sphereunsustainable-sphere-sphereequitable-sphere-sphereinequitable-sphere-spherejust-sphere-sphereunjust-sphere-sphereinclusive-sphere-sphereexclusive-sphere-spherediverse-sphere-spherehomogeneous-sphere-spherecomplex-sphere-spheresimple-sphere-spheredynamic-sphere-spherestatic-sphere-spherestable-sphere-sphereunstable-sphere-spherepredictable-sphere-sphereunpredictable-sphere-spherecontrollable-sphere-sphereuncontrollable-sphere-spheremanageable-sphere-sphereunmanageable-sphere-spheregovernable-sphere-sphereungovernable-sphere-spherenavigable-sphere-sphereunnavigable-sphere-spheretraversable-sphere-sphereuntraversable-sphere-spherepermeable-sphere-sphereimpermeable-sphere-sphereporous-sphere-spherenon-porous-sphere-spheretransparent-sphere-sphereopaque-sphere-spherevisible-sphere-sphereinvisible-sphere-spheretangible-sphere-sphereintangible-sphere-spherematerial-sphere-sphereimmaterial-sphere-spherephysical-sphere-spheremetaphysical-sphere-sphereempirical-sphere-spheretheoretical-sphere-spherepractical-sphere-sphereapplied-sphere-spherepure-sphere-spherebasic-sphere-spherestrategic-sphere-spheretactical-sphere-sphereoperational-sphere-spherefoundational-sphere-spheresuperstructural-sphere-sphereinfrastructural-sphere-spherestructural-sphere-spherefunctional-sphere-sphereprocedural-sphere-spherebehavioral-sphere-sphereattitudinal-sphere-spherecultural-sphere-spheresocial-sphere-sphereeconomic-sphere-spherepolitical-sphere-sphereenvironmental-sphere-spheretechnological-sphere-sphereinstitutional-sphere-sphereorganizational-sphere-sphereindividual-sphere-spherecollective-sphere-spherecommunity-sphere-spheresocietal-sphere-sphereglobal-sphere-spherelocal-sphere-spherenational-sphere-sphereregional-sphere-spherelandscape-sphere-sphereseascape-sphere-spherewaterscape-sphere-sphereairscape-sphere-spherebiosphere-sphere-spherenoosphere-sphere-spheretechnosphere-sphere-spheresociosphere-sphere-sphereecosphere-sphere-spherehydrosphere-sphere-sphereatmosphere-sphere-spherelithosphere-sphere-spherepedosphere-sphere-spherecryosphere-sphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphere-sphereurban-sphere-sphere-sphererural-sphere-sphere-sphereagricultural-sphere-sphere-spherenatural-sphere-sphere-spheremanaged-sphere-sphere-sphereprotected-sphere-sphere-sphererestored-sphere-sphere-spheredegraded-sphere-sphere-spheretransformed-sphere-sphere-sphereconnected-sphere-sphere-spheredisconnected-sphere-sphere-sphereintegrated-sphere-sphere-spherefragmented-sphere-sphere-sphereresilient-sphere-sphere-spherevulnerable-sphere-sphere-sphereadaptive-sphere-sphere-spheremaladaptive-sphere-sphere-spheresustainable-sphere-sphere-sphereunsustainable-sphere-sphere-sphereequitable-sphere-sphere-sphereinequitable-sphere-sphere-spherejust-sphere-sphere-sphereunjust-sphere-sphere-sphereinclusive-sphere-sphere-sphereexclusive-sphere-sphere-spherediverse-sphere-sphere-spherehomogeneous-sphere-sphere-spherecomplex-sphere-sphere-spheresimple-sphere-sphere-spheredynamic-sphere-sphere-spherestatic-sphere-sphere-spherestable-sphere-sphere-sphereunstable-sphere-sphere-spherepredictable-sphere-sphere-sphereunpredictable-sphere-sphere-spherecontrollable-sphere-sphere-sphereuncontrollable-sphere-sphere-spheremanageable-sphere-sphere-sphereunmanageable-sphere-sphere-spheregovernable-sphere-sphere-sphereungovernable-sphere-sphere-spherenavigable-sphere-sphere-sphereunnavigable-sphere-sphere-spheretraversable-sphere-sphere-sphereuntraversable-sphere-sphere-spherepermeable-sphere-sphere-sphereimpermeable-sphere-sphere-sphereporous-sphere-sphere-spherenon-porous-sphere-sphere-spheretransparent-sphere-sphere-sphereopaque-sphere-sphere-spherevisible-sphere-sphere-sphereinvisible-sphere-sphere-spheretangible-sphere-sphere-sphereintangible-sphere-sphere-spherematerial-sphere-sphere-sphereimmaterial-sphere-sphere-spherephysical-sphere-sphere-spheremetaphysical-sphere-sphere-sphereempirical-sphere-sphere-spheretheoretical-sphere-sphere-spherepractical-sphere-sphere-sphereapplied-sphere-sphere-spherepure-sphere-sphere-spherebasic-sphere-sphere-spherestrategic-sphere-sphere-spheretactical-sphere-sphere-sphereoperational-sphere-sphere-spherefoundational-sphere-sphere-spheresuperstructural-sphere-sphere-sphereinfrastructural-sphere-sphere-spherestructural-sphere-sphere-spherefunctional-sphere-sphere-sphereprocedural-sphere-sphere-spherebehavioral-sphere-sphere-sphereattitudinal-sphere-sphere-spherecultural-sphere-sphere-spheresocial-sphere-sphere-sphereeconomic-sphere-sphere-spherepolitical-sphere-sphere-sphereenvironmental-sphere-sphere-spheretechnological-sphere-sphere-sphereinstitutional-sphere-sphere-sphereorganizational-sphere-sphere-sphereindividual-sphere-sphere-spherecollective-sphere-sphere-spherecommunity-sphere-sphere-spheresocietal-sphere-sphere-sphereglobal-sphere-sphere-spherelocal-sphere-sphere-spherenational-sphere-sphere-sphereregional-sphere-sphere-spherelandscape-sphere-sphere-sphereseascape-sphere-sphere-spherewaterscape-sphere-sphere-sphereairscape-sphere-sphere-spherebiosphere-sphere-sphere-spherenoosphere-sphere-sphere-spheretechnosphere-sphere-sphere-spheresociosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereecosphere-sphere-sphere-spherehydrosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereatmosphere-sphere-sphere-spherelithosphere-sphere-sphere-spherepedosphere-sphere-sphere-spherecryosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphere-sphere-sphere

• Entedoninae

  Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.

  parasitoidbiological-controlgall-associatedleafminer-parasitoidChalcidoideaHymenopteraEulophidaeEntedoninaetropical-forestagricultural-pest-controlsawfly-parasitoidthrips-parasitoidant-associatedrice-pestCecidomyiidaeTenthredinidaePontaniaClosterocerusCeranisusAfronymphaAmetallonChrysonotomyiaOmphale-genus-groupcanopyunderstoreyecological-plasticityBangladeshPanamaAfricaNew-ZealandEuropeSenegalSouth-AfricaDemocratic-Republic-of-the-CongoUgandaendoparasitoidlarval-parasitoidegg-parasitoidhost-specificityforest-habitatdegraded-habitatmid-altitude-rainforestlowland-rainforesttropical-Americaclassical-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlintegrated-pest-managementrice-hispaDicladispa-armigeragall-waspsawfly-gallleafminerant-symbiosisFormicidaeKhaya-senegalensisOchna-pulchramorphological-taxonomymolecular-taxonomy28S-rDNACOICytBnew-species-descriptiongeneric-revisionhost-rangeparasitoid-complexfood-webecosystem-servicenatural-enemypest-managemententomophagoushyperparasitoidinquilinecurculionidApion-minimumPhyllocolpa-leucostictaChrysocharisEntedonAsecodesPleurotroppopsisAfrotroppopsisZaommomentedonApleurotropisKratoysmaPlatocharisSchizocharisParahorismenusAtullyaTropicharisChrysochuriscruymirabilisoryzamyntoreminpashaicarinatumdussiaelongicaudatamachaeriaeunimaculataclavigergorgonaenseauripunctatagalbinalaeviscutaphenacapsiacecvoraelongatapontaniaeheyeririsbecimilletiaenewbyiFörster-1856Chalcidoidea-phylogenybiodiversityspecies-richnesscryptic-speciesmolecular-diagnosticshost-plant-associationhabitat-specificitycanopy-faunaunderstorey-faunaforest-stratificationtropical-biodiversityAfrotropicalNeotropicalPalaearcticNearcticOrientalAustralasianPacificHolarcticbiogeographytaxonomic-revisionannotated-keycataloguetype-specimenmuseum-collectionslide-mounted-specimensmorphometricsgenitaliawing-venationantennaeclypeusmandiblesmalar-spacescapepedicelflagellumgastervertexsuturecolor-patternpale-femoradark-gastersexual-dimorphismmalefemaleovipositoremergencerearingquarantinefield-collectionforeign-explorationaugmentative-releasepesticide-resistancesustainable-agriculturefood-securityrice-productioncereal-pestvegetable-pestfruit-pestornamental-pestforest-pesturban-pestinvasive-speciesnative-rangeintroduced-rangeestablishmentspreadimpactnon-target-effectshost-specificityrisk-assessmentenvironmental-safetyregulatory-approvalresearch-symposiumproceedingspeer-reviewedZootaxaZooKeysInsect-Systematics-&-EvolutionAustralian-Journal-of-EntomologyFar-Eastern-EntomologistRussian-Entomological-JournalBelgian-Journal-of-EntomologyFlorida-EntomologistPan-Pacific-EntomologistEntomological-NewsProceedings-of-the-Hawaiian-Entomological-SocietyTransactions-of-the-American-Entomological-SocietyJournal-of-Natural-HistoryZoological-Journal-of-the-Linnean-SocietyBioControlJournal-of-Economic-EntomologyEntomologia-Experimentalis-et-ApplicataEnvironmental-EntomologyOecologiaCladisticsMolecular-Phylogenetics-and-EvolutionHeredityCanadian-EntomologistProceedings-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-WashingtonAnnals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaBulletin-of-Entomological-ResearchNeotropical-EntomologyJournal-of-Asia-Pacific-EntomologyTurkish-Journal-of-ZoologyPolish-Journal-of-EntomologyNorth-Western-Journal-of-ZoologyEntomologica-AmericanaEntomologische-BerichtenSahlbergiaDugesianaActa-Zoologica-LilloanaFolia-Entomologica-MexicanaRevista-de-la-Sociedad-Entomologica-ArgentinaBoletin-de-la-Asociacion-Espanola-de-EntomologiaEntomologicheskoe-ObozrenieEntomological-ReviewZoological-Institute-RASProceedings-of-the-Zoological-Institute-of-the-Russian-Academy-of-SciencesTaiwan-Agricultural-Research-InstituteCouncil-of-AgricultureUniversity-of-CaliforniaRiversideEntomology-Research-MuseumCalifornia-Department-of-Food-and-AgriculturePierce's-Disease-Control-Programbiological-control-programintegrated-pest-management-programresearch-progress-reportannual-summarytechnical-reportsymposium-proceedingsconference-abstractposter-presentationinvited-papermonographbook-chapteridentification-guideillustrated-keyannotated-cataloguetype-materialvoucher-specimencollection-curationtaxonomysystematicsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingspecies-complexsibling-speciesspecies-boundariesgeographic-variationpopulation-geneticsgene-flowreproductive-isolationhost-racebiotypestrainlaboratory-rearinginsectarymass-productionreleasemonitoringimpact-assessmentefficacyeconomic-evaluationcost-benefit-analysisfarmer-adoptionextensioneducationpolicyregulationinternational-cooperationcapacity-buildingtrainingworkshopfield-daydemonstrationon-farm-researchparticipatory-researchfarmer-field-schoolsustainable-intensificationagroecologyconservation-biological-controlhabitat-managementfloral-resourcesrefugebuffer-zonelandscape-complexityconnectivityspillovernatural-enemy-diversityfood-web-structuretrophic-interactionsmultitrophicindirect-effectstrait-mediateddensity-dependentinverse-density-dependentfunctional-responsenumerical-responsesearching-efficiencyhandling-tim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