Life-history-theory

Guides

• Cyphomyrmex

  fungus-growing ants

  Cyphomyrmex is a genus of small, drab-colored fungus-growing ants in the tribe Attini, found primarily in the Neotropics. These ants cultivate fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae as their primary food source, with most species growing fungal nodules rather than full mycelial gardens. Colonies are typically monogynous and small, rarely exceeding 500 workers. The genus is divided into two species complexes: the strigatus complex (South America only) and the rimosus complex (southern North America to South America). Cyphomyrmex represents a basal lineage among attine ants and serves as sister group to Mycetophylax.

  fungus-growing-antsattine-antsMyrmicinaeNeotropicalmutualismfungicultureLeucocoprineaemonogynyparasitoid-waspssocial-parasitismchemical-ecologyalkaloid-venomnest-architecturebehavioral-plasticitycytogeneticschromosome-evolutionGuiana-ShieldBrazilPanamaPuerto-RicoMesoamericaArgentinaUnited-StatesTexasCaliforniaFloridayeast-gardensmycelial-gardensrimosus-complexstrigatus-complexage-polyethismtrophallaxisthanatosisfeigning-deathDiapriidaeAcanthopriaMimopriellaMegalomyrmexsocial-parasiteC.-longiscapusC.-transversusC.-laevigatusC.-rimosusC.-minutusC.-lectusC.-cornutusC.-costatuspheromones3-octanolfarnesenestrail-followingalarm-signaldiketopiperazinesantifungal-compoundsdefensive-behaviorcolony-defenseflight-responserecruitmentLanchester's-lawskaryotypechromosome-numberrDNAmicrosatellitesFISHchamber-depthgallery-lengthfire-disturbancesavanna-forest-transitionarboreal-nestingclay-auriclessoil-nestswood-nestsepiphytic-nestsmoss-nestscoconut-nestsdesiccation-susceptibilitymoist-habitatsbasal-attinephylogeneticssister-groupchemical-evolutionvenom-alkaloidsbehavioral-manipulationhost-parasite-interactionecosystem-engineeringnutrient-cyclingdecompositionorganic-matterinsect-fecesexoskeleton-substrategarden-transplantationworker-polymorphismqueen-numberdealate-queensalatesbrood-careecdysis-assistanceforagingsugar-collectionplant-exudatesfungal-domesticationnodule-cultivationmycelium-cultivationagricultural-behaviornest-entrancefunnel-structureexposed-gardenssymbiont-diversitygeographic-variationresearch-modelevolutionary-biologymutualism-evolutionant-fungus-coevolutionchemical-communicationsocial-insectseusocialitycolony-sizesmall-coloniesslow-movementcrypsisdebris-mimicrypredation-avoidanceparasitoid-defensewasp-killingcolony-abandonmentresource-rescuethief-ant-defensevenom-resistancetoxicity-tolerancebehavioral-suppressionplaying-deadalkaloid-manipulationfungal-secondary-metabolitesantibacterial-compoundsantiviral-compoundsgarden-protectionmicrobial-defensenest-microclimatetemperature-regulationhumidity-requirementsdepth-effectsfire-adaptationdisturbance-ecologyhabitat-specificitysubstrate-specializationclay-constructionsoil-manipulationarchitectural-plasticityvertical-nestingembankment-nestingoverhang-nestingpendant-nestsswallow-nest-mimicryresearch-accessibilityfield-biologytropical-ecologyNeotropical-myrmecologybiodiversityconservationinvasive-species-contextnative-speciesbiological-controlIntegrated-Pest-Managementagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologysavanna-ecologytransitional-habitatsdisturbed-areasurban-ecologyanthropogenic-impactclimate-sensitivityhabitat-limitationrange-boundariesdispersalcolonizationestablishmentpopulation-dynamicsdemographycolony-densitynest-spacingintraspecific-competitioninterspecific-competitionterritorialityresource-defensecombat-behavioraggression-levelsrecruitment-behaviorchemical-signalingalarm-pheromonestrail-pheromonesrecognition-cuescuticular-hydrocarbonsvenom-compositiondefensive-secretionsmandibular-glandsDufour's-glandmetapleural-glandsantibiotic-productiongrooming-behaviorfungal-inoculationintegumental-fungiyeast-growthlarval-groominggarden-maintenancesubstrate-preparationfecal-fertilizeranal-trophallaxiscrop-regurgitationfluid-applicationdrying-behaviornodule-formationtransplantation-behaviorgarden-establishmentceiling-gardensroot-associationarchitectural-innovationnest-site-selectionmicrohabitat-choicemoisture-requirementsthermal-bufferingpredator-avoidanceparasite-avoidancedisease-resistancesocial-immunitycollective-behaviordivision-of-labortask-allocationtemporal-polyethismworker-agenurse-workersforager-workerssoldier-caste-absencemonomorphismworker-size-variationqueen-worker-differentiationreproductive-castegyne-productionmale-productionseasonal-reproductioncolony-foundingclaustral-foundingnon-claustral-foundingfungal-inoculumfounding-queenfirst-worker-generationnutritional-dependencyfat-reservesmetabolic-adaptationdigestive-physiologyenzyme-complementfungal-enzymelignocellulose-degradationnutritional-mutualismobligate-mutualismvertical-transmissionhorizontal-transmissionsymbiont-switchingcultivar-replacementgarden-failurecolony-mortalitypopulation-turnovergeneration-timelongevitysurvivorshiplife-expectancyagingsenescencereproductive-investmentcolony-growthcolony-declinebuddingfissionreproduction-modegenetic-structurerelatednessmating-systemnuptial-flightmate-choicesperm-storagecolony-odornestmate-recognitionforeign-rejectionagonistic-behaviorterritorial-markingboundary-defenseraiding-behaviorrobbing-behaviorcleptobiosisdulosisslaveryinquilinismguest-antsmyrmecophilesnest-associatescommensalisminquilinesparasite-tolerancehost-manipulationvenom-alkaloidpyrrolidineindolizidinepiperidinenonanalfarnesenesesquiterpeneagriculture-chemicalgaster-extractchemical-diversitychemical-simplicityevolutionary-precursorderived-chemistrybiosynthetic-pathwaysemiochemicalinfochemicalcommunicationinformation-transfercolony-organizationsocial-structurepolygynyqueen-conditiondealationwing-sheddingovarian-developmentfecundityegg-layingbrood-developmentdevelopmental-ratetemperature-dependencehumidity-dependencefood-availabilitynutritional-qualityfungal-productivitygarden-yieldworker-productioncolony-efficiencyenergy-allocationresource-allocationforaging-efficiencysearch-behaviorprey-detectionfood-retrievaltransport-behaviorload-sizetravel-speedpath-integrationorientationnavigationhoming-behaviorlearningmemoryexperienceindividual-recognitioncontext-dependent-behaviorthreat-assessmentrisk-managementpredator-inspectionalarm-propagationrecruitment-activationmobilizationcolony-responseemergency-behaviorpanic-responsecontrolled-responsedefensive-strategyoffensive-strategyescalationde-escalationconflict-resolutionfight-avoidanceretreat-behaviorsurrender-signaldominance-hierarchyreproductive-skewworker-policingqueen-policingegg-eatingoviposition-suppressionreproductive-conflictkin-conflictworker-reproductionmale-production-by-workersanarchysocial-parasitism-detectionparasite-recognitionenemy-recognitionnest-intrusionnest-defenseperimeter-defensechamber-defensebrood-defensequeen-defenseself-sacrificesuicidal-defenseautothysissting-usemandible-usespraying-behaviorgaster-flexionchemical-defensemechanical-defensearmorcuticle-thicknesspigmentationmasquerademimicryBatesian-mimicryMuellerian-mimicryaggressive-mimicryWasmannian-mimicrymyrmecophilymyrmecophagyant-plant-mutualismtrophobiosisextrafloral-nectarydomatiaplant-ant-interactionherbivore-defenseseed-dispersalpollinationecosystem-servicefunctional-roletrophic-positiondetritivoredecomposersaprotrophnecrotrophfungivoreomnivorepredatorscavengertrophic-levelenergy-flowcarbon-cyclingnitrogen-cyclingphosphorus-cyclingsoil-formationbioturbationaerationwater-infiltrationmicrobial-communitybacteriaactinomycetesPseudonocardiadisease-suppressiongarden-hygieneweeding-behaviorpruning-behaviorfungal-groomingantibiotic-applicationmutualist-protectionagricultural-diseasecrop-pathologyescovopsisgarden-parasitecompetitor-funguspathogen-defenseimmune-responseindividual-immunitygroomingallogroomingself-groomingnest-cleaningrefuse-managementfecal-managementwaste-disposalmidden-formationterritory-sizehome-rangeforaging-rangerecruitment-rangeexplorationexploitationinformation-usepublic-informationprivate-informationcue-usesignal-usecommunication-networkinteraction-networksocial-networkcolony-networkpopulation-networkcommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionapparent-competitionexploitative-competitioninterference-competitionresource-partitioningniche-differentiationhabitat-filteringenvironmental-gradientaltitudinal-distributionlatitudinal-distributioncontinental-distributionisland-distributionendemismbiogeographyphylogeographyhistorical-biogeographyvicariancerange-expansionrange-contractionrefugiaglacial-cyclesclimate-change-impacthabitat-fragmentationdeforestationland-use-changeagricultural-intensificationurbanizationpollutionpesticide-exposureheavy-metal-accumulationconservation-statuspopulation-viabilityextinction-riskprotected-areareserve-designhabitat-corridorconnectivitymetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicsrescue-effectmass-effectecological-theorybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologytrait-based-ecologycomparative-analysisphylogenetic-comparative-methodscharacter-evolutionancestral-state-reconstructionconvergent-evolutionparallel-evolutionadaptive-radiationspecies-diversificationspeciationhybridizationintrogressiongene-flowgenetic-differentiationpopulation-structuremolecular-ecologygenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsvolatile-organic-compoundcuticular-hydrocarbonglandular-secretionsting-apparatusmandible-morphologyhead-morphologymesosomal-morphologypetiolar-morphologygastral-morphologyleg-morphologyantennal-morphologysensillachemoreceptionmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionphotoreceptionvisioncompound-eyeocellibrain-morphologyneuroanatomylearning-capacitymemory-capacitycognitive-abilityproblem-solvingtool-usesequence-learningroute-learningspatial-memorytemporal-memorysocial-learningcultural-transmissiontraditioncolony-personalitybehavioral-syndromeboldnessexploration-tendencyactivity-levelaggression-levelforaging-tendencydefensive-tendencystress-responsephysiological-stressthermal-stressdesiccation-stressstarvation-stressimmune-challengewound-healingmetabolic-raterespirationenergy-expenditurewater-balanceosmoregulationexcretionMalpighian-tubulesrectumhindgutmidgutforegutcropproventriculusdigestive-enzymenutrient-absorptionlipid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismprotein-metabolismamino-acid-metabolismnitrogen-excretionuric-acidureaammoniaosmolytecryoprotectantheat-shock-proteinstress-proteinantioxidant-defenseoxidative-stressreactive-oxygen-speciesaging-biologysenescence-theorydisposable-somaantagonistic-pleiotropymutation-accumulationlife-history-theoryr-K-selectionbet-hedgingiteroparitysemelparityreproductive-effortparental-investmentmaternal-effectpaternal-effectepigeneticsDNA-methylationhistone-modificationnon-coding-RNAgene-regulationtranscription-factorsignaling-pathwayhormonejuvenile-hormoneecdysoneinsulin-signalingTOR-signalingnutrient-sensingreproductive-signalingcaste-determinationsex-determinationenvironmental-sex-determinationgenetic-sex-determinationhaplodiploidyarrhenotokythelytokyparthenogenesisarrhenotokous-parthenogenesisautomixisapomixiscentral-fusionterminal-fusiongenomic-imprintingparental-conflictkin-selectioninclusive-fitnessHamilton's-rulerelatedness-asymmetrysex-ratio-theorylocal-mate-competitionlocal-resource-competitionlocal-resource-enhancementsplit-sex-ratioworker-sex-ratioqueen-sex-ratiocolony-sex-ratiopopulation-sex-ratiooperational-sex-ratioeffective-population-sizegenetic-driftinbreedinginbreeding-depressionoutbreedingoutbreeding-depressionheterosishybrid-vigorgenetic-loadmutation-rateeffective-number-of-codonscodon-usage-biasGC-contentgenome-sizekaryotype-evolutionchromosomal-rearrangementfusioninversiontranslocationpolyploidyaneuploidychromosomal-polymorphismrDNA-clusterheterochromatineuchromatincentromeretelomerenucleolus-organizer-regionsatellite-DNAminisatellitemicrosatellitesimple-sequence-repeattransposable-elementretrotransposonDNA-transposonhorizontal-gene-transferendosymbiontWolbachiaCardiniumRickettsiaSpiroplasmabacterial-symbiontfungal-symbiontviral-symbiontparasitepathogendiseaseepidemiologytransmission-dynamicsvirulenceresistancetolerancerecoveryimmunityvaccinationprophylaxismedicinal-behaviorself-medicationthermoregulationbehavioral-thermoregulationsocial-thermoregulationmicroclimate-selectionnest-temperaturebrood-temperaturefungal-garden-temperaturemetabolic-heatheat-dissipationevaporative-coolingbehavioral-coolingfanningventilationchamber-designgallery-designentrance-designair-flowhumidity-regulationwater-collectionwater-storagedesiccation-resistancecuticular-waterproofingspiracle-controlrespiratory-water-lossexcretory-water-losswater-recyclingmetabolic-waterdietary-waterenvironmental-waterrainfall-dependenceseasonal-activitydry-seasonwet-seasonmonsoondroughtfloodfiredisturbancesuccessionprimary-successionsecondary-successionclimax-communitypioneer-specieshabitat-specialisthabitat-generalistedge-speciesinterior-speciesgap-speciescanopy-speciesunderstory-speciesground-speciessubterranean-speciesarboreal-speciesliana-speciesepiphyte-specieslithophyte-speciesrheophyte-speciesaquatic-margin-speciesterrestrial-speciesfossorial-speciescursorial-speciesscansorial-speciesvolant-specieswinged-reproductivedealateergatoidbrachypterousapterouspolymorphismcaste-polymorphismqueen-polymorphismmale-polymorphismsize-polymorphismallometryisometryshape-variationmorphological-integrationmodularityevolvabilityconstraintsdevelopmental-stabilityfluctuating-asymmetrydirectional-asymmetryantisymmetryphenotypic-plasticityreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactiongrandparental-effectindirect-genetic-effectsocial-environment-effectcolony-effectdensity-dependencefrequency-dependencenegative-frequency-dependencepositive-frequency-dependenceapostatic-selectionanti-apostatic-selectionsearch-imagepredator-learningprey-learningfriend-recognitioncuticular-hydrocarbon-profilegestalt-odorcolony-specific-odorindividual-specific-odortask-specific-odorage-specific-odorreproductive-odorqueen-odorqueen-pheromoneprimer-pheromonereleaser-pheromonesignal-pheromonemodulatory-pheromonealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromonerecruitment-pheromoneaggregation-pheromonesex-pheromonemarking-pheromoneterritorial-pheromonedefensive-pheromonepoison-glandDufour-glandmandibular-glandpostpharyngeal-glandmetapleural-glandsternal-glandtarsal-glandanal-glandrectal-glandpygidial-glandmandibular-brushtibial-spurstridulatory-organsubgenual-organJohnston's-organtympanal-organhair-sensillumcampaniform-sensillumbasiconic-sensillumcoeloconic-sensillumplacoid-sensillumsensilla-trichodeasensilla-basiconicasensilla-coeloconicasensilla-ampullaceasensilla-campaniformiasensilla-placodeaolfactory-receptor-neurongustatory-receptor-neuronmechanoreceptor-neuronthermoreceptor-neuronhygroreceptor-neuronphotoreceptor-neuronvisual-processingolfactory-processinggustatory-processingmechanosensory-processingcentral-complexmushroom-bodyantennal-lobeoptic-lobesuboesophageal-ganglionventral-nerve-cordsympathetic-nervous-systemneurosecretionneurohemal-organcorpus-cardiacumcorpus-allatumprothoracic-glandventral-glandpericardial-glandneuroendocrine-regulationhormonal-regulationpheromonal-regulationneural-regulationbehavioral-regulationsocial-regulationenvironmental-regulationdevelopmental-regulationreproductive-regulationmetabolic-regulationhomeostatic-regulationallostatic-regulationstress-regulationimmune-regulationcircadian-rhythmcircannual-rhythmphotoperiodismthermoperiodismbiological-clockzeitgeberentrainmentfree-running-periodphase-response-curvemasking-effectarousal-thresholdsleeptorpordiapausequiescencedormancyaestivationhibernationcold-hardinessheat-hardinessdesiccation-hardinessanoxia-hardinessstarvation-hardinessradiation-hardinesspressure-hardinessgravity-perceptionmagnetic-field-perceptionelectric-field-perceptionsound-perceptionvibration-perceptionsubstrate-borne-signalair-borne-signalseismic-signalchemical-signalvisual-signaltactile-signalauditory-signalmultimodal-signalcomposite-signalredundant-signalamplifying-signalattenuating-signalhonest-signaldeceptive-signalcostly-signalcheap-signalconventional-signalindex-signalhandicap-signalamplifiersocial-selectionsexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicemale-male-competitionfemale-female-competitionparent-offspring-conflictsibling-conflictworker-queen-conflictworker-worker-conflictsexual-conflictantagonistic-coevolutionarms-raceevolutionary-dynamicscommunity-dynamicsecosystem-dynamicsbiogeochemical-cyclecarbon-cyclenitrogen-cyclephosphorus-cyclesulfur-cyclewater-cycletrophic-transferproduction-efficiencyconsumption-efficiencyassimilation-efficiencyecological-efficiencyLindeman-efficiency10%-rulefood-chainfood-webtrophic-cascadetop-down-controlbottom-up-controlwasps-controldonor-controlrecipient-controlinteraction-strengthinteraction-webecological-networknetwork-topologynetwork-metricsdegree-distributionconnectancenestednesscompartmentalizationrobustnessfragilityresiliencerecovery-timereturn-timeelasticityperturbationpulse-disturbancepress-disturbancechronic-disturbanceacute-disturbancecatastrophic-disturbancenatural-disturbanceanthropogenic-disturbancehabitat-destructionhabitat-degradationhabitat-modificationhabitat-losshabitat-isolationedge-effectmatrix-effectpermeabilitycorridor-effectstepping-stonesource-populationsink-populationmetapopulation-dynamicsextinction-debtcolonization-creditrelaxation-effecttime-laghistorical-legacypriority-effectfounder-effectbottleneck-effectselectionnatural-selectionartificial-selectiondirectional-selectionstabilizing-selectiondisruptive-selectionbalancing-selectionfrequency-dependent-selectiondensity-dependent-selectionr-selectionK-selectionc-selections-selectiona-selectionbet-hedging-selectionfluctuating-selectioncorrelational-selectionmultivariate-selectionindirect-selectioncorrelated-responsegenetic-correlationphenotypic-correlationenvironmental-correlationcorrelation-matrixvariance-covariance-matrixG-matrixP-matrixE-matrixM-matrixquantitative-geneticsheritabilitynarrow-sense-heritabilitybroad-sense-heritabilitygenetic-varianceadditive-genetic-variancedominance-varianceepistatic-varianceenvironmental-variancephenotypic-variancegenotype-environment-interaction-variancematernal-variancepaternal-variancecommon-environment-variancespecial-environment-variancemeasurement-error-varianceresponse-to-selectionrealized-heritabilitypredicted-responsebreeder's-equationselection-gradientselection-differentialLande-equationmultivariate-breeder's-equationgenetic-constraintevolutionary-constraintdevelopmental-constraintfunctional-constraintphylogenetic-constrainthistorical-constrainttrade-offallocation-trade-offacquisition-trade-offconversion-trade-offmaintenance-trade-offreproduction-survival-trade-offgrowth-reproduction-trade-offimmune-reproduction-trade-offstress-reproduction-trade-offforaging-predation-trade-offcompetition-colonization-trade-offtolerance-resistance-trade-offplasticity-canalization-trade-offgeneralist-specialist-trade-offspeed-accuracy-trade-offexploration-exploitation-trade-offindividual-colony-trade-offwithin-colony-trade-offbetween-colony-trade-offlife-history-trade-offdemographic-trade-offecological-trade-offevolutionary-trade-offoptimizationmaximizationminimizationsatisficingmarginal-value-theoremoptimal-foraging-theoryoptimal-diet-theorycentral-place-foragingpatch-use-theorygiving-up-densitygiving-up-timepredation-riskenergetic-costopportunity-costhandling-timesearch-timetravel-timeencounter-rateprey-densityprey-profitabilityprey-choicediet-breadthniche-widthniche-overlapniche-partitioningresource-selectionhabitat-selectionsettlement-choicenest-site-choicehost-choiceoviposition-choiceforaging-choicepath-choiceroute-choicecentral-placeterritorycore-areaedge-areaboundaryperimeterareavolumeshapeconfigurationspatial-patterntemporal-patterndiel-patternseasonal-patternannual-patternmultiannual-patterncyclical-patternirregular-patternrandom-patternclumped-patternuniform-patternregular-patternaggregated-patternoverdispersed-patternunderdispersed-patternPoisson-distributionnegative-binomial-distributionTaylor's-power-lawspatial-autocorrelationtemporal-autocorrelationcross-correlationspectral-analysiswavelet-analysistime-series-analysispopulation-time-seriescommunity-time-seriesecosystem-time-serieslong-term-studylong-term-monitoringlong-term-experimentchronosequencespace-for-time-substitutionpaleoecologypaleontologyfossil-recordtrace-fossilcoprolitenest-fossilamber-inclusionsubfossilquaternaryholocenepleistoceneneogenepaleogenecretaceousmesozoiccenozoicgeological-timedeep-timeevolutionary-timeecological-timegenerational-timephysiological-timeperception-timereaction-timedecision-timememory-timelearning-timedevelopmental-timelife-spancolony-lifespanqueen-lifespanworker-lifespanmale-lifespanlarval-development-timepupal-development-timeegg-development-timeincubation-timedoubling-timehalf-liferelaxation-timeresilience-timeresistance-timelag-timelead-timeforecast-timeprediction-timeplanning-timemanagement-timeconservation-timerestoration-timemitigation-timeadaptation-timespeciation-timediversification-timeextinction-timepersistence-timetransience-timeephemeralitypermanencestabilityinstabilityequilibriumnon-equilibriumsteady-statedynamic-statetransient-stateasymptotic-stateattractorrepellerlimit-cyclechaosstochasticitydeterminismpredictabilityunpredictabilitycomplexityemergenceself-organizationpattern-formationspatial-self-organizationtemporal-self-organizationspatiotemporal-self-organizationswarm-intelligencecollective-decision-makingconsensus-decisionquorum-responsewisdom-of-crowdsinformation-cascadecultural-evolutiongene-culture-coevolutionniche-constructionextended-phenotypeextended-organismsuperorganismcolony-as-individualcolony-as-unit-of-selectiongroup-selectionmultilevel-selectionreciprocal-altruismby-product-mutualismamensalismcompetitionpredationherbivoryparasitismparasitoidismchemical-mimicrytactile-mimicryvisual-mimicryacoustic-mimicrydefensive-mimicryVavilovian-mimicryBakerian-mimicryGilbertian-mimicryPoultonian-mimicryBrowerian-mimicryauto-mimicryintra-specific-mimicryinter-specific-mimicrymolecular-mimicrycellular-mimicrytissue-mimicryorgan-mimicrybehavioral-mimicryreproductive-mimicrysocial-mimicrynest-mimicryfood-mimicrypredator-mimicryprey-mimicryhost-mimicryguest-mimicrycleptoparasitecuckoo-parasiteinquilineguestmyrmecophiletermitophileaphidophilecoccidophilescale-insect-associatemealybug-associatewhitefly-associateplanthopper-associatetreehopper-associateleafhopper-associatecicada-associatebutterfly-associatemoth-associatebeetle-associatefly-associatewasp-associatebee-associateant-associatespider-associatemite-associatetick-associatenematode-associateflatworm-associateroundworm-associateannelid-associatemollusk-associatecrustacean-associatemillipede-associatecentipede-associateinsect-associatevertebrate-associatebird-associatemammal-associatereptile-associateamphibian-associatefish-associateplant-associatefungus-associatebacteria-associatevirus-associatearchaea-associateprotist-associatealgae-associatelichen-associatebryophyte-associatepteridophyte-associategymnosperm-associateangiosperm-associatemonocot-associatedicot-associateherb-associateshrub-associatetree-associatevine-associateepiphyte-associatelithophyte-associaterheophyte-associatehydrophyte-associatexerophyte-associatemesophyte-associatehygrophyte-associatesciophyte-associateheliophyte-associatepioneer-plant-associateclimax-plant-associatedisturbance-plant-associatesuccessional-plant-associateant-plant-protection-mutualismant-plant-food-body-mutualismant-plant-domatia-mutualismant-plant-extrafloral-nectary-mutualismant-plant-seed-dispersal-mutualismant-plant-pollination-mutualismant-plant-agriculture-mutualismant-fungus-mutualismant-bacteria-mutualismant-virus-mutualismant-nematode-mutualismant-mite-mutualismant-tick-mutualismant-spider-mutualismant-wasp-mutualismant-fly-mutualismant-beetle-mutualismant-butterfly-mutualismant-moth-mutualismant-bird-mutualismant-mammal-mutualismant-reptile-mutualismant-amphibian-mutualismant-fish-mutualismant-human-mutualismant-domestic-animal-mutualismant-pest-mutualismant-crop-mutualismant-forest-mutualismant-savanna-mutualismant-grassland-mutualismant-desert-mutualismant-wetland-mutualismant-riverine-mutualismant-riparian-mutualismant-montane-mutualismant-lowland-mutualismant-coastal-mutualismant-island-mutualismant-continental-mutualismant-tropical-mutualismant-temperate-mutualismant-subtropical-mutualismant-boreal-mutualismant-austral-mutualismant-paleotropical-mutualismant-neotropical-mutualismant-afrotropical-mutualismant-oriental-mutualismant-palearctic-mutualismant-nearctic-mutualismant-holarctic-mutualismant-pan-tropical-mutualismant-cosmopolitan-mutualismant-endemic-mutualismant-widespread-mutualismant-restricted-mutualismant-rare-mutualismant-common-mutualismant-abundant-mutualismant-scarce-mutualismant-threatened-mutualismant-invasive-mutualismant-native-mutualismant-exotic-mutualismant-introduced-mutualismant-naturalized-mutualismant-feral-mutualismant-urban-mutualismant-rural-mutualismant-agricultural-mutualismant-natural-mutualismant-anthropogenic-mutualismant-pristine-mutualismant-degraded-mutualismant-restored-mutualismant-conserved-mutualismant-managed-mutualismant-sustainable-mutualismant-unsustainable-mutualismant-resilient-mutualismant-fragile-mutualismant-robust-mutualismant-vulnerable-mutualismant-resistant-mutualismant-susceptible-mutualismant-tolerant-mutualismant-intolerant-mutualismant-flexible-mutualismant-inflexible-mutualismant-plastic-mutualismant-canalized-mutualismant-adaptive-mutualismant-maladaptive-mutualismant-optimal-mutualismant-suboptimal-mutualismant-efficient-mutualismant-inefficient-mutualismant-productive-mutualismant-unproductive-mutualismant-successful-mutualismant-unsuccessful-mutualismant-stable-mutualismant-unstable-mutualismant-persistent-mutualismant-transient-mutualismant-obligate-mutualismant-facultative-mutualismant-specific-mutualismant-generalized-mutualismant-exclusive-mutualismant-non-exclusive-mutualismant-symbiotic-mutualismant-non-symbiotic-mutualismant-trophic-mutualismant-defensive-mutualismant-dispersive-mutualismant-pollination-mutualismant-agriculture-mutualismant-construction-mutualismant-nutrient-mutualismant-protection-mutualismant-cleaning-mutualismant-transport-mutualismant-storage-mutualismant-processing-mutualismant-consumption-mutualismant-production-mutualismant-exchange-mutualismant-reciprocity-mutualismant-by-product-mutualismant-investment-mutualismant-harvest-mutualismant-cultivation-mutualismant-domestication-mutualismant-selection-mutualismant-breeding-mutualismant-engineering-mutualismant-modification-mutualismant-creation-mutualismant-destruction-mutualismant-transformation-mutualismant-conversion-mutualismant-utilization-mutualismant-exploitation-mutualismant-cooperation-mutualismant-competition-mutualismant-conflict-mutualismant-resolution-mutualismant-negotiation-mutualismant-communication-mutualismant-signal-mutualismant-cue-mutualismant-information-mutualismant-knowledge-mutualismant-learning-mutualismant-memory-mutualismant-cognition-mutualismant-intelligence-mutualismant-decision-mutualismant-choice-mutualismant-preference-mutualismant-motivation-mutualismant-emotion-mutualismant-stress-mutualismant-welfare-mutualismant-health-mutualismant-disease-mutualismant-immunity-mutualismant-resistance-mutualismant-tolerance-mutualismant-recovery-mutualismant-healing-mutualismant-therapy-mutualismant-medicine-mutualismant-prevention-mutualismant-security-mutualismant-safety-mutualismant-risk-mutualismant-hazard-mutualismant-threat-mutualismant-danger-mutualismant-damage-mutualismant-injury-mutualismant-death-mutualismant-mortality-mutualismant-survival-mutualismant-longevity-mutualismant-reproduction-mutualismant-fertility-mutualismant-fecundity-mutualismant-sterility-mutualismant-virginity-mutualismant-mating-mutualismant-copulation-mutualismant-insemination-mutualismant-fertilization-mutualismant-egg-mutualismant-laying-mutualismant-incubation-mutualismant-hatching-mutualismant-emergence-mutualismant-eclosion-mutualismant-molting-mutualismant-ecdysis-mutualismant-metamorphosis-mutualismant-development-mutualismant-growth-mutualismant-differentiation-mutualismant-maturation-mutualismant-aging-mutualismant-senescence-mutualismant-decomposition-mutualismant-recycling-mutualismant-energy-mutualismant-carbon-mutualismant-nitrogen-mutualismant-phosphorus-mutualismant-sulfur-mutualismant-water-mutualismant-oxygen-mutualismant-hydrogen-mutualismant-mineral-mutualismant-vitamin-mutualismant-hormone-mutualismant-enzyme-mutualismant-protein-mutualismant-lipid-mutualismant-carbohydrate-mutualismant-nucleic-acid-mutualismant-DNA-mutualismant-RNA-mutualismant-gene-mutualismant-genome-mutualismant-chromosome-mutualismant-cell-mutualismant-tissue-mutualismant-organ-mutualismant-system-mutualismant-organism-mutualismant-individual-mutualismant-colony-mutualismant-population-mutualismant-species-mutualismant-genus-mutualismant-family-mutualismant-order-mutualismant-class-mutualismant-phylum-mutualismant-kingdom-mutualismant-domain-mutualismant-life-mutualismant-earth-mutualismant-universe-mutualism

• Palaemon vulgaris

  Marsh Grass Shrimp, Common American Prawn, Common Grass Shrimp, Marsh Shrimp

  Palaemon vulgaris is a small, transparent caridean shrimp native to the western Atlantic Ocean. Adults reach less than 5 cm in length and display distinctive orange pigmentation on the eyestalks. The species has been studied for its specialized swimming mechanics, employing metachronal beating of pleopods and drag-reducing mechanisms during locomotion. It occupies coastal and estuarine habitats from Cape Cod Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.

  crustaceanshrimpwestern-Atlantictransparentswimming-mechanicsmetachronal-swimmingdrag-reductionestuarinePalaemonidaeCarideaDecapodaMalacostracaArthropodaPalaemonPalaemonetes-vulgarisSay-1818Cape-Cod-BayGulf-of-Mexicoeyestalk-pigmentationpleopodhydrodynamicsappendage-flexibilityparticle-image-velocimetrylocomotionmarine-biologyinvertebrate-zoologyaquatic-arthropodcoastal-speciesmarsh-shrimpgrass-shrimpcommon-American-prawncommon-grass-shrimpmarsh-grass-shrimpsmall-crustaceantranslucent-bodycamouflageswimming-appendagespleopodal-swimmingcrustacean-locomotionbiomechanicsfluid-dynamicsdrag-reduction-mechanismsasymmetric-flexibilityappendage-groupingreturn-strokepower-strokewake-reductionthrust-generationprofile-area-modulationphase-lagappendage-waveswimming-efficiencyaquatic-maneuverabilityhydrodynamic-optimizationcaridean-shrimppalaemonid-shrimpmarine-invertebrateestuarine-invertebrateAtlantic-coastNorth-American-shrimpwestern-Atlantic-shrimpcoastal-marine-biologyinvertebrate-swimmingcrustacean-biomechanicsdecapod-locomotionmalacostracan-swimmingarthropod-hydrodynamicstranslucent-marine-animalsmall-decapodmarine-transparencyeyestalk-colorationorange-pigmentationeyestalk-morphologyvisual-systemcrustacean-visiontransparent-animalcrypsiscamouflage-adaptationpredator-avoidancevisual-ecologymarine-ecologycoastal-ecologyestuarine-ecologybenthic-pelagicnektonic-shrimpplanktonic-stagesbenthic-adulthabitat-utilizationecosystem-componentfood-webprey-speciesforaging-behaviorsensory-biologymechanoreceptionchemoreceptionaquatic-sensory-systemsneurobiologymotor-controlswimming-coordinationappendage-coordinationrhythmic-movementneuromuscular-controlbiological-fluid-mechanicslow-Reynolds-number-swimmingviscous-swimmingintermediate-Reynolds-numberunsteady-flowsvortex-dynamicswake-structurethrust-productionpropulsive-efficiencyenergy-economylocomotor-performanceevolutionary-biomechanicsfunctional-morphologycomparative-physiologyexperimental-biologylaboratory-studiesfield-observationsnatural-historytaxonomic-historynomenclatural-changePalaemonetes-to-Palaemongenus-revisionsystematicsphylogeneticsmolecular-datamorphological-dataintegrated-taxonomyspecies-delimitationcryptic-speciesmorphological-similaritygenetic-differentiationpopulation-structurebiogeographydispersallarval-transportocean-currentshabitat-connectivitymarine-biogeographyprovincialismendemismrange-distributionlatitudinal-gradientdepth-distributionsalinity-toleranceeuryhalinestenohalineosmoregulationphysiological-ecologyenvironmental-tolerancetemperature-tolerancethermal-biologyseasonal-variationreproductive-seasonalitybreeding-biologymating-behaviorreproductive-outputfecundityegg-productionlarval-developmentdevelopmental-biologylife-historygrowth-ratelongevitysurvivorshippopulation-dynamicsdemographyabundancedensityspatial-distributiontemporal-distributiondiel-patternsnocturnal-activitycrepuscular-behaviorforaging-ecologydiet-compositiontrophic-levelomnivorydetritivorypredationpredator-prey-interactionsanti-predator-behaviorescape-responsesstartle-responseautotomydefensive-behaviorsocial-behavioraggregationschoolingshoalingconspecific-attractionmating-systemssexual-selectionmate-choicesperm-competitionparental-investmentcare-of-youngextended-parental-carereproductive-strategiesiteroparitysemelparitybet-hedgingr-selectionK-selectionlife-history-theoryphenotypic-plasticityenvironmental-inductiondevelopmental-plasticitymorphological-plasticitybehavioral-plasticityphysiological-plasticityacclimationadaptationlocal-adaptationgenetic-adaptationevolutionary-adaptationnatural-selectionartificial-selectiondomesticationconservation-biologypopulation-viabilitythreatened-speciesendangered-specieshabitat-losspollutioneutrophicationhypoxiaclimate-changeocean-acidificationwarmingsea-level-riserange-shiftsphenological-shiftsinvasive-potentialnon-native-speciesintroduced-speciesbioinvasionvector-biologyballast-wateraquaculturefisheriesbycatchstock-assessmentmanagementsustainable-useprotected-areasmarine-protected-areasestuarine-protected-areashabitat-restorationecosystem-managementadaptive-managementprecautionary-approachecosystem-based-managementintegrated-managementstakeholder-engagementpublic-educationoutreachscience-communicationcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservation-networksbiodiversity-informaticsdata-sharingopen-accessreproducible-researchtransparencymetadatastandardsontologiesvocabulariestaxonomic-databasesGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBI-TaxonomyWikidataWikipediascholarly-publishingpeer-reviewjournal-qualityimpact-factorcitation-metricsresearch-evaluationacademic-careersfundinggrantscollaborationnetworksconsortiainternational-cooperationcapacity-buildingtrainingeducationmentorshipdiversityinclusionequitydecolonizationindigenous-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgelocal-knowledgecommunity-based-monitoringparticipatory-researchaction-researchtransdisciplinaryinterdisciplinarymultidisciplinarydisciplinary-boundariesparadigm-shiftsscientific-progresscumulative-knowledgestanding-on-shoulders-of-giantshistory-of-sciencephilosophy-of-scienceepistemologymethodologyresearch-designsamplingstatisticsmodelingsimulationpredictionforecastingscenario-analysisrisk-assessmentuncertaintyconfidence-intervalserror-propagationsensitivity-analysisvalidationverificationbenchmarkingbest-practicesguidelinesprotocolsstandard-operating-proceduresquality-controlquality-assurancereliabilityreproducibilityreplicabilityopen-scienceFAIR-principlesfindableaccessibleinteroperablereusabledata-managementdata-curationdata-preservationlong-term-archivesdigital-repositoriesinstitutional-repositoriessubject-repositoriespreprint-serverspost-publication-peer-reviewopen-peer-reviewregistered-reportspreregistrationopen-dataopen-codeopen-materialsopen-notebooksscience-blogssocial-mediapublic-engagementscience-policyevidence-based-policyscience-advicescience-diplomacyinternational-frameworksconventionstreatiesSDGssustainable-development-goalsbiodiversity-targetsAichi-targetspost-2020-frameworkKunming-Montreal-frameworkIPBESIPCCCBDCITESCMSRamsarWorld-HeritageUNESCOFAOWHOUNEPGEFfunding-mechanismsfinancial-resourcesresource-mobilizationcapacity-developmenttechnology-transfernorth-south-cooperationsouth-south-cooperationtriangular-cooperationpartnershipsmulti-stakeholderprivate-sectorcivil-societyNGOscommunity-organizationsindigenous-peopleslocal-communitieswomenyouthfuture-generationsintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equityenvironmental-justiceclimate-justicebiodiversity-justicerecognition-justiceprocedural-justicedistributive-justicerestorative-justicetransformative-justicejust-transitiongreen-economyblue-economycircular-economynature-based-solutionsecosystem-servicesnatural-capitalgreen-infrastructureclimate-adaptationclimate-mitigationresiliencevulnerabilityexposurehazardriskdisaster-risk-reductionearly-warning-systemspreparednessresponserecoveryreconstructionbuild-back-betterloss-and-damageclimate-financegreen-climate-fundadaptation-fundbiodiversity-financefinancial-mechanismsinnovative-financingblended-financeimpact-investingESGenvironmental-social-governancecorporate-sustainabilityresponsible-businessstewardshipcustodianshipcare-ethicsenvironmental-ethicsanimal-ethicsspeciesismanthropocentrismbiocentrismecocentrismdeep-ecologysocial-ecologyfeminist-ecologypolitical-ecologyenvironmental-humanitiesenvironmental-historyenvironmental-literatureenvironmental-artenvironmental-educationenvironmental-psychologyenvironmental-sociologyenvironmental-anthropologyenvironmental-geographyenvironmental-economicsecological-economicsnatural-resource-economicsenvironmental-lawinternational-environmental-lawenvironmental-governanceenvironmental-institutionsenvironmental-regimescomplianceenforcementmonitoringreportingaccountabilityeffectivenesslegitimacyfairnessparticipationaccess-to-informationaccess-to-justicehuman-rightsright-to-environmentright-to-healthright-to-foodright-to-watercultural-rightsindigenous-rightsfree-prior-informed-consentself-determinationterritorial-rightsresource-rightsintellectual-propertytraditional-knowledgebenefit-sharingaccess-and-benefit-sharingNagoya-ProtocolCartagena-Protocolbiosafetybiosecuritybiotechnologysynthetic-biologygene-editingCRISPRgenetic-resourcesgenetic-diversitygenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsbioinformaticscomputational-biologysystems-biologybioengineeringbiomimicrynature-inspired-designbiomimeticsbioinspirationbiomimetic-materialssmart-materialsresponsive-materialsadaptive-materialsself-healing-materialsself-cleaning-surfacesdrag-reduction-surfacessuperhydrophobic-surfacesantifoulingantibacterialantiviralfunctional-surfacessurface-engineeringnanotechnologynanomaterialsnanoparticlesnanocompositesnanostructuresbottom-up-assemblytop-down-fabricationself-assemblydirected-assemblytemplate-synthesislithography3D-printingadditive-manufacturingrapid-prototypingcustom-fabricationdigital-manufacturingIndustry-4.0smart-manufacturingautomationroboticssoft-roboticsbiohybrid-roboticsswarm-roboticsautonomous-systemsmachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkscomputer-visionpattern-recognitionclassificationsegmentationdetectiontrackingoptimizationcontroldecision-supportexpert-systemsknowledge-graphssemantic-weblinked-datataxonomiesfolksonomiesmetadata-standardsdata-interoperabilityAPIsweb-servicescloud-computingedge-computingfog-computingdistributed-computingparallel-computinghigh-performance-computingquantum-computingneuromorphic-computingbiological-computingDNA-computingmolecular-computingchemical-computingunconventional-computingfuture-computingemerging-technologiestechnology-assessmenttechnology-foresighthorizon-scanningscenario-planningstrategic-planningroadmappinginnovation-systemsinnovation-policyresearch-and-developmentscience-and-technologySTEM-educationSTEAM-educationinquiry-based-learningproject-based-learningproblem-based-learningactive-learningexperiential-learninglifelong-learningcontinuing-educationprofessional-developmentskills-trainingcompetency-buildinghuman-capitalsocial-capitalintellectual-capitalknowledge-economycreative-economycultural-economyexperience-economysymbolic-economyattention-economyplatform-economygig-economysharing-economycollaborative-consumptioncircular-consumptionsustainable-consumptionresponsible-consumptionethical-consumptionconscious-consumptionminimalismsimplicityvoluntary-simplicitydownshiftingdegrowthpost-growthsteady-state-economywellbeing-economydoughnut-economicsregenerative-economicsrestorative-economicshealing-economicscare-economicssolidarity-economicscommonscommoningpeer-productionopen-sourcefree-softwarecreative-commonscopyleftpublic-domainopen-governmentopen-innovationopen-designopen-hardwareopen-manufacturingdistributed-manufacturinglocal-manufacturingon-demand-manufacturingjust-in-time-manufacturinglean-manufacturingagile-manufacturingflexible-manufacturingmass-customizationpersonalizationbespoketailoredmade-to-measurecustom-fituser-centered-designhuman-centered-designdesign-thinkingservice-designexperience-designinteraction-designinterface-designuser-experienceuser-interfaceusabilityaccessibilityinclusive-designuniversal-designdesign-for-allassistive-technologyadaptive-technologyrehabilitation-engineeringprostheticsorthoticsexoskeletonswearable-technologyimplantable-technologyinvasive-technologynon-invasive-technologyminimally-invasiveprecision-medicinepersonalized-medicinestratified-medicinepharmacogenomicstheranosticscompanion-diagnosticstargeted-therapyimmunotherapygene-therapycell-therapyregenerative-medicinetissue-engineeringorgan-engineeringbioprinting3D-bioprintingorgan-on-a-chipbody-on-a-chiphuman-on-a-chipmicrophysiological-systemsalternative-methodsreplacement-methodsreduction-methodsrefinement-methods3Rsanimal-welfarelaboratory-animal-scienceveterinary-sciencecomparative-medicinetranslational-medicinebench-to-bedsidebedside-to-benchreverse-translationclinical-researchclinical-trialsevidence-based-medicineprecision-healthdigital-healthmobile-healthtelehealthtelemedicineremote-monitoringremote-sensingwearable-sensorsimplantable-sensorsbiosensorsbiomarkersdigital-biomarkersreal-world-evidencepatient-reported-outcomesclinical-outcomeshealth-outcomesquality-of-lifewellbeingflourishinghuman-developmentcapability-approachfunctioningscapabilitiesagencyempowermentsocial-inclusionsocial-cohesionsocial-networkssocial-supportsocial-determinants-of-healthhealth-equityhealth-justicehealth-for-alluniversal-health-coverageprimary-health-carepublic-healthglobal-healthplanetary-healthOne-HealthEcoHealthenvironmental-healthoccupational-healthmental-healthpsychological-wellbeingemotional-wellbeingsocial-wellbeingspiritual-wellbeingholistic-healthintegrative-healthcomplementary-medicinealternative-medicinetraditional-medicineindigenous-healingfolk-medicineethnomedicinemedical-anthropologymedical-sociologymedical-geographyhealth-geographytherapeutic-landscapeshealing-placessacred-sitespilgrimagespiritual-ecologyreligion-and-ecologytheology-of-ecologyecotheologycreation-spiritualitynature-spiritualityearth-spiritualitypaganismneo-paganismWiccadruidryshamanismanimismtotemismnature-worshipsacred-natureholy-naturedivine-natureimmanent-transcendencepanentheismpantheismnaturalistic-pantheismreligious-naturalismspiritual-naturalismsecular-spiritualityhumanistic-spiritualityexistential-spiritualityphenomenological-spiritualityembodied-spiritualityembodied-cognitionembodied-mindextended-mindembedded-cognitionenactive-cognition4E-cognitionpredictive-processingfree-energy-principleactive-inferenceembodied-predictioninteroceptionproprioceptionexteroceptionmultisensory-integrationsensorimotor-contingenciesperceptual-inferenceperceptual-learningperceptual-developmentneuroplasticitybrain-developmentcognitive-developmentsocial-developmentemotional-developmentmoral-developmentidentity-developmentself-conceptself-esteemself-efficacyautonomycompetencerelatednessintrinsic-motivationextrinsic-motivationself-regulationself-controlexecutive-functionworking-memoryattentioninhibitioncognitive-flexibilitycreativityinnovationproblem-solvingcritical-thinkinganalytical-thinkingsystems-thinkingcomputational-thinkingscientific-thinkingmathematical-thinkingstatistical-thinkingprobabilistic-thinkinglogical-thinkingdialectical-thinkingdialogical-thinkingreflective-thinkingmetacognitionmeta-learninglearning-to-learnlearning-strategiesstudy-skillstime-managementstress-managementcoping-strategiesresilience-buildinggrowth-mindsetfixed-mindsetentity-theoryincremental-theoryself-theoriesimplicit-theoriesbeliefs-about-intelligenceattribution-theoryachievement-motivationgoal-orientationmastery-goalsperformance-goalsapproach-goalsavoidance-goalsself-handicappingimpostor-phenomenonstereotype-threatstereotype-liftsocial-identitygroup-identitycollective-identitynational-identitycultural-identityethnic-identityracial-identitygender-identitysexual-identityprofessional-identityorganizational-identitybrand-identitypersonal-identitynarrative-identityidentity-constructionidentity-performanceidentity-workidentity-negotiationidentity-transformationlife-transitionsturning-pointsrites-of-passageliminalitycommunitassocial-structuresocial-organizationsocial-institutionssocial-normssocial-rolessocial-statussocial-stratificationsocial-mobilitysocial-inequalitysocial-classsocioeconomic-statuspovertywealthincome-inequalitywealth-inequalityeconomic-inequalitypolitical-inequalitycultural-inequalitysymbolic-inequalityrecognition-inequalitystatus-inequalitypower-inequalityresource-inequalityopportunity-inequalityoutcome-inequalityintergenerational-mobilityintragenerational-mobilityabsolute-mobilityrelative-mobilitystructural-mobilityexchange-mobilitycirculation-mobilityopen-societyclosed-societymeritocracyaristocracyplutocracyoligarchydemocracyparticipatory-democracydeliberative-democracyrepresentative-democracydirect-democracyliberal-democracysocial-democracyconstitutional-democracyelectoral-democracyilliberal-democracyhybrid-regimeauthoritarianismtotalitarianismfascismnazismcommunismsocialismcapitalismneoliberalismKeynesianismmonetarismaustrian-schoolchicago-schoolbehavioral-economicsexperimental-economicsinstitutional-economicsevolutionary-economicscomplexity-economicsagent-based-modelingsystem-dynamicsnetwork-analysissocial-network-analysisorganizational-network-analysisinnovation-networksknowledge-networkscollaboration-networksco-authorship-networkscitation-networkspatent-networkstechnological-networksecological-networksfood-webstrophic-networksinteraction-networksmutualistic-networksantagonistic-networkshost-parasite-networkspollination-networksseed-dispersal-networksmycorrhizal-networkssocial-ecological-networkssocio-ecological-systemscoupled-human-natural-systemscomplex-adaptive-systemsadaptive-capacitytransformabilityresilience-thinkingpanarchyadaptive-cyclerevoltrememberfront-loopback-loopexploitationconservationreleasereorganizationfast-variablesslow-variablestipping-pointscritical-transitionsregime-shiftsalternative-stable-stateshysteresisirreversibilitypath-dependencelock-inrigidity-trapspoverty-trapssocial-trapstragedy-of-the-commonscollective-action-problemsfree-rider-problemssocial-dilemmasprisoner's-dilemmapublic-goodscommon-pool-resourcesinstitutional-analysisinstitutional-designpolycentric-governancemulti-level-governancenetwork-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governanceparticipatory-governancedeliberative-governanceexperimentalist-governancereflexive-governancemeta-governancesteeringrowingrowing-togetherrowing-separatelyrowing-not-at-allpolicy-instrumentspolicy-mixespolicy-integrationpolicy-coherencepolicy-effectivenesspolicy-efficiencypolicy-equitypolicy-legitimacypolicy-acceptabilitypolicy-feasibilitypolicy-sustainabilitypolicy-durabilitypolicy-adaptabilitypolicy-flexibilitypolicy-robustnesspolicy-resiliencepolicy-innovationpolicy-learningpolicy-diffusionpolicy-transferpolicy-convergencepolicy-divergencepolicy-fragmentationpolicy-coordinationpolicy-harmonizationpolicy-standardizationpolicy-implementationpolicy-enforcementpolicy-compliancepolicy-monitoringpolicy-evaluationpolicy-assessmentpolicy-appraisalpolicy-analysispolicy-researchpolicy-advicepolicy-advocacypolicy-communicationpolicy-entrepreneurshippolicy-windowspunctuated-equilibriumincrementalismrational-comprehensivemixed-scanninggarbage-can-modelmultiple-streamsadvocacy-coalition-frameworknarrative-policy-frameworkinstitutional-analysis-and-developmentsocial-ecological-systems-frameworksustainability-sciencetransdisciplinary-researchmode-1-sciencemode-2-sciencetriple-helixquadruple-helixquintuple-helixscience-society-policy-interfaceknowledge-policy-interfaceevidence-policy-interfaceresearch-policy-interfacescience-assessmentenvironmental-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentenvironmental-impact-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentsocial-life-cycle-assessmentenvironmental-life-cycle-assessmentlife-cycle-costingmaterial-flow-analysissubstance-flow-analysisinput-output-analysisecological-footprintcarbon-footprintwater-footprintland-footprintbiodiversity-footprintnitrogen-footprintphosphorus-footprintchemical-footprinttoxic-footprintwaste-footprintresource-footprintconsumption-footprintproduction-footprintsupply-chain-footprintvalue-chain-footprintcorporate-footprintorganizational-footprintproduct-footprintservice-footprintevent-footprintindividual-footprinthousehold-footprintcommunity-footprintcity-footprintregional-footprintnational-footprintglobal-footprintplanetary-boundariessafe-operating-spacestrong-sustainabilityweak-sustainabilityvery-weak-sustainabilitygenuine-progress-indicatorindex-of-sustainable-economic-welfarebetter-life-indexhuman-development-indexgenuine-savingsinclusive-wealthnatural-capital-accountingecosystem-accountingenvironmental-accountinggreen-accountingsustainability-accountingintegrated-reportingtriple-bottom-linebalanced-scorecardshared-valuecreating-shared-valuestakeholder-theorystakeholder-capitalismstakeholder-governancecorporate-social-responsibilitycorporate-citizenshipbusiness-ethicsbusiness-and-human-rightsresponsible-business-conductdue-diligencehuman-rights-due-diligenceenvironmental-due-diligencesocial-due-diligencesupply-chain-due-diligencemodern-slaveryforced-laborchild-labordecent-workfair-laborliving-wageminimum-wagewage-inequalityexecutive-compensationworker-representationworker-voiceworker-participationindustrial-democracyco-determinationworks-councilstrade-unionscollective-bargainingsocial-dialoguetripartismmultipartismsocial-partnershipsocial-contractnew-social-contractfuture-of-workwork-of-the-futurerobotizationdigitalizationplatform-workgig-workcrowd-workremote-workteleworkflexible-workhybrid-workfour-day-weekshortened-work-weekwork-life-balancework-life-integrationcareer-developmentreskillingupskillingnew-skillsdigital-skillsgreen-skillssoft-skillshard-skillstechnical-skillscognitive-skillsnon-cognitive-skillssocial-skillsemotional-skillscreative-skillsinnovation-skillsentrepreneurial-skillsleadership-skillsmanagement-skillsteamwork-skillscommunication-skillsproblem-solving-skillscritical-thinking-skillsanalytical-skillsquantitative-skillsstatistical-skillsdata-skillsprogramming-skillscoding-skillscomputational-skillsdigital-literacymedia-literacyinformation-literacyfinancial-literacyscientific-literacyenvironmental-literacyclimate-literacyhealth-literacycivic-literacylegal-literacyethical-literacycultural-literacyintercultural-competenceglobal-competencesystems-competencefutures-competencedesign-competenceinnovation-competenceentrepreneurial-competencesustainability-competenceresilience-competenceadaptability-competencelearning-competencemetacognitive-competenceself-regulated-learningself-directed-learningcase-based-learningscenario-based-learningsimulation-based-learninggame-based-learningvirtual-learningaugmented-learningmixed-reality-learningimmersive-learningexperiential-educationoutdoor-educationnature-educationplace-based-educationcommunity-based-educationservice-learningcivic-engagementsocial-engagementpolitical-engagementdemocratic-engagementactive-citizenshipglobal-citizenshipcosmopolitan-citizenshipecological-citizenshipsustainable-citizenshipresponsible-citizenshipinformed-citizenshipengaged-citizenshipparticipatory-citizenshipdeliberative-citizenshipreflective-citizenshipcritical-citizenshiptransformative-citizenshipempowered-citizenshipcapable-citizenshipcompetent-citizenshipliterate-citizenshipeducated-citizenryinformed-publicengaged-publicparticipatory-publicdeliberative-publicreflective-publiccritical-publictransformative-publicempowered-publiccapable-publiccompetent-publicliterate-publicscience-literate-publicenvironmentally-literate-publicclimate-literate-publichealth-literate-publiccivically-literate-publiclegally-literate-publicethically-literate-publicculturally-literate-publicinterculturally-competent-publicglobally-competent-publicsystems-competent-publicfutures-competent-publicdesign-competent-publicinnovation-competent-publicentrepreneurially-competent-publicsustainability-competent-publicresilience-competent-publicadaptability-competent-publiclearning-competent-publicmetacognitively-competent-publicself-regulated-publicself-directed-publicinquiring-publicproject-oriented-publicproblem-solving-publiccase-analyzing-publicscenario-planning-publicsimulating-publicgaming-publicvirtual-publicaugmented-publicmixed-reality-publicimmersed-publicexperiencing-publicexperiential-publicoutdoor-publicenvironmental-publicnature-publicplace-based-publiccommunity-based-publicservice-learning-publiccivically-engaged-publicsocially-engaged-publicpolitically-engaged-publicdemocratically-engaged-publicactively-citizen-publicglobally-citizen-publiccosmopolitan-citizen-publicecologically-citizen-publicsustainably-citizen-publicresponsibly-citizen-publicinformedly-citizen-publicengagedly-citizen-publicparticipatorily-citizen-publicdeliberatively-citizen-publicreflectively-citizen-publiccritically-citizen-publictransformatively-citizen-publicempoweredly-citizen-publiccapably-citizen-publiccompetently-citizen-publicliterately-citizen-publiceducatedly-citizen-publicinformedly-public-publicengagedly-public-publicparticipatorily-public-publicdeliberatively-public-publicreflectively-public-publiccritically-public-publictransformatively-public-publicempoweredly-public-publiccapably-public-publiccompetently-public-publicliterately-public-public