Bioinspiration
Guides
Alticini
Flea Beetles
Alticini is a hyperdiverse tribe of leaf beetles commonly known as flea beetles, comprising approximately 9,900 species worldwide. Members are characterized by an exceptional jumping ability powered by a specialized elastic energy storage mechanism in the hind legs. Most species feed on leaf surfaces of host plants and occur across diverse habitats from tropical rainforests to high-altitude meadows and deserts. The tribe has been historically treated as a subfamily but is now classified within Galerucinae.
Calliphora vomitoria
blue bottle fly, orange-bearded blue bottle, bottlebee
Calliphora vomitoria is a blow fly and the type species of the genus Calliphora. Adults are among the first colonizers of carrion, making them significant forensic indicators for estimating time of death. The species exhibits a distinctive metallic blue abdomen and orange setae on the gena. It has been extensively studied for its landing mechanics, with research on its inverted ceiling landings informing robotic drone design.
Curtara insularis
Ringspot Leafhopper
Curtara insularis is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as the Ringspot Leafhopper. The species is characterized by brochosomes—nanoparticle coatings that produce superhydrophobic and anti-reflective properties on its exoskeleton and wings. Brochosomes in this species appear smoother and more circular compared to the more angular forms found in related genera such as Gyponana. The species has been documented across multiple localities in North and South America.
Eratoneura carmini
Eratoneura carmini is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. Like other members of the genus Eratoneura, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that provide a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its exoskeleton and wings. The species has been recorded across multiple North American regions including the southwestern United States and parts of Canada.
Eratoneura fulleri
Eratoneura fulleri is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, described by Hepner in 1967. Research has documented its distinctive brochosome coating—nanoparticles that create superhydrophobic and anti-reflective properties on the cuticle. This species has been specifically studied for its brochosome distribution patterns, which include dense clusters on the outer wing edges used for redistribution across the body.
Eratoneura hartii
Red Apple Leafhopper
Eratoneura hartii is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, commonly known as the Red Apple Leafhopper. Like other members of its genus, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that coat the body and wings, conferring superhydrophobic and anti-reflective properties. The species has been recorded in the eastern and midwestern United States. As a typhlocybine leafhopper, it is presumed to feed on plant vascular tissues, though specific host associations for this species are not well documented.
Eratoneura imbricariae
A leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. As with other Eratoneura species, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles formed in the Malpighian tubules and distributed across the cuticle using comb-like spines on the hind legs. These brochosomes confer superhydrophobic and anti-reflective properties to the exoskeleton and wings. The species has been recorded in Illinois.
Eratoneura parva
Eratoneura parva is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. Like other members of its genus, it produces brochosomes—complex nanoparticles that coat the body and wings, providing superhydrophobic and anti-reflective properties. The species was described by Beamer in 1932 and belongs to a group of small, plant-feeding insects that have become subjects of biomaterials research due to their unique surface coatings.
Graphocephala coccinea
red-banded leafhopper, candy-striped leafhopper, scarlet-and-green leafhopper, red-and-blue leafhopper
A medium-sized leafhopper distinguished by vivid coloration including blue or green and red or orange-red stripes on the wings and thorax, with bright yellow on the head, legs, and abdomen. Adults measure 6.7–8.4 mm in length. Native to North and Central America from Canada to Panama, inhabiting meadows and woodlands. Known to vector Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterium causing Pierce's disease in woody plants.
Graphocephala coccinea coccinea
Red-banded Leafhopper, Candystriped Leafhopper, Scarlet-and-Green Leafhopper
Graphocephala coccinea coccinea is a subspecies of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as the Red-banded Leafhopper or Candystriped Leafhopper. This subspecies is restricted to coastal areas along the Atlantic seaboard of North America, where it feeds on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. Adults measure 5.7–8.4 mm in length, with females slightly larger than males. The species produces brochosomes, unique nanoparticles that render its exoskeleton superhydrophobic and anti-reflective.
Graphocephala coccinea quadrivittata
Red-banded Leafhopper, Candy-striped Leafhopper, Scarlet-and-Green Leafhopper
Graphocephala coccinea quadrivittata is the inland subspecies of the candy-striped or red-banded leafhopper, distinguished from the coastal nominate subspecies G. c. coccinea by its slightly larger size and four-striped pattern. Adults display vivid scarlet and green longitudinal stripes on the dorsal surface, making them among the most visually striking leafhoppers in North America. This subspecies is a generalist feeder on plant xylem sap and is known to vector Pierce's Disease, a bacterial pathogen lethal to grapevines and other woody plants.
Graphocephala hieroglyphica
Hieroglyphic Leafhopper
Graphocephala hieroglyphica is a sharpshooter leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, characterized by distinctive patterned coloration typical of the genus. Like other Graphocephala species, it possesses brochosomes—nanoparticle coatings that make its exoskeleton superhydrophobic and anti-reflective. The species is found across North America from Alabama to British Columbia, inhabiting diverse environments including prairies, woodlands, and wetlands.
Gypona melanota
Gypona melanota is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Spångberg in 1878. As a member of the genus Gypona, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that coat its exoskeleton and wings, conferring superhydrophobic and anti-reflective properties. The species has been documented in several North American regions including Alberta, Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, and Georgia. Brochosomes of Gypona species feature distinctive angular, geometric pit structures compared to the smoother brochosomes of some related genera.
Gypona verticalis
Gypona verticalis is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Carl Stål in 1864. As a member of the Gyponini tribe, it belongs to a group of leafhoppers characterized by their broad, somewhat flattened body form. The genus Gypona is notable for producing brochosomes—nanoparticles that coat the body and provide superhydrophobic and anti-reflective properties. This species has been recorded from the southwestern United States and Mexico.
Gypona vexana
Gypona vexana is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong in 1942. As a member of the Gyponini tribe, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its body. The species is recorded from western North America, with confirmed distribution in Colorado, Idaho, and Utah. Like other Gypona species, it exhibits brochosomes with more angled, geometric pit structures compared to some related genera.
Gyponana angulata
Gyponana angulata is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, characterized by its production of brochosomes—microscopic nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its exoskeleton. The species was first described by Spångberg in 1878 under the basionym Gypona angulata. Brochosomes produced by Gyponana species feature distinctive angular, geometric pit structures compared to the smoother, more circular brochosomes of some other leafhopper genera. These nanoparticles are formed in the Malpighian tubules and distributed across the body using comb-like spines on the hind legs.
Gyponana avara
Gyponana avara is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong in 1942. Like other members of its genus, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that form a highly water-repellent and anti-reflective coating on its exoskeleton and wings. The species has been documented in the eastern United States.
Gyponana brevita
Gyponana brevita is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by DeLong in 1942. Like other members of its genus, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that form a highly water-repellent, anti-reflective coating on its exoskeleton and wings. The species has been documented in several eastern and midwestern U.S. states.
Gyponana cacumina
Gyponana cacumina is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong in 1942. Like other members of its genus, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that form a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its body and wings. The species has been recorded from multiple states in the northeastern United States and Arizona.
Gyponana cana
Gyponana cana is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Burmeister in 1839. Like other members of the genus Gyponana, this species produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that form a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its exoskeleton and wings. The species has been documented across multiple U.S. states including California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, and Kansas.
Gyponana cf-protenta
A leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, Gyponana cf-protenta is distinguished by its production of brochosomes—complex nanoparticles that coat the body and wings. These particles, formed in the Malpighian tubules and distributed using comb-like hind leg spines, create a superhydrophobic and anti-reflective surface. The species is part of a genus known for brochosomes with distinctly angled, geometric pit morphology compared to smoother forms in related genera. Research on this taxon contributes to bioinspired materials science.
Gyponana cf-salsa
Gyponana cf-salsa is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, notable for producing distinctive brochosomes—geometric nanoparticles that coat its body surface. The brochosomes of Gyponana species feature more angled, geometric pits compared to those of some other leafhopper genera. These nanoparticles render the insect's cuticle superhydrophobic and anti-reflective. The species is attracted to blacklight traps and has been documented in North American collections.
Gyponana flavilineata
Gyponana flavilineata is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae. As a member of the genus Gyponana, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that form a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its exoskeleton and wings. The species has been documented across multiple U.S. states and Canadian provinces.
Gyponana geminata
Gyponana geminata is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Osborn in 1905. Like other leafhoppers in the genus Gyponana, this species produces brochosomes—hollow, soccer ball-shaped nanoparticles that coat the exoskeleton and wings, rendering them superhydrophobic and anti-reflective. The brochosomes of Gyponana species feature distinctively angled, geometric pits that differ morphologically from those of other leafhopper genera. This species has been documented in northeastern North America.
Gyponana gibbera
Gyponana gibbera is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by DeLong in 1942. Like other members of the genus Gyponana, it produces distinctive brochosomes—nanoparticles that form a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its cuticle. The species has been recorded in Florida.
Gyponana gladia
Gyponana gladia is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by DeLong in 1942. Like other members of its genus, it possesses distinctive brochosomes—nanoparticles produced in the Malpighian tubules that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on the body and wings. The species has been documented at blacklight traps in autumn, suggesting nocturnal activity patterns. It is one of many small, often overlooked leafhopper species that contribute to the high diversity of Hemiptera in North American temperate regions.
Gyponana octolineata
Eight-lined Leafhopper
Gyponana octolineata, commonly known as the Eight-lined Leafhopper, is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae. Like other members of its genus, it produces distinctive brochosomes—nanoparticles that coat its exoskeleton and wings, rendering them superhydrophobic and anti-reflective. The species has been documented across western and central North America. It is attracted to blacklight traps and is active into the autumn months in temperate regions.
Gyponana offula
Gyponana cf-offula is a small leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae. Like other members of its genus, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that coat its body surface. These brochosomes feature angular, geometric surface pits that create superhydrophobic and anti-reflective properties. The species has been documented in blacklight trap surveys and is part of ongoing research into bioinspired materials.
Gyponana omani
Gyponana omani is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong in 1942. As a member of the genus Gyponana, it produces distinctive brochosomes—hollow, geometric nanoparticles that coat its exoskeleton and wings. These brochosomes are characterized by more angled, geometric surface pits compared to those of some related genera. The species has been documented from Texas and Mexico.
Gyponana parallela
Gyponana parallela is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by DeLong in 1942. As a member of the genus Gyponana, it produces brochosomes—complex nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its body. The species has been recorded from the District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, and Washington State. Like other leafhoppers, it is a plant-feeding insect with piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Gyponana pollex
Gyponana pollex is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 2017. Like other members of its genus, this species produces distinctive brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that form a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on the body and wings. The brochosomes of Gyponana species are characterized by more angled, geometric surface pits compared to the smoother brochosomes of some related genera. This species has been documented in New Hampshire.
Gyponana praelonga
Gyponana praelonga is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by DeLong in 1942. Members of this genus, including G. praelonga, are notable for producing brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on the exoskeleton. The brochosomes of Gyponana species feature distinctively angled, geometric pit structures compared to those of other leafhopper genera.
Gyponana procera
Gyponana procera is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by DeLong in 1942. Leafhoppers in this genus are characterized by producing brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on their exoskeletons. G. procera is one of many small leafhopper species that contribute to the remarkable diversity of this group in North America.
Gyponana quebecensis
Gyponana quebecensis is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described from Quebec in 1872. As a member of genus Gyponana, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its body and wings. The species has been documented across multiple U.S. states including Florida, Illinois, Maine, Montana, and New Hampshire.
Gyponana scrupulosa
Gyponana scrupulosa is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae. Like other members of its genus, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that form a water-repellent, anti-reflective coating on its body. The species has been documented in several U.S. states including Illinois, Kansas, Florida, Georgia, and the District of Columbia. It is attracted to blacklight traps and has been collected in autumn.
Gyponana serpenta
Leafhopper
Gyponana cf. serpenta is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, notable for producing distinctive brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that coat its body surface. The brochosomes of Gyponana species feature more angled, geometric pits compared to those of other leafhopper genera. These nanoparticles render the cuticle superhydrophobic and anti-reflective, properties that have attracted significant research interest for bioinspired materials design.
Gyponana sonora
Gyponana sonora is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1982. Like other members of the genus Gyponana, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its exoskeleton. Brochosomes from Gyponana species have been documented to feature more angled, geometric surface pits compared to those of other leafhopper genera. The species is associated with the Sonoran Desert region, as indicated by its specific epithet.
Gyponana striata
Gyponana striata is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, order Hemiptera. Like other members of its genus, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that form a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on the body surface. The species has been documented from western and northeastern North America, with records from British Columbia to California and eastward to Connecticut and Delaware. Brochosomes of Gyponana species feature more angled, geometric surface pits compared to the smoother, more circular brochosomes of some related genera.
Gyponana tenella
Gyponana tenella is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae. Leafhoppers in the genus Gyponana have been documented producing distinctive brochosomes—nanoparticles that create a water-repellent, anti-reflective coating on the exoskeleton. The species has been recorded in multiple U.S. states including California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, and Illinois. As a member of the subfamily Iassinae, it belongs to a diverse group of plant-feeding insects typically associated with woody vegetation.
Gyponana toxotes
Gyponana toxotes is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1982. Like other members of the genus Gyponana, it produces brochosomes—hollow, soccer ball-shaped nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic and anti-reflective coating on its body. The species has been documented in Florida. Brochosomes produced by Gyponana species feature more angled, geometric pits compared to those of some other leafhopper genera.
Gyponana tubera
Gyponana tubera is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong in 1942. As a member of the genus Gyponana, it possesses brochosomes—complex nanoparticles that coat the exoskeleton and wings, conferring superhydrophobic and anti-reflective properties. The species has been documented in scattered locations across the United States, with records from California to the eastern seaboard.
Gyponana vasta
Gyponana vasta is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong in 1942. Like other members of the genus Gyponana, it produces brochosomes—nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its body. The species is recorded from the northeastern and mid-Atlantic United States.
Gyponana vincula
Gyponana vincula is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong in 1942. Like other members of its genus, it produces distinctive brochosomes—nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its body. The species has been recorded from several Midwestern and Northeastern U.S. states.
Palaemon vulgaris
Marsh Grass Shrimp, Common American Prawn, Common Grass Shrimp, Marsh Shrimp
Palaemon vulgaris is a small, transparent caridean shrimp native to the western Atlantic Ocean. Adults reach less than 5 cm in length and display distinctive orange pigmentation on the eyestalks. The species has been studied for its specialized swimming mechanics, employing metachronal beating of pleopods and drag-reducing mechanisms during locomotion. It occupies coastal and estuarine habitats from Cape Cod Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.
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smaller water striders, riffle bugs
Rhagovelia is a large genus of small aquatic bugs in the family Veliidae, with over 390 described species. Members are distinguished by a swimming fan on the distal tarsomere of the middle leg, an adaptation that enables rapid maneuvering on water surfaces. The genus has colonized lotic freshwater systems and coastal marine environments across the Americas, with additional species in Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Evolutionary origins trace to gene duplications ('geisha' and 'mother-of-geisha') that created this propelling fan structure, allowing exploitation of faster-flowing and more turbulent streams than relatives lacking this adaptation.
Scolopocryptops rubiginosus
Scolopocryptops rubiginosus is a centipede species in the order Scolopendromorpha. It has been studied extensively for its unusual locomotor capabilities, demonstrating the ability to dynamically switch gait patterns and reverse the direction of locomotory waves—a capability previously assumed to be fixed within species. This species occurs across East Asia and has been introduced to North America.
Tanystoma diabolica
Diabolical Ironclad Beetle
Tanystoma diabolica, commonly known as the diabolical ironclad beetle, is a flightless beetle native to western North America. The species is renowned for exceptional mechanical durability, withstanding crushing forces up to 39,000 times its body weight. Its elytra feature densely layered, interlocking structures that inspired engineering research into tough, flexible materials. The beetle feeds on fungi growing beneath tree bark.