Annual-life-cycle

Guides

• Anurida

  Anurida is a genus of springtails (Collembola) in the family Neanuridae, established in 1865 by Laboulbène. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution with species occupying diverse habitats including intertidal marine zones, river floodplains, riparian areas, and forest ecosystems. Well-studied species include the intertidal specialist Anurida maritima, which exhibits complex tidal-entrained behaviors, and the terrestrial A. granaria, which has documented mycophagous associations. The genus shows notable morphological diversity in chaetotaxy and eye reduction, with some species groups exhibiting cryptic genetic divergence despite morphological similarity.

  Collembolaspringtailsintertidaltidal-behaviorcryptic-speciesendosymbiontsWolbachiaSpiroplasmadiapauseunivoltinemycophagychaetotaxyNeanuridaecosmopolitan-distributioncircatidal-rhythmegg-diapausesalt-marshriver-floodplainriparian-zoneforest-habitatBeringian-faunagenetic-divergence-without-morphological-changetidal-entrainmentaggregation-behaviorsexual-dimorphism-in-foragingstarvation-mortalityholometabolous-like-developmentsetal-reductionocelli-reductionhammerae-groupAnurida-maritima-species-groupLaboulbène-1865PoduromorphaNeanurinaePseudachorutinaeterrestrialmarine-intertidalfreshwater-ripariannutrient-cyclingorganic-matter-decompositionfungal-dispersalapothecia-feedingclay-wall-nestsair-filled-cavitiestidal-refugeweather-dependent-activitytemperature-dependent-diapause-terminationmitochondrial-genome-divergenceancient-circatidal-behaviorcytoplasmic-incompatibilitymale-killingType-V-cif-genesgenome-wide-differentiationPool-seq-phylogenomicsHolarctic-distributiontemperate-zone-adaptationoverwintering-eggsautumn-mortalityphysiological-stressforaging-efficiencylow-temperature-limitationtidal-inundation-responsebehavioral-synchronizationnest-constructionsexual-reproductioncolonial-aggregationfungal-associationPeziza-arvernensisriverinagranariaoctoculatahirsutaelegansreductanarlibisetosaVladivostok-Botanical-GardenPrimorsky-KraiPolandSouthern-BrazilNorth-western-EuropeUnited-KingdomThe-NetherlandsAndeanArcticSub-arcticCapeCaribbeanCentral-Australiaconiferous-broadleaved-forestprotected-forestvertical-clay-wallscreek-wallssalt-marsh-foragingmarsh-wanderingnest-marsh-exchangemolting-refugeegg-deposition-sitessexually-mature-aggregationhibernating-eggsspring-hatchingsummer-egg-layingautumn-diapause-terminationwinter-development-suppressionadult-deathstarvation-riskglycogen-depletionlipid-depletionbody-size-declinesluggishness-at-low-temperaturelimited-low-water-periodtemperate-survival-strategycosmopolitan-species-with-local-adaptationgenetic-crosses-neededsex-ratio-studies-neededendosymbiont-effects-unknownreproductive-manipulation-potentialselfish-genetic-elementsmaternal-inheritancephylogenomic-analysissingle-copy-orthologous-genesnuclear-genome-divergencemitochondrial-lineage-associationspecies-group-conceptmorphological-stasisevolutionary-divergencesystematic-revision-neededtribe-validityNeanurinae-subdivisionPseudachorutinae-placementhigher-rank-taxonomy-matchGBIF-recordsiNaturalist-observationsCatalogue-of-Life-acceptanceNCBI-taxonomyEntognathaHexapodaEukaryotaMetazoaAnimaliaArthropodaspringtail-biodiversitysoil-mesofaunaintertidal-invertebratemarine-terrestrial-transition-zoneestuarine-ecologytidal-flat-ecologyfloodplain-ecologyriparian-ecologyforest-floor-ecologymycophagous-collembolanfungal-feeding-springtailnutrient-cyclerdecomposerdetritivoreorganic-matter-processorecosystem-engineer-(nest-construction)microhabitat-specialisthabitat-partitionsexual-dimorphismbehavioral-plasticityenvironmental-cue-responsephototaxis-modificationthermotaxis-responsehydrotaxis-responseaggregation-pheromone-(inferred)social-behavior-(colonial)reproductive-behaviorcourtshipoviposition-site-selectionegg-guarding-(absent)diapause-evolutionlife-history-strategyunivoltinismsemelparity-(effective)annual-life-cycleseasonal-polyphenism-(absent)developmental-arrestcold-requirement-for-developmenttemperature-threshold5°C-diapause-terminationspring-warming-triggerphenologypopulation-dynamicsdemographymortality-factorstarvationenvironmental-stressclimate-sensitivityhabitat-specificityendemism-(some-species)cryptic-biodiversitymolecular-taxonomyintegrative-taxonomyphylogeographypopulation-geneticsgenomic-resourcesWolbachia-genomeSpiroplasma-genomebacterial-endosymbiosishost-microbe-interactionreproductive-parasitismmutualism-(unknown)commensalism-(unknown)symbiont-phylogenyhorizontal-gene-transfer-(absent-in-data)prophage-genescif-gene-evolutionType-V-clademale-killing-gene-absenceCI-gene-presencewmk-gene-presenceSpAID-absencebacterial-genome-reduction-(inferred)host-adaptationcoevolutionsymbiont-sharing-between-host-lineagesgenetic-divergence-with-symbiont-sharingspeciation-mechanismreproductive-isolationcytoplasmic-incompatibility-as-speciation-driver-(unlikely-given-identical-cif-sequences)alternative-speciation-mechanismsecological-speciationbehavioral-isolationhabitat-isolationtemporal-isolationgeographic-isolationallopatric-divergenceparapatric-divergencesympatric-divergence-(possible)cryptic-species-identification-challengemorphological-taxonomy-limitationsmolecular-systematics-necessityDNA-barcodinggenome-skimmingPool-seqphylogenomic-inferencespecies-delimitationintegrative-species-conceptoperational-taxonomic-unitevolutionary-significant-unitconservation-unitbiodiversity-assessmentfaunisticsbiogeographydispersal-abilitypassive-dispersalactive-dispersalhabitat-fidelitysite-fidelitynest-fidelityphilopatry-(inferred)population-structuregene-flowgenetic-differentiationisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-accommodationevolutionary-developmental-biologyevo-devosetal-developmentsensory-organ-developmenteye-reduction-evolutioncave-adaptation-(absent)soil-adaptationintertidal-adaptationdesiccation-resistance-(inferred)salinity-tolerancehypoxia-tolerance-(inferred)nest-air-pocket-maintenancerespiratory-adaptationcuticular-waterproofing-(inferred)osmoregulationion-regulationexcretory-systemMalpighian-tubules-(standard)labial-glandsdigestive-systemmidguthindgutfeeding-apparatusmaxillamandiblelabrumepipharynxhypopharynxmouthparts-entognathoushead-capsuleantennaesegment-numbersegment-fusionthoraxabdomenfurca-(absent-in-some-Neanuridae)tenaculumcollophoreventral-tubereticulate-patternpigmentationcolorationsize-variationbody-shapecylindrical-bodysetal-arrangementmacrosetaemicrosetaesensory-setaemechanoreceptorschemoreceptorshygroreceptorsthermoreceptorsphotoreceptorsocelli-structureeye-number-reductioneye-complete-loss-(some-species)pigment-losscuticular-granulationcuticular-tuberclescuticular-scalesbody-sclerotizationintersegmental-membranesappendage-structureleg-segmentationclaw-structureunguiculustenent-hairempodial-appendagetibiotarsusfemurtrochantercoxasubcoxaabdominal-segmentationtergite-structuresternite-structurepleurite-structuretergal-chaetotaxysternal-chaetotaxypleural-chaetotaxyaxial-setaeparaxial-setaemarginal-setaep-row-setaea-row-setaem-row-setaesetal-formulasetal-nomenclatureFjellberg-systemGisin-systemtaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actstype-speciestype-localitytype-specimenoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-redescriptionsfaunal-revisionscatalogueschecklistsdatabasesGBIFiNaturalistNCBIBOLDCOLITISEncyclopedia-of-LifeWikipediaprimary-literaturetaxonomic-literatureecological-literaturephysiological-literaturegenomic-literaturesymbiont-literaturebehavioral-literatureentomologyacarologysoil-zoologymarine-biologyintertidal-ecologyestuarine-sciencelimnologyfreshwater-biologyterrestrial-ecologyforest-ecologyfungal-ecologymicrobial-ecologysymbiosis-researchevolutionary-biologypopulation-biologyconservation-biologybiodiversity-sciencesystematicsphylogeneticspaleontology-(absent)fossil-record-(absent)amber-inclusion-(possible-but-unreported)subfossil-(absent)quaternary-record-(absent)historical-ecologyanthropogenic-impactpollution-sensitivitybioindicator-potentialconservation-status-(unevaluated)IUCN-Red-List-(absent)habitat-protection-needsprotected-area-occurrenceinvasive-potential-(low)agricultural-pest-(absent)household-pest-(absent)economic-importance-(minimal)scientific-importance-(high)model-organism-potentialteaching-organismresearch-subjectbiodiversity-componentecosystem-service-providercultural-significance-(absent)traditional-knowledge-(absent)indigenous-knowledge-(absent)vernacular-names-(absent)etymologyAnurida-(etymology-unknown,-possibly-Greek-'an-'-without-+-'oura'-tail,-referring-to-reduced-furca)Laboulbène1865historical-taxonomyclassical-taxonomymodern-taxonomyfuture-research-needstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysispopulation-genomic-studyfunctional-genomic-studydevelopmental-studyphysiological-studybehavioral-studyecological-studysymbiont-studyconservation-study

• Araneus diadematus

  European garden spider, cross orbweaver, diadem spider, cross spider, crowned orb weaver, pumpkin spider

  Araneus diadematus is a medium-sized orb-weaving spider native to Europe, now naturalized across North America. Adult females reach 6.5–20 mm in body length, males 5.5–13 mm. The species is named for the distinctive white cross-shaped pattern on its dorsal abdomen, formed by guanine deposits. It constructs classic spiral orb webs with 25–30 radial threads at approximately 15° angles, often positioned in gardens, porches, and other human-modified habitats. The spider is diurnal, typically hanging head-down at the web hub, and exhibits a defensive vibrating behavior when disturbed.

  orb-weaverintroduced-speciesgarden-spidercross-spiderdiurnalannual-life-cyclesilk-researchspace-research

• Araneus gemmoides

  cat-faced spider, jewel spider

  Araneus gemmoides is a common North American orb-weaver spider found in Canada and the United States. Adults are recognized by two prominent horn-shaped projections on the abdomen that create a cat-faced appearance. Females are considerably larger than males and die shortly after producing a single egg sac. The species builds vertical orb-webs near artificial lights and building exteriors, where it captures flying insects at night while hiding in a retreat during the day.

  orb-weavernocturnalurban-adaptedbeneficial-predatorannual-life-cyclesexual-dimorphism

• Crangonyx richmondensis

  Ellis Bog Crangonyctid

  A small freshwater amphipod crustacean endemic to North America. The species exhibits an annual life cycle with distinct seasonal breeding patterns. Populations are restricted to specific freshwater habitats with particular substrate and vegetation characteristics. Two subspecies have been described: C. r. richmondensis and C. r. laurentianus, with the latter studied in detail in Algonquin Park, Ontario.

  amphipodfreshwaterendemicannual-life-cyclePrecambrian-Shieldsubspeciescrustaceanbogacid-lake

• Metellina segmentata

  Autumn spider, Eurasian Armoured Long-jawed Spider, Meta segmentata

  Metellina segmentata is an orb-weaving spider in the family Tetragnathidae, commonly known as the Autumn spider due to its late-season adult activity. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: males possess longer legs and a broader prosoma, while females are markedly heavier with a larger opisthosoma adapted for egg production. Adults mature from August to October, with males competing aggressively for access to female webs through ritualized contests influenced by relative body size, prior residency, and female reproductive value. The species builds characteristic orb webs with a radial frame supporting spiral sticky silk, typically positioned 0.5–2 meters above ground in edge habitats.

  spiderorb-weaversexual-dimorphismmate-guardingcontest-behaviorsexual-cannibalismannual-life-cycleautumn-phenologyTetragnathidaePalaearctic

• Philodromus praelustris

  Resplendent Running Crab Spider

  Philodromus praelustris is a running crab spider in the family Philodromidae, found in the United States and Canada. It has an annual life cycle and is known to occur in orchard habitats in Ontario. Females are capable of producing multiple egg sacs, with laboratory observations recording up to 12 sacs containing over 200 eggs total, though fecundity in natural settings appears lower. The species disperses primarily by bridging—casting air-borne web loops that catch on distant objects—rather than by ballooning.

  Philodromidaerunning-crab-spiderorchardannual-life-cyclebridging-dispersalOntarioNiagara-Peninsulaagricultural-habitat

• Pugettia

  kelp crabs

  Pugettia is a genus of marine kelp crabs in the family Epialtidae, distributed across the North Pacific from North America to East Asia. Species inhabit shallow subtidal zones, primarily associated with macroalgal habitats including kelp beds, Sargassum stands, and red algal turfs. Many species exhibit ontogenetic habitat shifts, with juveniles and smaller individuals occupying deeper algal turfs while larger adults migrate to shallower macroalgal beds. The genus includes approximately 25 extant species plus one fossil species, with several species serving as important subjects for studies of crab growth, reproduction, and habitat ecology.

  kelp-crabspider-crabmacroalgaeontogenetic-shiftsubtidalNorth-PacificEpialtidaedecapodBrachyuramarine-invertebratekelp-forestalgal-turfseasonal-migrationterminal-moltfunctional-maturitydecorating-behaviorpiscivoryabalone-predationsea-urchin-predationone-year-life-cyclesexual-dimorphismSargassumGelidiaceaeGrateoloupiaEast-AsiaNorth-AmericaSagami-Bayjuvenile-recruitmentovigerous-femalescarapace-morphologygonopod-morphologyepialtineMajoideaheterotremeeubrachyuranpleocyematemalacostracancrustaceanarthropodinvertebratebenthicphytallittoralsublittoralintertidalrocky-shoretemperate-marinePacific-OceanJapanPhilippinesTaiwanRussiaTasmaniaBritish-ColumbiaCaliforniaBaja-CaliforniaDana-1851RathbunDe-HaanYokoyaStimpsonSakaiGarthOhtsuchiKawamuraTakedaKomatsuLiMiyakeOrtmannRicher-de-ForgesKarasawaKitamuraRandallZootaxaCrustaceanaJournal-of-Crustacean-BiologyFisheries-SciencePeerJontogenetic-stagespost-settlementrecruitmentpopulation-dynamicsgrowth-patternsmorphometricschelipedpleonabdomencarapace-widthCWPCLCLCHAWrelative-claw-lengthrelative-abdominal-widthsize-at-maturity50%-maturityanecdysisecdysismoltcopulationbreedingclutchlarvaehatchingpredator-preytrophic-ecologyfood-webherbivoryomnivorycarnivoryopportunistic-feedingcovering-behaviorhabitat-segregationhabitat-preferencehabitat-complexitysettlement-selectivitymortalitydensityabundanceseasonal-occurrencespringsummerautumnwinterannual-life-cycleshort-livediteroparitysemelparitysexual-maturitybehavioral-maturitymorphological-maturitypre-terminal-moltpost-terminal-moltvirgin-femalelaboratory-observationfield-observationinferredconservativefactualdocumentedobservedknownreporteddescribedillustratedredescribedtaxonomic-revisionspecies-delimitationnew-speciestype-localitydistribution-rangerange-overlapsympatricallopatricparapatricendemiccosmopolitantemperateborealneriticepibenthicdemersalsessilemotilemobilecrypticconspicuouscamouflagemimicrydecoratingmaskingalgal-associationphytal-habitatcanopyunderstoryturfbedstandforestreefrocksandmudsedimentsubstratecomplex-structurephysical-structurebiogenic-habitatecosystem-engineerfoundation-specieskeystone-speciesindicator-speciesfisheriesaquaculturestock-assessmentmanagementconservationbiodiversitybiogeographyphylogenysystematicstaxonomynomenclaturehomonymsynonymjunior-synonymsenior-synonymvalid-nameaccepted-namenominal-speciesspecies-inquirendaspecies-complexsibling-speciescryptic-speciesmorphospeciesbiological-speciesevolutionary-speciesphylogenetic-speciesoperational-taxonomic-unitOTUDNA-barcodingmolecular-phylogeneticsintegrative-taxonomyalpha-taxonomybeta-taxonomygamma-taxonomymonographrevisionredescriptiondiagnosisdescriptionillustrationmeasurementmeristicmorphometricallometryontogenyheterochronypaedomorphosisperamorphosisdevelopmentembryologylarval-developmentzoeamegalopasettlementjuvenileimmaturematureadultsubadultgeronticsenescencelongevitylife-spanlife-historylife-history-strategyr-selectionK-selectionbet-hedgingreproductive-effortreproductive-successfitnesspopulationdemographycohortgenerationage-structuresize-structurestage-structurepopulation-regulationdensity-dependencedensity-independencecarrying-capacitylimiting-factorenvironmental-gradienthabitat-gradientdepth-gradientzonationvertical-distributionhorizontal-distributiongeographic-distributionlatitudinal-gradientlongitudinal-gradientbathymetric-distributionintertidal-zonesubtidal-zonecontinental-shelfcontinental-slopeabyssal-zonehadal-zoneneritic-zoneoceanic-zonepelagic-zonebenthic-zonedemersal-zoneepipelagicmesopelagicbathypelagicabyssopelagichadopelagicsupralittoralcircalittoralarchibenthalbathyalabyssalhadaleuphoticdysphoticaphoticphotic-zonedisphotic-zoneaphotic-zonetrophic-levelprimary-producerprimary-consumersecondary-consumertertiary-consumerdetritivorescavengerpredatorherbivorecarnivoreomnivoreparasitecommensalmutualistsymbiontcompetitorfood-chaintrophic-cascadebottom-up-controltop-down-controlwassefugmesopredator-releasetrophic-tricklenutrient-cyclingenergy-flowproductivitybiomassstanding-stockturnoverproductionrespirationexcretionegestionassimilationefficiencyecological-efficiencytrophic-transfer-efficiencyLindeman-efficiency10%-rulepyramid-of-numberspyramid-of-biomasspyramid-of-energyecosystem-functionecosystem-serviceecosystem-processbiogeochemical-cyclecarbon-cyclenitrogen-cyclephosphorus-cyclesulfur-cycleoxygen-cyclehydrogen-cyclemineral-cyclenutrientlimiting-nutrienteutrophicationoligotrophicationhypoxiaanoxiaacidificationwarmingclimate-changeglobal-changeanthropogenic-impactpollutioncontaminationhabitat-losshabitat-degradationhabitat-fragmentationoverfishingbycatchinvasive-speciesintroduced-speciesnon-native-speciesalien-speciesexotic-speciesrange-expansionrange-contractionrange-shiftpoleward-shifttropicalizationborealizationmeridionalizationdeglaciationsea-level-risecoastal-squeezeocean-acidificationocean-warmingdeoxygenationmarine-heatwaveextreme-eventdisturbanceresilienceresistancerecoveryadaptationacclimationplasticityevolutionary-adaptationgenetic-ad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