Evolutionary-developmental-biology
Guides
Anurida
Anurida is a genus of springtails (Collembola) in the family Neanuridae, established in 1865 by Laboulbène. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution with species occupying diverse habitats including intertidal marine zones, river floodplains, riparian areas, and forest ecosystems. Well-studied species include the intertidal specialist Anurida maritima, which exhibits complex tidal-entrained behaviors, and the terrestrial A. granaria, which has documented mycophagous associations. The genus shows notable morphological diversity in chaetotaxy and eye reduction, with some species groups exhibiting cryptic genetic divergence despite morphological similarity.
Collembolaspringtailsintertidaltidal-behaviorcryptic-speciesendosymbiontsWolbachiaSpiroplasmadiapauseunivoltinemycophagychaetotaxyNeanuridaecosmopolitan-distributioncircatidal-rhythmegg-diapausesalt-marshriver-floodplainriparian-zoneforest-habitatBeringian-faunagenetic-divergence-without-morphological-changetidal-entrainmentaggregation-behaviorsexual-dimorphism-in-foragingstarvation-mortalityholometabolous-like-developmentsetal-reductionocelli-reductionhammerae-groupAnurida-maritima-species-groupLaboulbène-1865PoduromorphaNeanurinaePseudachorutinaeterrestrialmarine-intertidalfreshwater-ripariannutrient-cyclingorganic-matter-decompositionfungal-dispersalapothecia-feedingclay-wall-nestsair-filled-cavitiestidal-refugeweather-dependent-activitytemperature-dependent-diapause-terminationmitochondrial-genome-divergenceancient-circatidal-behaviorcytoplasmic-incompatibilitymale-killingType-V-cif-genesgenome-wide-differentiationPool-seq-phylogenomicsHolarctic-distributiontemperate-zone-adaptationoverwintering-eggsautumn-mortalityphysiological-stressforaging-efficiencylow-temperature-limitationtidal-inundation-responsebehavioral-synchronizationnest-constructionsexual-reproductioncolonial-aggregationfungal-associationPeziza-arvernensisriverinagranariaoctoculatahirsutaelegansreductanarlibisetosaVladivostok-Botanical-GardenPrimorsky-KraiPolandSouthern-BrazilNorth-western-EuropeUnited-KingdomThe-NetherlandsAndeanArcticSub-arcticCapeCaribbeanCentral-Australiaconiferous-broadleaved-forestprotected-forestvertical-clay-wallscreek-wallssalt-marsh-foragingmarsh-wanderingnest-marsh-exchangemolting-refugeegg-deposition-sitessexually-mature-aggregationhibernating-eggsspring-hatchingsummer-egg-layingautumn-diapause-terminationwinter-development-suppressionadult-deathstarvation-riskglycogen-depletionlipid-depletionbody-size-declinesluggishness-at-low-temperaturelimited-low-water-periodtemperate-survival-strategycosmopolitan-species-with-local-adaptationgenetic-crosses-neededsex-ratio-studies-neededendosymbiont-effects-unknownreproductive-manipulation-potentialselfish-genetic-elementsmaternal-inheritancephylogenomic-analysissingle-copy-orthologous-genesnuclear-genome-divergencemitochondrial-lineage-associationspecies-group-conceptmorphological-stasisevolutionary-divergencesystematic-revision-neededtribe-validityNeanurinae-subdivisionPseudachorutinae-placementhigher-rank-taxonomy-matchGBIF-recordsiNaturalist-observationsCatalogue-of-Life-acceptanceNCBI-taxonomyEntognathaHexapodaEukaryotaMetazoaAnimaliaArthropodaspringtail-biodiversitysoil-mesofaunaintertidal-invertebratemarine-terrestrial-transition-zoneestuarine-ecologytidal-flat-ecologyfloodplain-ecologyriparian-ecologyforest-floor-ecologymycophagous-collembolanfungal-feeding-springtailnutrient-cyclerdecomposerdetritivoreorganic-matter-processorecosystem-engineer-(nest-construction)microhabitat-specialisthabitat-partitionsexual-dimorphismbehavioral-plasticityenvironmental-cue-responsephototaxis-modificationthermotaxis-responsehydrotaxis-responseaggregation-pheromone-(inferred)social-behavior-(colonial)reproductive-behaviorcourtshipoviposition-site-selectionegg-guarding-(absent)diapause-evolutionlife-history-strategyunivoltinismsemelparity-(effective)annual-life-cycleseasonal-polyphenism-(absent)developmental-arrestcold-requirement-for-developmenttemperature-threshold5°C-diapause-terminationspring-warming-triggerphenologypopulation-dynamicsdemographymortality-factorstarvationenvironmental-stressclimate-sensitivityhabitat-specificityendemism-(some-species)cryptic-biodiversitymolecular-taxonomyintegrative-taxonomyphylogeographypopulation-geneticsgenomic-resourcesWolbachia-genomeSpiroplasma-genomebacterial-endosymbiosishost-microbe-interactionreproductive-parasitismmutualism-(unknown)commensalism-(unknown)symbiont-phylogenyhorizontal-gene-transfer-(absent-in-data)prophage-genescif-gene-evolutionType-V-clademale-killing-gene-absenceCI-gene-presencewmk-gene-presenceSpAID-absencebacterial-genome-reduction-(inferred)host-adaptationcoevolutionsymbiont-sharing-between-host-lineagesgenetic-divergence-with-symbiont-sharingspeciation-mechanismreproductive-isolationcytoplasmic-incompatibility-as-speciation-driver-(unlikely-given-identical-cif-sequences)alternative-speciation-mechanismsecological-speciationbehavioral-isolationhabitat-isolationtemporal-isolationgeographic-isolationallopatric-divergenceparapatric-divergencesympatric-divergence-(possible)cryptic-species-identification-challengemorphological-taxonomy-limitationsmolecular-systematics-necessityDNA-barcodinggenome-skimmingPool-seqphylogenomic-inferencespecies-delimitationintegrative-species-conceptoperational-taxonomic-unitevolutionary-significant-unitconservation-unitbiodiversity-assessmentfaunisticsbiogeographydispersal-abilitypassive-dispersalactive-dispersalhabitat-fidelitysite-fidelitynest-fidelityphilopatry-(inferred)population-structuregene-flowgenetic-differentiationisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-accommodationevolutionary-developmental-biologyevo-devosetal-developmentsensory-organ-developmenteye-reduction-evolutioncave-adaptation-(absent)soil-adaptationintertidal-adaptationdesiccation-resistance-(inferred)salinity-tolerancehypoxia-tolerance-(inferred)nest-air-pocket-maintenancerespiratory-adaptationcuticular-waterproofing-(inferred)osmoregulationion-regulationexcretory-systemMalpighian-tubules-(standard)labial-glandsdigestive-systemmidguthindgutfeeding-apparatusmaxillamandiblelabrumepipharynxhypopharynxmouthparts-entognathoushead-capsuleantennaesegment-numbersegment-fusionthoraxabdomenfurca-(absent-in-some-Neanuridae)tenaculumcollophoreventral-tubereticulate-patternpigmentationcolorationsize-variationbody-shapecylindrical-bodysetal-arrangementmacrosetaemicrosetaesensory-setaemechanoreceptorschemoreceptorshygroreceptorsthermoreceptorsphotoreceptorsocelli-structureeye-number-reductioneye-complete-loss-(some-species)pigment-losscuticular-granulationcuticular-tuberclescuticular-scalesbody-sclerotizationintersegmental-membranesappendage-structureleg-segmentationclaw-structureunguiculustenent-hairempodial-appendagetibiotarsusfemurtrochantercoxasubcoxaabdominal-segmentationtergite-structuresternite-structurepleurite-structuretergal-chaetotaxysternal-chaetotaxypleural-chaetotaxyaxial-setaeparaxial-setaemarginal-setaep-row-setaea-row-setaem-row-setaesetal-formulasetal-nomenclatureFjellberg-systemGisin-systemtaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actstype-speciestype-localitytype-specimenoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-redescriptionsfaunal-revisionscatalogueschecklistsdatabasesGBIFiNaturalistNCBIBOLDCOLITISEncyclopedia-of-LifeWikipediaprimary-literaturetaxonomic-literatureecological-literaturephysiological-literaturegenomic-literaturesymbiont-literaturebehavioral-literatureentomologyacarologysoil-zoologymarine-biologyintertidal-ecologyestuarine-sciencelimnologyfreshwater-biologyterrestrial-ecologyforest-ecologyfungal-ecologymicrobial-ecologysymbiosis-researchevolutionary-biologypopulation-biologyconservation-biologybiodiversity-sciencesystematicsphylogeneticspaleontology-(absent)fossil-record-(absent)amber-inclusion-(possible-but-unreported)subfossil-(absent)quaternary-record-(absent)historical-ecologyanthropogenic-impactpollution-sensitivitybioindicator-potentialconservation-status-(unevaluated)IUCN-Red-List-(absent)habitat-protection-needsprotected-area-occurrenceinvasive-potential-(low)agricultural-pest-(absent)household-pest-(absent)economic-importance-(minimal)scientific-importance-(high)model-organism-potentialteaching-organismresearch-subjectbiodiversity-componentecosystem-service-providercultural-significance-(absent)traditional-knowledge-(absent)indigenous-knowledge-(absent)vernacular-names-(absent)etymologyAnurida-(etymology-unknown,-possibly-Greek-'an-'-without-+-'oura'-tail,-referring-to-reduced-furca)Laboulbène1865historical-taxonomyclassical-taxonomymodern-taxonomyfuture-research-needstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysispopulation-genomic-studyfunctional-genomic-studydevelopmental-studyphysiological-studybehavioral-studyecological-studysymbiont-studyconservation-studyEustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
Araneidaeorb-weaverspiderhumpbackedmyrmecophilyant-plant-mutualismNeotropicalNearcticEustala-anasteraEustala-oblongaEustala-illicitaweb-buildingpredatoracaciaPseudomyrmexPanamaBrazilGalápagosSimon-1895arachnologyentomologytropical-ecologycommensalismontogenyballooningoverwinteringjuvenilespider-wasp-preyCaliadurgus-hyalinatushost-parasitoid-interactionsthird-party-exploitationmutualism-exploitationcryptic-colorationnocturnal-foragingdiurnal-hiding-behaviorthorn-defenseorb-web-architecturesawtoothed-webpopulation-ecologysubstrate-selectionspatial-distributionspecies-diversityendemic-speciestaxonomic-revisionnomen-dubiumgenitalic-morphologymicroscopy-identificationtemperate-North-AmericaCentral-AmericaSouth-AmericaCaribbeanPacific-islandsconservation-biologyclimate-change-vulnerabilityphenology-disruptionwinter-activityspring-emergenceforest-understorydry-forestmoist-forestripariangrasslandscrubedge-habitatwoodlandparklandurban-adaptedgeneralist-predatorspecialist-predatorant-alate-predationherbivore-interceptionecosystem-servicebiological-controlnatural-historyfield-identificationcryptic-species-complexsexual-dimorphismwingless-female-mothsballooning-dispersalsilk-productionweb-ontogenyinstar-developmentoverwintering-strategycold-hardinessmetabolic-suppressiondiapausevoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltineseasonal-polyphenismcolor-morphpattern-polymorphismhabitat-specificityhost-plant-specificityant-colony-integrationalarm-pheromone-avoidancesting-avoidancepredator-avoidancebird-predationlizard-predationwasp-predationassassin-bug-predationstink-bug-predationdefensive-behaviorthanatosiscamouflagemasquerademimicryaggressive-mimicryforaging-ecologyprey-captureweb-maintenanceweb-repairsilk-recyclingenergeticsreproductive-outputfecundityegg-sac-constructionmaternal-caremale-searching-behaviormate-locationpheromone-communicationvibratory-communicationvisual-signalingterritorialityweb-site-fidelityweb-site-tenacitydispersal-behaviorcolonization-abilityrange-expansioninvasive-potentialnon-native-speciesintroduced-speciessynanthropicagricultural-landscapeorchardvineyardforest-plantationconservation-statusdata-deficientIUCNCITESprotected-areanational-parksoberaniachiribiquetegalapagosfloreanaecuadorperuboliviachileargentinauruguayparaguayvenezuelacolombiacosta-ricanicaraguahondurasguatemalabelizemexicousacanadacubahispaniolajamaicapuerto-ricotrinidadtobagobarbadoslesser-antillesgreater-antilleswest-indiescaribbean-basinamazon-basinorinocoparanapantanalcerradocaatingaatlantic-forestpampaschacoyungasvaldivianmagellanicfynbosnoneresearch-modeleducational-resourcecitizen-scienceinaturalistgbifcatalogue-of-lifencbiwikipediazootaxajournal-of-natural-historypsycheentomology-todaybug-ericaraneologychelicerate-biologyarthropod-ecologytropical-biologyneotropical-faunanearctic-faunaholarticpantropicalgondwananbiogeographyphylogeographymolecular-systematicsmorphological-taxonomyintegrative-taxonomyspecies-conceptcryptic-diversityundescribed-speciesnew-species-descriptionredescriptionneotype-designationlectotype-designationtype-localitytype-specimenmuseum-collectionvoucher-specimendna-barcodingcoiitsphylogenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsecological-genomicsadaptationlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitycanalizationevolutionary-developmental-biologyevo-devobehavioral-ecologysensory-ecologyvisual-ecologychemical-ecologymechanoreceptionproprioceptionneuroethologyhunting-behaviorweb-building-behaviorconstruction-behaviortool-useextended-phenotypeniche-constructionecosystem-engineeringtrophic-cascadefood-webenergy-flownutrient-cyclingdecompositionpredator-prey-dynamicspopulation-dynamicsmetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicshabitat-fragmentationedge-effectscorridorsconnectivitylandscape-ecologymacroecologybiogeochemistryclimate-envelopespecies-distribution-modelingmaxentbioclimworldclimremote-sensinggisspatial-analysisgeostatisticsabundancedensitybiomassproductivitydiversity-indexrichnessevennessdominancerarityendemismbeta-diversitygamma-diversityalpha-diversityturnovernestednesscommunity-assemblyneutral-theoryniche-theorycompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-effectsinteraction-networksmutualismparasitismpredationherbivorydetritivoryscavengingcannibalismintraspecific-competitioninterspecific-competitioncharacter-displacementresource-partitioningniche-differentiationcoexistencestabilityresilienceresistancerecoverysuccessiondisturbanceperturbationextinctioncolonizationinvasionestablishmentspreadimpactrisk-assessmentmanagementcontroleradicationrestorationreintroductionrewildingconservation-breedingex-situin-situprotected-area-networkgap-analysissystematic-conservation-planningprioritizationhotspotcoldspotmajorityminorityflagshipumbrellakeystonefoundationecosystem-engineerindicatorsentinelbioindicatorbiomonitorecosystem-healthenvironmental-qualitypollutionpesticideheavy-metalcontaminantbioaccumulationbiomagnificationtoxicologyriskhazardexposuredose-responseno-observed-effect-concentrationlowest-observed-effect-concentrationmedian-lethal-concentrationmedian-effective-concentrationsafety-factoruncertainty-factorprobabilistic-risk-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentcarbon-footprintwater-footprintecological-footprintsustainabilitysustainable-developmentgreen-economycircular-economyecosystem-servicesnatural-capitalgreen-infrastructurenature-based-solutionsecological-restorationhabitat-restorationspecies-recoverypopulation-recoverygenetic-rescueoutbreeding-depressioninbreeding-depressiongenetic-diversityheterozygosityeffective-population-sizebottleneckfounder-effectgenetic-driftgene-flowisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentlandscape-geneticsseascape-geneticsconservation-geneticsmolecular-ecologypopulation-geneticsquantitative-geneticsgenomicsepigeneticsreaction-normnorm-of-reactiongenotype-environment-interactionheritabilityselectionnatural-selectionsexual-selectionartificial-selectiondomesticationbreedingcultivarvarietylandracewild-relativecrop-wild-relativegenetic-resourcegermplasmseed-bankfrozen-zoocryopreservationassisted-reproductioncloninggenetic-engineeringsynthetic-biologygene-drivebiocontrolaugmentativeinundativeconservationclassicalnatural-enemyparasitoidpathogennematodefungusbacteriumvirusviroidprionmicrobiomeholobiontmetaorganismsymbiosisendosymbiosisectosymbiosisamensalismneutralismsymbiogenesishorizontal-gene-transfervirulencepathogenicityinfectivitytransmissibilityreservoirvectorhostdefinitive-hostintermediate-hostparatenic-hostaccidental-hostdead-end-hostzoonosisemerging-infectious-diseasepandemicepidemicendemicsporadicoutbreakclusterindex-casecontact-tracingquarantineisolationsocial-distancingmaskingvaccinationherd-immunityreproduction-numberbasic-reproduction-numbereffective-reproduction-numberdoubling-timegeneration-timeserial-intervalincubation-periodlatent-periodinfectious-periodclinical-periodpre-symptomaticasymptomaticpauci-symptomaticmildmoderateseverecriticalfatalcase-fatality-rateinfection-fatality-rateattack-ratesecondary-attack-rateexcess-mortalityyears-of-life-lostdisability-adjusted-life-yearquality-adjusted-life-yearburden-of-diseaseglobal-burden-of-diseaseone-healthplanetary-healthecohealthconservation-medicineveterinary-medicinehuman-medicinecomparative-medicinetranslational-medicineprecision-medicinepersonalized-medicinegenomic-medicineregenerative-medicinestem-celltissue-engineeringorganoidorgan-on-chipmicrophysiological-systemin-silicoin-vitroex-vivoin-vivoanimal-modelnon-human-primaterodentmouseratguinea-pigrabbitdogcatlivestockpoultryaquaculturefisherywild-capturemariculturealgacultureseaweed-farmingintegrated-multi-trophic-aquaculturerecirculating-aquaculture-systemaquaponicshydroponicsaeroponicsvertical-farmingcontrolled-environment-agricultureprecision-agriculturesmart-farmingdigital-agricultureagriculture-4.0internet-of-thingsartificial-intelligencemachine-learningdeep-learningneural-networkcomputer-visiondroneunmanned-aerial-vehiclesatellitegpsgnssgeographic-information-systemdecision-support-systemexpert-systemknowledge-based-systemontologysemantic-weblinked-dataopen-databig-datadata-miningdata-sciencedata-analyticspredictive-analyticsprescriptive-analyticsdescriptive-analyticsdiagnostic-analyticsbusiness-intelligenceartificial-intelligence-ethicsalgorithmic-biasfairnessaccountabilitytransparencyexplainabilityinterpretabilityprivacysecuritysafetyreliabilityrobustnessadaptabilityflexibilityscalabilityefficiencyeffectivenessefficacyperformanceprofitabilitycost-benefitcost-effectivenesseconomic-analysisfinancial-analysisinvestmentreturn-on-investmentnet-present-valueinternal-rate-of-returnpayback-periodbreak-evensensitivity-analysisscenario-analysismonte-carlo-simulationdecision-treereal-optionsgame-theorybehavioral-economicsnudgechoice-architecturedefaultframinganchoringavailability-heuristicrepresentativeness-heuristicaffect-heuristicconfirmation-biasavailability-biasanchoring-biasframing-biasloss-aversionendowment-effectstatus-quo-biassunk-cost-fallacyplanning-fallacyoptimism-biaspessimism-biasoverconfidenceunderconfidencedunning-kruger-effectimposter-syndromestereotypingprejudicediscriminationimplicit-biasexplicit-biasstructural-biassystemic-biasinstitutional-biasinterpersonal-biasintrapersonal-biasunconscious-biasconscious-biasaffinity-biassimilarity-biasin-group-biasout-group-biashalo-effecthorns-effectcontrast-effectrecency-effectprimacy-effectserial-position-effectmere-exposure-effectfamiliarity-principlepropinquity-effectsocial-proofauthorityscarcityreciprocitycommitmentconsistencylikingunityinfluencepersuasioncomplianceconformityobedienceempowermentagencyautonomyself-determinationmotivationintrinsic-motivationextrinsic-motivationself-efficacyself-esteemself-conceptself-identitysocial-identitycollective-identitycultural-identitynational-identitygender-identitysexual-orientationreligionspiritualityvaluesbeliefsattitudesnormscustomstraditionsritualsceremoniescelebrationsfestivalsholidayscommemorationsmemorialsmonumentsheritagelegacyhistoryhistoriographyarchaeologypaleontolog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htperchroostnestdenburrowtunneldigexcavateminequarryextractremoveeliminateeradicateexterminatedestroydemolishruinwreckdamageharminjurehurtwoundmaimcripplelamedisableincapacitateparalyzestunshockastonishamazeastoundstaggerstupefydazebewilderconfusepuzzleperplexbafflemystifyenigmaGryllus firmus
Sand Field Cricket, Sand Cricket
Gryllus firmus, the sand field cricket, is a wing-polymorphic cricket native to the southeastern United States. It exhibits a distinctive chirping call that distinguishes it from the trilling calls of closely related species. The species is notable for producing two egg types—fast-developing and diapause eggs—within single clutches, an adaptation to unpredictable conditions in sandy habitats. Wing morphs are associated with trade-offs between dispersal and reproduction: long-winged individuals can fly but have reduced fecundity, while short-winged individuals have enhanced reproductive output. The species hybridizes with Gryllus pennsylvanicus where their ranges overlap.
wing-polymorphismbet-hedgingdiapausehybrid-zoneacoustic-signalinglife-history-trade-offparasitismGryllus-firmus/Gryllus-pennsylvanicus-hybridizationcuticular-hydrocarbonsmate-choiceinbreeding-depressionextra-nuclear-inheritancematernal-effectshorsehair-wormParagordius-variuseugregarinetemperature-dependent-chirpingDolbear's-lawspeciationsexual-selectionimmunity-reproduction-trade-offflight-muscle-histolysissandy-soil-habitatephemeral-habitatcolonizing-speciesphenotypic-plasticityRNAinon-model-organismevolutionary-developmental-biology