Web-building
Guides
Antistea brunnea
Antistea brunnea is a small true spider in the family Hahniidae, commonly known as the comb-tailed spiders or dwarf sheet spiders. This species is one of the larger members of the genus Antistea and ranges across northeastern North America. It builds thin, sheet-like webs across small depressions in soil, often in mammal footprints. The species is seldom encountered due to its small size and cryptic habits.
Araneae
spiders
Araneae is an order of air-breathing arachnids comprising over 51,000 described species across 136 families, ranking seventh in total species diversity among all organismal orders. Members are characterized by two body regions (cephalothorax and unsegmented abdomen), eight legs, cheliceral fangs with venom glands, and abdominal spinnerets that produce silk. The order is divided into two suborders: Mesothelae (87 species, retaining abdominal segmentation) and Opisthothelae (over 39,000 species, without abdominal segmentation). Spiders occupy virtually all terrestrial habitats worldwide except Antarctica, functioning exclusively as predators of insects and other small arthropods.
Araneus bicentenarius
Giant Lichen Orbweaver
Araneus bicentenarius, commonly known as the giant lichen orbweaver, is a large orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae. It occurs in eastern North America, where it constructs notably large webs. Unlike most Araneus species, adults typically position themselves at the edge of the web rather than hanging upside down in the center.
Badumna longinqua
Grey House Spider
Badumna longinqua, the grey house spider, is a medium-sized spider native to eastern Australia that has become a widespread invasive species. It is highly synanthropic, thriving in urban environments and artificial structures rather than natural habitats. The species constructs distinctive messy, ladder-like webs from retreats in cracks and crevices. Females may remain in the same web for their entire lives, while males disperse to seek mates during warmer months.
Bathyphantes brevipes
Grey Sheetweb Weaver
Bathyphantes brevipes is a species of sheetweb spider in the family Linyphiidae, commonly known as the Grey Sheetweb Weaver. It is a small arachnid found across northern North America, with records from the United States and Canada including Alberta, British Columbia, and Manitoba. As a member of the Linyphiidae family, it constructs flat sheet webs typically positioned close to the ground or substrate.
Calymmaria
basket-web weavers
Calymmaria is a genus of small North American spiders known for their distinctive inverted cone-shaped webs. These araneomorph spiders were first described in 1937 and contain 31 species, with most distributed along the Pacific coast of the United States and Canada. They are primarily nocturnal and construct unique 'basket' webs under bark, rocks, and other sheltered substrates.
Calymmaria persica
Calymmaria persica is a species of true spider in the family Cybaeidae, found in the United States. It belongs to the marronoid clade, a diverse group of small to medium-sized spiders united by genetic rather than obvious morphological characteristics. The species constructs distinctive basket-shaped webs and is primarily nocturnal.
Coras aerialis
Coras aerialis is a species of funnel weaver spider in the family Agelenidae, first described by Muma in 1946. It is found in the United States, with records from Vermont and other eastern states. The species belongs to a genus of forest-dwelling spiders that construct funnel-shaped webs with multiple retreats, often in elevated positions or crevices.
Dictyna
Dictyna is a genus of cribellate araneomorph spiders in the family Dictynidae, comprising approximately 118 species. These spiders are characterized by their irregular hackled band webs used for prey capture. Some species exhibit social behavior, with females showing gregarious tendencies in web aggregation. The genus serves as host for parasitoid wasps including Zatypota anomala.
Diguetia albolineata
desertshrub spider
Diguetia albolineata is a species of desertshrub spider in the family Diguetidae. It is one of seven species in the genus Diguetia occurring north of Mexico. The species is found in the United States and Mexico, inhabiting desert environments where it constructs distinctive horizontal sheet webs with tubular retreats.
Diguetia canities
desert bush spider
Diguetia canities, commonly known as the desert bush spider, is a species of coneweb spider in the family Diguetidae. It is the most widely distributed species in its genus, occurring across desert and semidesert habitats from California to Oklahoma and Texas. The spider constructs a distinctive dome-shaped sheet web with a tubular retreat, often placed in bushes or cacti less than 60 cm above ground. It produces a potent insect-selective venom peptide called Dc1a.
Diguetia mojavea
Desertshrub Spider
Diguetia mojavea is a species of desertshrub spider in the family Diguetidae, endemic to the deserts of the American Southwest. First described by Gertsch in 1958, this species constructs distinctive horizontal sheet webs with dome-shaped retreats amid desert vegetation. As a haplogyne spider, it exhibits relatively primitive reproductive morphology compared to more derived arachnids.
Emblyna
Emblyna is a genus of cribellate araneomorph spiders in the family Dictynidae, first described by R. V. Chamberlin in 1948. The genus contains approximately 76 species with a broad geographic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. Emblyna species are small to medium-sized spiders that construct irregular, tangled webs. Two species, E. francisca and E. reticulata, have been documented to exhibit behavioral niche partitioning, allowing coexistence in sympatric populations.
Eustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
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htperchroostnestdenburrowtunneldigexcavateminequarryextractremoveeliminateeradicateexterminatedestroydemolishruinwreckdamageharminjurehurtwoundmaimcripplelamedisableincapacitateparalyzestunshockastonishamazeastoundstaggerstupefydazebewilderconfusepuzzleperplexbafflemystifyenigmaHelophora reducta
Helophora reducta is a species of sheetweb spider in the family Linyphiidae, first described by Keyserling in 1886. It is a small-bodied arachnid that constructs flat, horizontal sheet webs to capture prey. The species is known from the United States, though detailed ecological and behavioral studies remain limited.
Lutica
Lutica is a genus of zodariid spiders endemic to the California coast and Channel Islands. The genus comprises four described species, each with restricted distributions: two on mainland coastal dunes and two on specific islands. These spiders are notable for their unique sand-covered web tubes used in prey detection and their limited dispersal ability.
Metazygia
Metazygia is a genus of orb-weaver spiders (Araneidae) containing approximately ninety species. Members construct orb webs and share morphological similarities with the genus Nuctenea. The genus has been documented to harbor parasitoid wasp associations that can suppress web-building behavior.
Metellina
Autumn Spider
Metellina is a genus of orb-weaving spiders in the family Tetragnathidae, distributed primarily across Eurasia with two species in North America. The genus includes sixteen species as of 2025, with M. segmentata being the most abundant orb-weaving spider in Germany and introduced to Canada. Metellina spiders construct webs low in vegetation and are commonly known as Autumn Spiders. Some researchers have proposed placing this genus in a distinct family, Metidae.
Metepeira grandiosa
Metepeira grandiosa is a species of orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae. Like other members of the genus Metepeira, it constructs a distinctive web architecture combining a small orb web with a tangled, labyrinthine snare and a debris-decorated retreat. The species is found in North America.
Micrathena mitrata
white micrathena
Micrathena mitrata is a small orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae, commonly known as the white micrathena. Females range from 4 to 9 mm in body length, while males are smaller at 3 to 4 mm. The species is characterized by a shiny black abdomen and spiky, yellowish-brown legs. It constructs circular orb webs to capture flying insects and is found from the United States south to Brazil. Despite its spiny appearance, it poses no danger to humans.
Neoantistea
dwarf sheet spiders
Neoantistea is a genus of dwarf sheet spiders in the family Hahniidae, established by Willis J. Gertsch in 1934. The genus contains approximately 25 species distributed across North America, Mexico, and parts of Asia. These spiders are characterized by their small size, with most adults under 4 mm in body length. Neoantistea is notable within the Hahniinae for being one of the few genera that constructs webs, unlike related genera such as Hahnia and Antistea.
Neriene radiata
Filmy Dome Spider
Neriene radiata, commonly known as the filmy dome spider, is a sheet-weaving spider in the family Linyphiidae with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. It constructs a distinctive dome-shaped web of fine silk, hanging upside-down beneath it to capture prey. The species is notable for its delicate web architecture and has been frequently observed in natural history studies.
Orfelia fultoni
Foxfire Fly, dismalites
Orfelia fultoni is the only bioluminescent fly species known from North America. The larvae, commonly called 'dismalites' or 'glowworms,' produce the bluest light (~460 nm) of any studied bioluminescent insect. Larvae are carnivorous predators that construct sticky webs along stream banks and in caves, using paired bioluminescent lanterns to lure flying prey. Adults are non-feeding and short-lived. The species was discovered in 1940 near Glenville, North Carolina by B.B. Fulton and described by Elizabeth Gault Fisher.
Pholcidae
cellar spiders, daddy long-legs spiders, carpenter spiders, vibrating spiders, gyrating spiders
Pholcidae is a large family of araneomorph spiders containing over 2,000 species across 94+ genera. Members are commonly known as cellar spiders or daddy long-legs spiders due to their extremely long, thin legs and tendency to inhabit dark, undisturbed spaces. The family exhibits remarkable diversity in habitat use, from caves and tropical forests to human dwellings, with some species showing specialized adaptations including troglomorphism and communal web-sharing. Several species have become globally distributed through human transport, notably Pholcus phalangioides.
Phylloneta
Phylloneta is a small genus of comb-footed spiders (family Theridiidae) containing three species and two subspecies with a Holarctic distribution. The genus was elevated from subgenus status in 2008, having formerly been considered part of Allotheridion. Species include P. impressa, P. pictipes, and P. sisyphia (with subspecies P. s. foliifera and P. s. torandae). The type species, P. pictipes, was originally described in 1884.
Pimoa altioculata
large hammockweb spider
Pimoa altioculata is a large hammockweb spider in the family Pimoidae, found in the western United States and Canada. It was formerly classified in the family Linyphiidae but was separated due to distinct morphological differences, particularly its substantially larger body size. The species constructs fine, horizontal, net-like webs and is primarily associated with coniferous forest habitats.
Pimoidae
Large Hammock-web Spiders
Pimoidae is a small family of araneomorph spiders established by Wunderlich in 1986, closely related to Linyphiidae and sometimes treated as synonymous with that family. As re-circumscribed in 2021, it is monophyletic and contains approximately 90 species in two genera, primarily Pimoa and Weintrauboa. Members are commonly known as large hammock-web spiders due to their substantial size relative to linyphiids and their horizontal, net-like webs. The family has a fragmented relictual distribution across the Pacific coast of North America, the Cantabrian Mountains of Spain, the European Alps, and the Himalayas and adjacent regions of Asia.
Pimus
tangled nest spiders
Pimus is a genus of spiders in the family Amaurobiidae, commonly referred to as tangled nest spiders. The genus was established by R. V. Chamberlin in 1947 and is restricted to North America. All ten described species occur exclusively in the United States. These spiders construct irregular, tangled webs and are part of the diverse Amaurobiidae family, which is characterized by this web-building behavior.
Pirata piraticus
Pirate Otter Spider
Pirata piraticus is a wolf spider in the family Lycosidae with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. Unlike the wandering hunting strategy typical of many wolf spiders, this species constructs small sheet webs with retreat tubes in moist Sphagnum moss habitats. It exhibits complex life history variation with two reproductive cohorts: early-emerging individuals mature and reproduce in the same year, while late-emerging individuals overwinter and reproduce the following spring.
Pityohyphantes rubrofasciatus
Hammock spider
Pityohyphantes rubrofasciatus is a species of sheetweb spider in the family Linyphiidae, commonly known as hammock spiders. The genus name derives from Greek meaning "pine weaver," though species occur in both coniferous and hardwood forests. The species constructs flat or slightly convex sheet webs suspended in foliage, typically well above ground level. It occurs across northern North America in the United States and Canada.
Plectreurys tristis
primitive hunting spider
Plectreurys tristis is a large venomous spider in the family Plectreuridae, found in arid and semi-arid regions of western North America, Central America, and Mexico. Adult males reach approximately 12 mm in body length (25 mm with legs extended), with females larger in all proportions. The species produces a venom containing plectoxins, insecticidal peptides that specifically target N-type calcium channels. It constructs webs under rocks and debris, with females and immatures remaining in webs while adult males wander nocturnally.
Pseudocaecilius
false lizard barklice
Pseudocaecilius is a genus of false lizard barklice comprising more than 50 described species. The genus belongs to the family Pseudocaeciliidae and occurs across tropical and subtropical regions. At least one species, P. citricola, constructs silken webs on leaf surfaces where egg-batches are deposited. The genus has been recorded from the Caribbean, Central America, South America, and Asia.
Pseudocaecilius citricola
false lizard barklouse, citrus barklouse
Pseudocaecilius citricola is a species of false lizard barklouse in the family Pseudocaeciliidae. It constructs silken webs on leaf surfaces and deposits egg-batches within these protective structures. The species has a remarkably broad pantropical and subtropical distribution spanning Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Oceania, with records from over 30 countries and island groups. It has been documented on host plants including mango (Mangifera indica) and Cordia collococca in Jamaica.
Scytodes longipes
Long-legged Spitting Spider
Scytodes longipes is a tropical spitting spider distinguished by its long legs and specialized prey-capture behavior. Unlike short-legged Scytodes species that are ground-dwelling hunters, this species constructs tangled, sheet-like webs similar to cellar spiders (Pholcidae). It has been introduced well beyond its native range, establishing populations on Pacific Islands, in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia. The species is notable for its communal tendencies and unique spitting mechanism that immobilizes prey with adhesive venom.
Smeringopus
cellar spiders
Smeringopus is a genus of cellar spiders (family Pholcidae) comprising 55 species, making it the most species-rich pholcid genus in Africa. First described by Eugène Simon in 1890, the genus is largely restricted to central, southern, and eastern Africa, though some species occur in South America, Asia, Australia, and Pacific Islands. Members include some of the largest and most conspicuous pholcid spiders in their range. The genus is divided into twelve operational species groups based on morphological and geographic patterns. Smeringopus is the sister taxon to the western and central African genus Smeringopina.
Smeringopus pallidus
Pale Daddy-Long-Leg, Pale Cellar Spider
Smeringopus pallidus is a cosmopolitan cellar spider (family Pholcidae) known for its distinctive pale coloration and extremely long, slender legs. The species builds irregular, three-dimensional cobwebs in sheltered locations and exhibits specialized anti-predator defenses including rapid leg waving, leg autotomy with continued movement of detached legs as visual distraction, and thanatosis (death feigning). Originally described from Africa, it has been introduced to tropical and subtropical regions worldwide including South America, the Caribbean, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Pacific islands. The species reaches body lengths up to 7 mm with females larger than males, and is characterized by purple spots along the dorsal abdomen and a dark ventral sternal stripe.
Sosippus californicus
Funnel-web wolf spider
Sosippus californicus is a large wolf spider in the family Lycosidae, notable for being one of the few web-building members of an otherwise nomadic hunting family. It constructs sheet-like webs with funnel-shaped retreats, superficially resembling those of true funnel-web weavers (Agelenidae). The species ranges from southern California through Arizona and Mexico to Costa Rica, where it is particularly abundant in riparian habitats.
Sosippus janus
Funnel-web Wolf Spider
Sosippus janus is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae, first described by Brady in 1972. It is one of six Sosippus species known from the United States. Unlike most wolf spiders, members of this genus are web-builders, constructing sheet-like webs with funnel-like retreats. The species is found in the southern United States.
Sosippus mimus
funnel-web wolf spider
Sosippus mimus is a web-building wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. Unlike most wolf spiders, which are nomadic hunters, species in the genus Sosippus construct sheet-like webs with funnel-shaped retreats. This species is found in the United States and shares the distinctive eye arrangement typical of lycosids: two large posterior median eyes with four smaller eyes below and two lateral eyes flanking them.
Sosippus placidus
Lake Placid Funnel Wolf Spider
Sosippus placidus is a web-building wolf spider in the family Lycosidae, endemic to the United States. Unlike most wolf spiders, which are nomadic hunters, this species constructs thick sheet-like webs with funnel-like retreats. It is described as a habitat specialist compared to its widespread congener Sosippus floridanus. The species is known from relatively few observations (31 records on iNaturalist as of source date), suggesting restricted distribution or specific habitat requirements.
Sosippus texanus
Sosippus texanus is a species of funnel-web wolf spider in the family Lycosidae, distinguished from typical wolf spiders by its web-building behavior. Unlike the nomadic hunting behavior of most lycosids, this species constructs sheet-like webs with funnel-shaped retreats. It is one of six Sosippus species occurring in the United States and has been documented as a host for the mantisfly Mantispa sayi.
Spirembolus
Spirembolus is a genus of sheet web spiders in the family Linyphiidae, first described by Ralph Vary Chamberlin in 1920. The genus contains 41 species distributed across North America, with records from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. These spiders are small-bodied web-builders characteristic of the sheet weaver guild. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with many species described by A.F. Millidge in 1980.
Steatoda grossa
Cupboard spider, Dark comb-footed spider, Brown house spider, False black widow
Steatoda grossa is a cosmopolitan cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, native to Europe and temperate Asia and introduced globally. It constructs irregular three-dimensional webs in dark, sheltered locations and is frequently mistaken for venomous black widows (Latrodectus spp.) due to its similar body shape and coloration, though it lacks the distinctive red hourglass marking. Bites to humans are rare and generally minor, causing localized pain and blistering with occasional systemic symptoms.
Thallumetus
Thallumetus is a genus of cribellate araneomorph spiders established by Eugène Simon in 1893. It contains ten species distributed across the Neotropical region, from the southern United States through Central America to South America. The genus is characterized by the presence of a cribellum, a silk-producing structure used to produce hackled silk for prey capture.
Titanoeca
Titanoeca is a genus of cribellate-web spiders in the family Titanoecidae, established by Thorell in 1870. The genus comprises 31 species as of January 2026, distributed primarily across Eurasia with notable exceptions: three species endemic to North America (T. americana, T. brunnea, T. nigrella), one holarctic species (T. nivalis), and one Ecuadorian endemic (T. guayaquilensis). Members construct cribellate webs and exhibit conditional foraging behavior.
Titanoecidae
Rock Weavers
Titanoecidae is a family of cribellate spiders comprising five genera and approximately 67 species. Members are primarily dark-colored web-builders that construct woolly, cribellate silk webs. The family occurs across the New World and Eurasia, with several species inhabiting high-altitude mountain environments where they can achieve high local abundance. The family was elevated from Amaurobiidae by Lehtinen in 1967.