Endophytic-feeder
Guides
Agromyzinae
mining flies, leaf-miner flies
Agromyzinae is a subfamily of small flies within the family Agromyzidae, commonly known as mining flies or leaf-miner flies. The subfamily was established by Fallén in 1823 and contains multiple genera including Agromyza, Japanagromyza, Melanagromyza, Ophiomyia, and Epidermomyia. Species in this subfamily are best known for their larval habit of feeding within plant tissues, creating distinctive mines in leaves, stems, or other plant parts. The subfamily has a global distribution with documented diversity in Europe, Asia, and other regions, with over 100 species confirmed from Ukraine alone and 13 species recorded from southern India.
Chlorops
grass flies, frit flies
Chlorops is a genus of small flies in the family Chloropidae, commonly known as grass flies or frit flies. Several species are significant agricultural pests of cereal crops. Chlorops oryzae (rice stem maggot) is a major pest of rice in Asia, causing 20-50% yield losses by larval feeding on developing leaves and young panicles. Chlorops taeniopus (gout fly) and related species damage barley and wheat in Europe. The genus exhibits geographic variation in voltinism, with some populations producing 2-5 generations annually depending on latitude and diapause patterns.
Gracillariinae
Gracillariinae is a subfamily of leaf-mining moths within the family Gracillariidae, first described by Henry Tibbats Stainton in 1854. The subfamily contains diverse genera including Caloptilia, Gracillaria, and Sabulopteryx. Larvae are predominantly leaf miners, with most species exhibiting a characteristic life cycle involving an initial sap-feeding instar with modified mouthparts, though some species have been shown to deviate from this pattern. The subfamily has been subject to significant taxonomic revision, with phylogenetic studies in 2017 reorganizing generic placements among related subfamilies.
Grapholita edwardsiana
San Francisco Tree Lupine Moth
Grapholita edwardsiana, known as the San Francisco Tree Lupine Moth, is a species of tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae, subfamily Olethreutinae. The species was described by Kearfott in 1907 and is placed in the genus Grapholita, a diverse group of small moths commonly referred to as fruitworms or bud moths. Many Grapholita species are associated with leguminous plants, and the specific epithet "edwardsiana" suggests a possible association with lupines (Lupinus), particularly tree lupine. The species is part of the tribe Grapholitini, which includes numerous economically important pests of fruits and seeds.
Heterarthrini
Heterarthrini is a tribe of sawflies within the family Tenthredinidae, subfamily Tenthredininae. Members are small, slender sawflies known for their leaf-mining larvae, which feed internally within leaf tissue of various host plants. The tribe includes several genera, with Caliroa being the most frequently encountered. Adults are generally inconspicuous and rarely observed compared to their more economically significant larval stages.