Ephemeroptera
Guides
Acentrella
small minnow mayflies
Acentrella is a genus of small minnow mayflies in the family Baetidae. The genus contains at least 26 species distributed across Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa. Nymphs of at least some species inhabit cool, clean, swift rocky streams. Adult stages of several species remain undescribed due to the difficulty of rearing nymphs to maturity.
Acentrella insignificans
Acentrella insignificans is a species of small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae. It was originally described as Baetis insignificans by McDunnough in 1926. The species has a broad distribution across North America and Central America, with records extending from Alaska and northern Canada through the southwestern United States and into Mexico.
Acentrella turbida
Acentrella turbida is a small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae, first described by McDunnough in 1924. It is one of the most widespread mayfly species in North America, occurring across the continent from Alaska and Canada through the continental United States to northern Mexico, with additional populations in Central America. The species was originally described under the genus Pseudocloeon before being transferred to Acentrella. It belongs to a diverse genus containing numerous small, delicate mayfly species often difficult to distinguish without close examination.
Acerpenna macdunnoughi
small minnow mayfly
Acerpenna macdunnoughi is a species of small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae. Originally described as Baetis macdunnoughi by Ide in 1937, it was later transferred to the genus Acerpenna. The species is found in North America.
Ameletidae
combmouthed minnow mayflies
Ameletidae is a family of mayflies commonly known as combmouthed minnow mayflies. The family includes the speciose genus Ameletus, which reaches its greatest diversity in southwestern North America with up to 12 species co-occurring at single sites. The genus Metreletus has a trans-Palaearctic distribution with three recognized species. Ameletidae larvae are aquatic and occur in lotic habitats from small headwater streams to larger rivers.
Ameletus
Upland Summer Mayfly (A. inopinatus)
Ameletus is a genus of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and the type genus of the family Ameletidae, circumscribed by Rev. A. E. Eaton in 1885. The genus is speciose, with approximately 30 bisexual species recognized in North America and additional species in Europe and Asia. Ameletus species occur in cold-water streams from small headwater brooks to larger rivers, with greatest diversity in mountainous regions of western North America. The genus includes A. inopinatus, the only predominantly montane mayfly species in the UK and a noted climate change indicator species.
Ameletus browni
purple marram
Ameletus browni is a mayfly species in the family Ameletidae, commonly known as the "purple marram." It was described by McDunnough in 1933 based on nymphal specimens collected in southern British Columbia. The species belongs to the Nearctic fauna and is found in northeastern North America, including Canada and the northeastern United States. Like other members of the genus Ameletus, it is associated with cool, clean freshwater habitats.
Ameletus celer
Ameletus celer is a Nearctic species of mayfly in the family Ameletidae, described by McDunnough in 1934. As a member of the genus Ameletus, it belongs to a group of mayflies commonly known as the "prong-gilled mayflies" due to the distinctive forked structure of their gills. The species occurs in North America, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented in the available literature.
Ameletus ludens
Ameletus ludens is a species of combmouthed minnow mayfly in the family Ameletidae, described by Needham in 1905. It belongs to the order Ephemeroptera, a group of aquatic insects known for their brief adult lifespans. The species is found in North America, though specific details about its ecology and life history remain limited in available sources.
Ameletus similior
Ameletus similior is a mayfly species (Ephemeroptera: Ameletidae) described by McDunnough in 1928. It occurs in western North America from southern British Columbia to Alberta, with identification keys also applicable to Saskatchewan, Montana, and northern Idaho and Washington. The species was previously known as A. monta, which has been synonymized with A. similior. Adult males have practically clear hyaline wings and differ from the similar A. alticolus in genitalic characters.
Ameletus subnotatus
combmouthed minnow mayfly
Ameletus subnotatus is a species of combmouthed minnow mayfly in the family Ameletidae. It is one of 13 bisexual Ameletus species documented in Alberta, Canada, where it occurs across virtually all hydrographic basins from small headwater streams to large rivers. The species is found throughout Canada and extends into the northern and southwestern United States.
Ameletus validus
combmouthed minnow mayfly
Ameletus validus is a species of mayfly in the family Ameletidae, first described by McDunnough in 1923. It is one of approximately 30 bisexual species recognized in the genus Ameletus across North America. The species occurs in running waters from small headwater streams to large rivers, with documented populations in western North America including Alberta, British Columbia, and the western United States. Taxonomic work has clarified that adult wings are lightly and evenly suffused with brownish-amber, not speckled as previously miskeyed.
Ameletus velox
Ameletus velox is a North American mayfly species described by Dodds in 1923. It belongs to the family Ameletidae, a group of predatory mayflies known for their distinctive larval morphology and behavior. The species is part of the Nearctic fauna with documented presence in North America. As with other Ameletus species, it likely inhabits cool freshwater streams, though specific ecological details for this species remain limited in available literature.
Ameletus vernalis
combmouthed minnow mayfly
Ameletus vernalis is a species of combmouthed minnow mayfly in the family Ameletidae. It is found in southwestern Canada and the western United States, particularly in western Alberta where it occurs across diverse watersheds from small headwater streams to large rivers. The species was described by McDunnough in 1924, and its nymphs were associated with adults through field work in southern British Columbia in 1935.
Ametropodidae
Ametropodidae is a family of mayflies in the order Ephemeroptera. The family contains at least three genera: Ametropus, Brevitibia, and Palaeometropus. Species within this family are primarily found in large river systems. The family is classified within the superfamily Baetoidea, which includes some of the most primitive living mayfly species.
Ametropus
sand minnows
Ametropus is a genus of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) commonly known as sand minnows, belonging to the family Ametropodidae. The genus contains at least three described species: A. ammophilus, A. fragilis, and A. neavei. Species in this genus are adapted to large river systems and exhibit specialized ecological traits including deep-water nymphal habitats and detritivorous feeding habits.
Ametropus ammophilus
sand minnow
Ametropus ammophilus is a species of mayfly in the family Ametropodidae, commonly known as the sand minnow. It was described by Allen and Edmunds in 1976. The species is known from a restricted geographic range in western North America.
Anafroptilum
Anafroptilum is a genus of small mayflies in the family Baetidae. The genus was first described from the East Palaearctic and Nearctic regions, with a single species A. kazlauskasi known from the former and eight species from the latter. In 2016, two new species were described from Thailand, marking the first report of the genus from the Oriental Region. Species in this genus are characterized by the absence of hind wings in adults and distinctive larval morphological features.
Anafroptilum conturbatum
Anafroptilum conturbatum is a species of small mayfly in the family Baetidae. As a member of this diverse family, it inhabits freshwater environments where it contributes to aquatic food webs. The species was described by McCafferty and Waltz in 1995. Like other baetid mayflies, it likely has a short adult lifespan focused primarily on reproduction.
Anafroptilum minor
Anafroptilum minor is a species of small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae. Like other members of this family, it is characterized by reduced wing venation and relatively simple morphology compared to other mayfly families. The genus Anafroptilum contains species that are typically associated with running water habitats. Specific ecological details for A. minor are limited in available literature.
Anthopotamus
hacklegilled burrower mayflies
Anthopotamus is a genus of hacklegilled burrower mayflies in the family Potamanthidae, established by McCafferty & Bae in 1990. The genus contains at least four described species distributed in North America. Larvae are specialized burrowers in riverine substrates, notable for their fossorial lifestyle in the hyporheic zone using tusk-like structures for excavation. Adults are short-lived and primarily reproductive.
Anthopotamus distinctus
Golden Drake, hacklegilled burrower mayfly
Anthopotamus distinctus is a species of mayfly in the family Potamanthidae, commonly known as the Golden Drake. It belongs to a group referred to as hacklegilled burrower mayflies, indicating specialized gill structures and burrowing behavior in the nymphal stage. The species is found in the Nearctic region of eastern North America.
Anthopotamus myops
hacklegilled burrower mayfly
Anthopotamus myops is a species of hacklegilled burrower mayfly in the family Potamanthidae. It inhabits freshwater environments in southeastern Canada and the eastern United States. As a member of the order Ephemeroptera, it has a short adult lifespan and aquatic nymphal stages.
Anthopotamus verticis
Walker's Tusked Sprawler
Anthopotamus verticis, commonly known as Walker's Tusked Sprawler, is a hacklegilled burrower mayfly in the family Potamanthidae. The species is found in southeastern Canada and parts of the northern and southeastern United States. As a member of the Potamanthidae, it belongs to a family of mayflies characterized by burrowing habits and distinctive gill structures.
Arthroplea bipunctata
flatheaded mayfly
Arthroplea bipunctata is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae (sometimes historically placed in Arthropleidae). It is known from North America, with records from the Nearctic region. The species was described by McDunnough in 1924, originally as Cinygma bipunctata. Like other flatheaded mayflies, it belongs to a group adapted to clinging in fast-flowing waters.
Arthropleidae
flatheaded mayflies
Arthropleidae is a family of mayflies in the order Ephemeroptera, characterized by flattened heads. The family contains at least two genera: the extant Arthroplea and the extinct Electrogenia. Members are aquatic insects with life cycles involving aquatic nymphal stages and short-lived winged adults.
Attenella margarita
spiny crawler mayfly
Attenella margarita is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae. It exhibits a disjunct east-west distribution pattern across North America, which is rare among mayflies. The species has been documented from the southern half of Canada and the continental United States, with a southeastern range extension to North Carolina representing approximately 1,300 km beyond previously known western localities.
Attenella soquele
Attenella soquele is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae. The species was described by Day in 1954 and is recognized as valid in current taxonomic databases. Members of the genus Attenella are characterized by their distinctive spiny abdominal tubercles and are primarily distributed in North America.
Baetidae
small mayflies, small minnow mayflies
Baetidae is the most species-diverse family of mayflies, comprising approximately 1,000 described species in 110-114 genera worldwide and representing about one-third of all mayfly diversity. Adults are among the smallest mayflies, rarely exceeding 10 mm in length excluding tails, with some species much smaller. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution except for New Zealand and occupies a relatively basal position in Ephemeroptera phylogeny.
Baetis alius
small minnow mayfly
Baetis alius is a species of small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae. It is found in the northwestern United States. As a member of the Baetis genus, it belongs to a diverse group of mayflies commonly known as blue-winged olives, though specific common names for this species are not well established.
Baetis notos
Baetis notos is a species of small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae. It is found in Central America and North America, with its North American range extending across southern Mexico, the southern United States, and the northwestern United States. The species was described by Allen and Murvosh in 1987.
Baetis piscatoris
Baetis piscatoris is a species of mayfly in the family Baetidae, first described by Jay Traver in 1935. The species is known from the Nearctic region, with records from North America. As a member of the genus Baetis, it belongs to a diverse group of small to medium-sized mayflies commonly referred to as 'blue-winged olives' in angling contexts.
Baetisca berneri
Baetisca berneri is an armored mayfly species described from West Virginia streams. The species has been the subject of ecological life history research examining nymphal development and emergence patterns. It belongs to a genus characterized by distinctive armored nymphal forms adapted to lotic environments.
Baetisca lacustris
Baetisca lacustris is a species of armored mayfly in the family Baetiscidae. It was described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1932. The species is found in North America and belongs to a genus characterized by distinctive armored body plates.
Baetisca rogersi
Baetisca rogersi is a mayfly species in the family Baetiscidae, endemic to northwestern Florida. The species has been the subject of detailed life history and ecological research documenting its external morphology, developmental stages, seasonal distribution, and emergence patterns. Its ecology is influenced by specific environmental factors affecting growth and development.
Behningiidae
Sand-burrowing Mayflies, Tuskless Burrowing Mayflies
Behningiidae is a small, primitive family of burrowing mayflies with four described genera: three extant (Behningia, Dolania, Protobehningia) and one fossil (†Archaeobehningia). Nymphs inhabit sandy river sediments but lack the tusk-like mandibular projections typical of other burrowing mayfly families. The family has a Holarctic distribution, with Dolania occurring in North America and the remaining genera in northern Europe and Asia. Members are rarely collected due to their subterranean lifestyle.
Brachycercus
squaregilled mayflies
Brachycercus is a genus of small mayflies in the family Caenidae, commonly known as squaregilled mayflies. The genus is characterized by its distinctive square-shaped gills and is distributed primarily in the Palaearctic and Nearctic realms. At least six species have been described, including B. harrisella, which is the type species described by Curtis in 1835.
Brachycercus nitidus
Brachycercus nitidus is a species of small squaregill mayfly in the family Caenidae, first described by Traver in 1932. The genus Brachycercus is part of the superfamily Caenoidea, a group characterized by reduced wing venation and other adaptations to lentic (still-water) habitats. As a member of the Caenidae, this species likely exhibits the family's typical traits including small body size, short antennae, and forewings with few crossveins. The specific epithet "nitidus" (Latin for "shiny" or "polished") may refer to a characteristic sheen of the cuticle, though this interpretation is speculative without direct examination of type material.
Caenis
Common Square-gills
Caenis is a genus of small mayflies in the family Caenidae, commonly known as "square-gilled mayflies." Adults are among the smallest mayflies, with some species measuring only 3–4 mm in body length. The genus is globally distributed across multiple continents and serves as an indicator taxon for aquatic ecosystem health. Nymphs inhabit various freshwater environments, and adults emerge in synchronized events.
Caenis hilaris
Caenis hilaris is a species of small square-gilled mayfly in the family Caenidae. It is found in North America. As a member of the order Ephemeroptera, it shares the characteristic life history of mayflies, with aquatic nymphal stages and short-lived winged adults.
Caenoidea
Caenoidea is a superfamily of mayflies within the suborder Pannota, distinguished by the filamentous gills of their nymphs. It comprises four families: Baetiscidae, Caenidae, Neoephemeridae, and Prosopistomatidae. The filamentous gill structure serves as the primary diagnostic feature separating this group from the related superfamily Ephemerelloidea.
Callibaetis
Speckled Duns
Callibaetis is a genus of small minnow mayflies in the family Baetidae, comprising at least 30 described species distributed across North and South America. The genus has been taxonomically problematic, with recent phylogenetic work confirming its monophyly and establishing four subgenera. Species occupy diverse lentic habitats including ponds, lakes, and wetlands, with some populations adapted to variable salinity conditions.
Callibaetis californicus
small minnow mayfly
Callibaetis californicus is a small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae, first described by Banks in 1900. The species occurs across Central America and western North America, including all of Mexico and the western United States. As a member of the Baetidae, it belongs to one of the most diverse families of mayflies, commonly known as small minnow mayflies for their streamlined, fish-like nymphal form.
Callibaetis ferrugineus ferrugineus
Callibaetis ferrugineus ferrugineus is a subspecies of small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae. As a member of the genus Callibaetis, it belongs to a group of mayflies commonly known as pond mayflies or speckled mayflies. The subspecies is distributed in the Nearctic region, with records from North America including Vermont in the United States. Like other Baetidae, it has a relatively short adult lifespan focused on reproduction.
Callibaetis ferrugineus hageni
Callibaetis ferrugineus hageni is a subspecies of mayfly in the family Baetidae. The genus Callibaetis comprises small minnow mayflies found in aquatic habitats across North America. As with other mayflies in this genus, this subspecies has a multi-stage life cycle involving aquatic nymphs and short-lived winged adults. The subspecific epithet honors Hermann Hagen, a prominent 19th-century entomologist.
Callibaetis floridanus
small minnow mayfly
Callibaetis floridanus is a small minnow mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) native to North and Central America. The species inhabits diverse aquatic environments including coastal ponds subject to saltwater intrusion and temporary wetlands (playas) in arid regions. Research demonstrates significant physiological plasticity in ion regulation, with populations capable of acclimating to salinities ranging from 113 to 9,921 µS/cm. Naiad development averages approximately 24 days from egg hatch to adulthood.
Callibaetis pictus
Speckled Dun
Callibaetis pictus is a small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae, commonly known as the Speckled Dun. It is distributed across Central America and North America, including all of Mexico and the northern and southwestern United States. Like other mayflies, it has an aquatic nymphal stage lasting months to years, followed by a brief adult lifespan measured in hours to days. The species is part of the EPT index (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) used to assess water quality in environmental monitoring.
Callibaetis pretiosus
small minnow mayfly
Callibaetis pretiosus is a small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae. The species was described by Banks in 1914 and is native to North America. Larvae have been documented in wet-weather pools, with records from the southeastern United States and a northward range extension to Pennsylvania. As a member of Ephemeroptera, it undergoes aquatic nymphal development followed by a brief terrestrial adult stage.
Camelobaetidius
minnow mayflies
Camelobaetidius is a genus of small minnow mayflies in the family Baetidae, comprising at least 40 described species distributed across the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. The genus is one of the most studied within Baetidae, with nymphs commonly inhabiting lotic (flowing water) environments. Species are distinguished by specific morphological characters, particularly the spatulate (flattened, spoon-shaped) tarsal claws present in nymphs. The genus exhibits considerable diversity in Central and North America, with additional species described from Costa Rica and southeastern Brazil.
Caudatella heterocaudata
A species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae, originally described by McDunnough in 1929. The species has undergone taxonomic revision, with Caudatella circia previously treated as distinct but now recognized as a synonym. Larvae possess diagnostic morphological characters that allow separation from the related C. hystrix complex.
Chrysops cincticornis
Ring-clawed Deer Fly
Chrysops cincticornis is a deer fly in the family Tabanidae, first described by Walker in 1848. It is commonly known as the Ring-clawed Deer Fly. The species has been documented in Vermont and other parts of the United States, with 291 observations recorded on iNaturalist. Research on this species has focused on its oviposition behavior and fecundity, with laboratory studies showing females deposit eggs in gelatinous masses on mud substrates near water, averaging 156 eggs per female.
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Cinygma dimicki is a species of flat-headed mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1934. It belongs to a genus of North American mayflies characterized by distinctive head morphology adapted for clinging to substrates in flowing water. The species is known from the Nearctic region, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented in published literature.
Cinygma integrum
Cinygma integrum is a North American mayfly species in the family Heptageniidae. It is one of three Cinygma species on the continent. The life history has been studied in Oregon, where nymphs occupy submerged wood habitats year-round and adults emerge from mid-May to mid-July. The nymph is the only described member of its genus in North America.
Cinygmula
Cinygmula is a genus of flatheaded mayflies (Heptageniidae) comprising at least 30 described species. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features in some species, including pointed claws and a distinct frontal fold on the imago. Species occur in high-altitude alpine habitats across central Asia and the eastern Himalaya. The genus has been studied for its potential use as a bioindicator of aquatic contamination.
Cinygmula reticulata
Cinygmula reticulata is a species of mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, first described by McDunnough in 1934. It is a member of the Nearctic fauna, occurring in North America. Like other members of the genus Cinygmula, it is associated with running water habitats where the aquatic nymphs develop. The species is represented by limited observation records, with only four observations documented on iNaturalist.
Cinygmula subaequalis
flatheaded mayfly
Cinygmula subaequalis is a flatheaded mayfly species in the family Heptageniidae. It is distributed across northern North America, including Alaska, northern Canada, and the eastern United States. The species belongs to a genus characterized by distinctive head morphology. Limited observational data suggests it is rarely encountered.
Diphetor
Diphetor is a genus of small mayflies in the family Baetidae, established by Waltz and McCafferty in 1987. These insects belong to the order Ephemeroptera, characterized by their short adult lifespan and aquatic nymphal stages. The genus is part of the diverse Baetidae family, one of the largest families of mayflies.
Diphetor hageni
Hagen's Small Minnow Mayfly
Diphetor hageni is a small mayfly species in the family Baetidae, commonly known as Hagen's Small Minnow Mayfly. It is native to the Nearctic region, primarily distributed across North America. The species is part of the diverse Baetidae family, which are among the most abundant and widespread mayflies in running waters.
Drunella
Blue-winged Olives, Spiny Crawler Mayflies
Drunella is a genus of spiny crawler mayflies in the family Ephemerellidae, comprising at least 20 described species. These mayflies are aquatic insects with nymphs that inhabit stream environments and are significant components of freshwater food webs. Adults are important to fly fishermen, who commonly refer to them as "Blue-winged Olives" and imitate them with artificial flies. Some species, such as Drunella grandis (the green drake), are particularly valued as trout food sources.
Drunella coloradensis
Small Western Green Drake
Drunella coloradensis is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae, commonly known to anglers as the Small Western Green Drake. The species is found in freshwater streams across western North America, with a range extending from Alaska and northern Canada through the western United States to northern Mexico and Central America. Nymphs are known to alter their behavior in response to short-term pH reductions, becoming more active under acidic conditions. The species is of particular importance to fly fishermen, who imitate its various life stages with artificial flies.
Drunella cornutella
spiny crawler mayfly
Drunella cornutella is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae, originally described by McDunnough in 1931 as Ephemerella cornutella. It is found in North America, with records from the Nearctic region including the northeastern United States. Like other members of the genus Drunella, it is an aquatic insect with immature stages living in freshwater habitats.
Drunella spinifera
Western Slate Olive
Drunella spinifera is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae. It is found in southwestern and northern Canada, the western United States, and Alaska. The common name "Western Slate Olive" reflects its regional distribution and likely coloration. Like other members of the genus Drunella, it belongs to a group of mayflies commonly targeted by fly fishermen, though specific angling references for this species are limited.
Drunella walkeri
Small Blue-winged Olive
Drunella walkeri is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae, commonly known as the Small Blue-winged Olive among anglers. It is found in North America and is one of the mayfly species frequently imitated by fly fishermen. The species was first described by Eaton in 1884.
Ecdyonurus
Ecdyonurus is a genus of mayflies in the family Heptageniidae, comprising approximately 66 described species distributed primarily across Europe and parts of North Africa and Asia. The genus is taxonomically well-studied, with multiple species described in recent decades from mountain regions including the Carpathians, Crimean Peninsula, and Aurès Mountains. Species within this genus are typically associated with running waters and have been subjects of ecological studies on larval growth and thermal biology.
Epeorus albertae
flatheaded mayfly
Epeorus albertae is a flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, distributed across northern and western North America. Laboratory studies indicate that nymphal growth rate and activity are strongly temperature-dependent, with optimal growth occurring at 15°C compared to slower development at lower temperatures. Nymphs exhibit behavioral thermoregulation by seeking refugia at cold temperatures, suggesting adaptation to thermally variable stream environments.
Epeorus fragilis
flatheaded mayfly
Epeorus fragilis is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, first described by Morgan in 1911. It is distributed across North America. As a member of the order Ephemeroptera, it undergoes aquatic larval development before emerging as a short-lived adult.
Epeorus longimanus
flatheaded mayfly
Epeorus longimanus is a flatheaded mayfly species in the family Heptageniidae. Nymphs inhabit stream riffles and show specific microhabitat preferences, being more abundant in areas with smaller sediment sizes, higher live periphyton biomass, and lower densities of invertebrate predators. The species is distributed across western North America from Alaska through the western United States to southwestern and northern Canada.
Epeorus pleuralis
Quill Gordon
Epeorus pleuralis, commonly known as the Quill Gordon, is a flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. It is native to North America and is recognized as an important species in aquatic entomology and fly fishing. The species is known for its relatively early emergence in the spring, making it a significant hatch for anglers in eastern North American streams.
Epeorus punctatus
Epeorus punctatus is a species of flat-headed mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. The species was originally described by McDunnough in 1925 under the genus Iron before being transferred to Epeorus. It is known from North America within the Nearctic region. Like other members of the genus, it likely inhabits flowing water environments where the nymphs cling to submerged substrates.
Ephemera guttulata
Eastern Green Drake, Shad Fly, Coffinfly
Ephemera guttulata, commonly known as the eastern green drake, is a burrowing mayfly species native to eastern North America. It is one of the largest mayfly species in the region and is highly significant to fly fishing, where its emergence events are eagerly anticipated. The species has a fully aquatic larval stage, followed by a winged subimago (dun) stage and a short-lived sexually mature adult (imago) stage. Its conservation status is G5 (secure) according to NatureServe.
Ephemera simulans
Brown Drake
Ephemera simulans is a burrowing mayfly species in the family Ephemeridae, commonly known as the Brown Drake. It is widely distributed across North America, particularly common in the Rocky Mountains, Midwest, and Great Lakes region. The species is economically significant in recreational fly fishing, where both nymph and adult stages are imitated with artificial flies. Nymphs inhabit sand and silt substrates of lakes and streams, emerging as adults primarily at night from mid-June to mid-July.
Ephemera varia
Yellow Drake
Ephemera varia, commonly known as the Yellow Drake, is a species of burrower mayfly in the family Ephemeridae. It is native to North America, with documented presence in the northeastern United States including Vermont. Like other members of its genus, it is associated with aquatic environments and has a brief adult lifespan. The species is represented by 59 observations on iNaturalist, indicating it is documented but not extensively studied.
Ephemerella aurivillii
spiny crawler mayfly
Ephemerella aurivillii is a spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae with a strict one-year life cycle. The species occurs across northern regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, northern Asia, and North America. Research in Norway demonstrated that its distribution and growth rates are strongly temperature-dependent, with populations expanding following hydropower-induced warming of previously cold streams.
Ephemerella dorothea infrequens
Pale Morning Dun
Ephemerella dorothea infrequens is a subspecies of mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae, commonly known as the Pale Morning Dun. It is an aquatic insect whose nymphal stage inhabits freshwater environments. The species is recognized as an important food source for trout and is frequently imitated by fly fishers using artificial flies. It was described by McDunnough in 1924 and is accepted as a valid subspecies within the Ephemerella dorothea complex.
Ephemerella excrucians
Pale Morning Dun
Ephemerella excrucians, commonly known as the pale morning dun, is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae. It is distributed across all of Canada and the continental United States. The species is of particular interest to fly fishers due to its importance as a trout food source and its frequent use as a model for artificial flies.
Ephemerella invaria
Sulphur Dun
Ephemerella invaria, commonly known as the sulphur dun, is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae. It occurs in headwater streams across eastern North America, from southeastern and northern Canada through the eastern United States. The species has been studied for population genetic impacts associated with deforestation of its stream habitats. As a member of the Ephemerellidae, it belongs to a group of mayflies characterized by distinctive spiny or tuberculate body features.
Ephemerella subvaria
red quill, Dark Hendrickson
Ephemerella subvaria is a spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae. The species was described by McDunnough in 1931. It is widely distributed in the eastern United States with limited occurrence in the upper Midwest. A 2019 record from Ohio represents the first state documentation, with specimens reared from nymphs collected in March to adult emergence in late April.
Ephemerella tibialis
Little Western Dark Hendrickson
Ephemerella tibialis is a species of spiny crawler mayfly described by McDunnough in 1924. It belongs to the family Ephemerellidae, a group known for their distinctive spiny or tuberculate body ornamentation. The species is found in North America and is recognized among anglers by the common name Little Western Dark Hendrickson, indicating its importance as a model organism for fly-fishing.
Ephemerella verruca
Ephemerella verruca is a species of mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae, described by Allen and Edmunds in 1965. It belongs to the order Ephemeroptera, a group of aquatic insects commonly known as mayflies. The species is recorded from the Nearctic region, specifically North America. Like other members of its genus, it has an aquatic larval stage and terrestrial adult stage.
Ephemerellidae
Spiny Crawler Mayflies
Ephemerellidae, commonly known as spiny crawler mayflies, is a family of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) comprising approximately 90 species across 8-14 genera. The family is distributed throughout North America and the UK, with additional records from Europe and Asia. Nymphs inhabit lotic-erosional environments including flowing streams of all sizes, lake shores, and beaches with wave action. They are primarily collector-gatherers and serve as important indicators of water quality due to their sensitivity to pollution.
Ephemeridae
Burrowing Mayflies
Ephemeridae is a family of large mayflies comprising approximately 150 described species distributed worldwide except Australia and Oceania. Adults range up to 35 mm in length and possess either two or three elongated caudal filaments. Many species exhibit distinctively patterned wings. The family is commonly known as "burrowing mayflies" due to the fossorial adaptations of their nymphs, which inhabit silty or sandy substrates in freshwater systems. Nymphs possess specialized morphological features including spur-like projections on foretibiae, dorsally positioned plumose and lanceolate abdominal gills, and mandibular tusks that facilitate burrowing behavior.
Ephoron leukon
white fly
Ephoron leukon, commonly known as the white fly, is a species of pale burrower mayfly in the family Polymitarcyidae. Nymphs are burrowing and inhabit tubular burrows associated with stones in river rapids, particularly in fine silt deposits. The species undergoes dramatic morphological changes during early nymphal development, including specialized mouthpart modifications for filter feeding and progressive elaboration of abdominal gills.
Eurylophella bicolor
bicolor spiny crawler mayfly
Eurylophella bicolor is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae, originally described as Ephemerella bicolor by Clemens in 1913. The species is distributed across the Nearctic region, particularly in North America. Like other members of the genus Eurylophella, it is associated with freshwater aquatic habitats during its nymphal stages.
Eurylophella funeralis
Eurylophella funeralis is a mayfly species in the family Ephemerellidae, described by McDunnough in 1925. Originally placed in the genus Ephemerella, it was later transferred to Eurylophella. The species is known from the Nearctic region, with records from North America including Vermont. As a member of the order Ephemeroptera, it has an aquatic larval stage and terrestrial adult stage, though specific ecological details for this species remain limited in available literature.
Eurylophella lodi
Eurylophella lodi is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae, described by Mayo in 1952. It belongs to a genus of mayflies found in North America. The species is known from limited observations, with only two documented occurrences in iNaturalist. Like other members of Ephemerellidae, it is likely associated with freshwater aquatic habitats during its immature stages.
Eurylophella prudentalis
spiny crawler mayfly
Eurylophella prudentalis is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae, first described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1931. As a member of the genus Eurylophella, it belongs to a group of mayflies commonly known as spiny crawlers, characterized by their distinctive body armature. The species is known from North America, with documented occurrences in the northeastern United States including Vermont. Like other Ephemerellidae, it completes its aquatic larval development in freshwater habitats before emerging as a short-lived adult.
Fallceon quilleri
Fallceon quilleri is a small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae, described by Dodds in 1923. It is known from a relatively small number of observations (15 records on iNaturalist). The species has a broad transcontinental distribution spanning temperate and tropical regions of the Americas.
Heptagenia
flatheaded mayflies
Heptagenia is a genus of flatheaded mayflies in the family Heptageniidae, containing at least 20 described species. Nymphs are primarily benthic inhabitants of lotic systems, where they construct burrows in sandy or gravelly substrates and employ filter-feeding mechanisms. Adults are distinguished from the related genus Raptoheptagenia by the absence of anastomosed crossveins in the stigmatic area of the forewing and by having foretarsi shorter than the tibiae. The genus has been documented across North America, Europe, and Asia, including the Western Himalaya.
Heptagenia adaequata
Heptagenia adaequata is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. Described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1924, it is a Nearctic species found in North America. Like other members of its genus, it is associated with running water habitats. The species is represented by relatively few observations in biodiversity databases.
Heptagenia flavescens
flatheaded mayfly
Heptagenia flavescens is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. The species has been documented in North America and Central America, with records indicating a southwestern range extension. As with other members of Heptageniidae, it possesses the characteristic flattened head morphology associated with this group of mayflies.
Heptagenia marginalis
Margined Flat-headed Mayfly
Heptagenia marginalis is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, first described by Banks in 1910. It belongs to a family characterized by dorsoventrally flattened body forms adapted to clinging in fast-flowing water. The species is known from North America, though detailed biological information remains limited in available literature.
Heptagenia pulla
dusky flat-headed mayfly
Heptagenia pulla is a species of flat-headed mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, commonly known as the dusky flat-headed mayfly. The species was described by Clemens in 1913 and is native to the Nearctic region. Like other members of its genus, it is associated with flowing freshwater habitats. The specific epithet "pulla" refers to the dusky or dark coloration characteristic of this species.
Heptagenia solitaria
solitary flat-headed mayfly
Heptagenia solitaria is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, first described by McDunnough in 1924. The species is distributed across southwestern and northern Canada and the western United States. As a member of the Heptageniidae, it belongs to a family of mayflies commonly known as flatheaded mayflies due to their distinctive head morphology.
Heptageniidae
Stream Mayflies, Flat-headed Mayflies
Heptageniidae is a family of mayflies comprising over 500 described species, commonly known as stream mayflies or flat-headed mayflies. Members are generally small with three long tails, clear wings with prominent venation, and males possess large compound eyes that are not divided into upper and lower parts. The family is primarily distributed across the Holarctic, Oriental, and Afrotropical regions, with additional presence in Central American tropics and extreme northern South America. Nymphs are flattened in shape, typically dark in coloration, and inhabit fast-flowing streams where they exhibit diverse feeding strategies including herbivory, scavenging, and predation.
Heptagenioidea
Heptagenioidea is a superfamily of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) distributed across most global regions except the Arctic and Antarctic. The superfamily likely originated in the Jurassic period, coinciding with a shift from still-water to flowing-water breeding habitats. This ecological transition drove rapid radiation and morphological adaptations, including modifications to mouthparts and forelegs for passive feeding in current. Heptageniidae represents the most widely distributed family within this group.
Heterocloeon
small minnow mayflies
Heterocloeon is a genus of small minnow mayflies in the family Baetidae, containing approximately nine described species. These mayflies are part of the diverse Baetidae family, which is one of the largest families of mayflies. The genus was established by McDunnough in 1925. Species within this genus have been studied in relation to environmental modifications, particularly the effects of reservoir impoundment on their life history.
Heterocloeon curiosum
curious small minnow mayfly
Heterocloeon curiosum is a small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae, native to North America. It has been studied in Virginia river systems, where it demonstrates bivoltine life history with two summer generations. Reservoir construction with surface release can significantly alter its emergence timing, larval density, and fecundity through thermal regime changes.
Heterocloeon petersi
small minnow mayfly
Heterocloeon petersi is a small minnow mayfly species in the family Baetidae, first described by Müller-Liebenau in 1974. It is recorded from the southeastern United States. As a member of Baetidae, it belongs to one of the most diverse families of mayflies, though specific biological details for this species remain limited in published literature.
Homoeoneuria
brushleg mayflies
Homoeoneuria is a genus of brushleg mayflies in the family Oligoneuriidae, established by Eaton in 1881. The genus contains at least five described species, with confirmed records in North America (including the type species H. salviniae) and South America (Brazil, Peru, Argentina, and Colombia). A new species, H. (H.) watu, was described from Southeastern Brazil based on distinctive adult and nymphal morphological characters. The genus is poorly documented in northern South America, with recent confirmations extending its known range.
Homoeoneuria alleni
Homoeoneuria alleni is a species of mayfly (Ephemeroptera) in the family Oligoneuriidae, described by Pescador & Peters in 1980. The genus Homoeoneuria is part of the heptagenioid lineage of mayflies. This species is known from the Nearctic region, with records from North America and Middle America.
Ironodes
Ironodes is a genus of mayflies in the family Heptageniidae, first described by Traver in 1935. Members of this genus are part of the diverse Heptageniidae family, commonly known as flat-headed mayflies due to their distinctive head morphology. The genus is represented by relatively few observations, suggesting it may be uncommon, geographically restricted, or underreported in surveys.
Ironodes nitidus
Ironodes nitidus is a species of flat-headed mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. The species was described by Eaton in 1885. It belongs to a genus of mayflies found in North America, with records from the Nearctic region including Middle America and North America. The genus Ironodes is part of the diverse Heptageniidae family, which contains many species adapted to running water habitats.
Isonychia arida
arid howdy mayfly
Isonychia arida is a species of brushlegged mayfly in the family Isonychiidae. It was described by Thomas Say in 1839, originally as Baetis arida. The species is found in North America and is known by the common name "arid howdy mayfly." Like other members of the genus Isonychia, it belongs to a group commonly referred to as "slate drakes" by anglers.
Isonychia bicolor
mahogany dun
Isonychia bicolor, commonly known as the mahogany dun, is a species of brushlegged mayfly in the family Isonychiidae. It is found in southeastern Canada and the eastern United States. Like all mayflies, it undergoes incomplete metamorphosis with aquatic nymphal stages and short-lived winged adults. The species is part of the EPT (Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera) biological index used to assess water quality.
Isonychia campestris
Isonychia campestris is a filter-feeding mayfly species described by McDunnough in 1931. The immature nymphs inhabit lotic aquatic systems where they employ specialized morphological structures to capture suspended particulate matter from the water column. This species has been studied specifically for its filter feeding mechanisms, which involve interception and diffusive deposition of particles smaller than the pore spaces between filtering structures. The species occurs in the Nearctic region of North America.
Isonychia georgiae
Isonychia georgiae is a brushlegged mayfly species in the family Isonychiidae, first described by McDunnough in 1931. It is part of the order Ephemeroptera, an ancient lineage of aquatic insects dating to the Carboniferous period. Like other Isonychia species, it is known to anglers as a "slate drake" mayfly. The species is documented from North America.
Isonychia intermedia
Isonychia intermedia is a species of mayfly in the family Isonychiidae. Like other members of its genus, it is an aquatic insect with a life cycle consisting of an extended nymphal stage in freshwater habitats followed by a brief adult stage. The species is found in North America and is part of the EPT (Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera) assemblage used in water quality biomonitoring. Adults are known to anglers as 'slate drakes' due to their dark wing coloration.
Isonychia rufa
Isonychia rufa is a brushlegged mayfly species in the family Isonychiidae, first described by McDunnough in 1931. It belongs to the bicolor group within its genus. The species is found in larger rivers and streams of the Mississippi drainage system in central North America.
Isonychia sicca
Brushlegged mayfly
Isonychia sicca is a brushlegged mayfly species in the family Isonychiidae, distributed across Central America and North America including southeastern Canada and Mexico. As a member of the order Ephemeroptera, it exhibits the characteristic aquatic nymphal stage and brief adult lifespan typical of mayflies. A life history study has documented this species in intermittent stream habitats in north central Texas, indicating adaptation to temporary aquatic environments.
Isonychia tusculanensis
Isonychia tusculanensis is a species of brushlegged mayfly in the family Isonychiidae, described by Berner in 1948. It belongs to a genus commonly referred to as "slate drake" mayflies. Like other members of the order Ephemeroptera, it has an aquatic nymphal stage and a short-lived adult stage. The species is documented from North America.
Iswaeon anoka
small minnow mayfly
Iswaeon anoka is a species of small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae, first described by Daggy in 1945. The species is currently recognized under the genus Iswaeon, though it has been treated as a synonym of Heterocloeon anoka in some taxonomic databases. Like other members of Baetidae, it belongs to the diverse group of small mayflies commonly found in freshwater habitats.
Leptohyphes
little stout crawler mayflies
Leptohyphes is a genus of small, robust mayflies in the family Leptohyphidae, commonly referred to as "little stout crawler mayflies." The genus contains approximately 18 described species distributed primarily in the Neotropics, with a concentration in South America. Species in this genus are characterized by their crawling behavior and compact body form. The genus was established by Eaton in 1882.
Leptophlebia cupida
Early Brown Spinner, Black Quill
Leptophlebia cupida is a pronggilled mayfly species native to North America, commonly known as the early brown spinner or black quill. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with egg diapause during summer months. Nymphs develop through approximately 20-34 instars over 10 months, with emergence occurring from late April to mid-May. Adults are short-lived, non-feeding, and mate in swarms near streams.
Leptophlebia intermedia
Leptophlebia intermedia is a species of pronggilled mayfly in the family Leptophlebiidae. It was described by Traver in 1932. The species is found in North America.
Leptophlebia nebulosa
prong-gilled mayfly
Leptophlebia nebulosa is a species of prong-gilled mayfly in the family Leptophlebiidae. It is found in North America. The species belongs to a group characterized by their forked or prong-like gills, a distinctive morphological feature of the family Leptophlebiidae.
Leptophlebia pacifica
Leptophlebia pacifica is a species of pronggilled mayfly in the family Leptophlebiidae. It was described by McDunnough in 1933. The species occurs in North America within the Nearctic realm. As a member of Leptophlebiidae, it possesses the forked gills characteristic of this family.
Leucrocuta aphrodite
Leucrocuta aphrodite is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. It inhabits freshwater streams and rivers in eastern North America. The species was described by McDunnough in 1926.
Leucrocuta hebe
flatheaded mayfly
Leucrocuta hebe is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. This species is found across parts of North America, including the northern and southeastern United States and northern Canada. As a member of the order Ephemeroptera, it has an aquatic larval stage and a short-lived adult stage.
Leucrocuta jewetti
Jewett's Flat-headed Mayfly
Leucrocuta jewetti is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. It is known from southeastern Canada and the northwestern United States. As a member of the Heptageniidae, it belongs to a family of mayflies commonly associated with running water habitats. The species was described by Allen in 1966.
Leucrocuta juno
Leucrocuta juno is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, described by McDunnough in 1924. It belongs to the order Ephemeroptera, a group of aquatic insects known for their brief adult lifespan. The species is native to North America and is part of a genus characterized by distinctive morphological features typical of heptageniid mayflies.
Leucrocuta minerva
Leucrocuta minerva is a species of mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, described by McDunnough in 1924. It belongs to a genus of small to medium-sized flat-headed mayflies commonly known as "little yellow quills" or similar vernacular names. Species in this genus are typically associated with running water habitats. The specific epithet "minerva" refers to the Roman goddess of wisdom, though the etymological reasoning behind this choice is not documented in available sources.
Leucrocuta thetis
Leucrocuta thetis is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. It is known from North America. As a member of the Heptageniidae, it belongs to a group of mayflies commonly associated with running water habitats. The species was described by Traver in 1935.
Maccaffertium
flatheaded mayflies
Maccaffertium is a genus of mayflies in the family Heptageniidae, commonly known as flatheaded mayflies. The genus was established by Bednarik in 1979 and contains approximately 19–20 described species. Like other members of Heptageniidae, these mayflies are characterized by their flattened, streamlined bodies adapted for life in flowing water. The genus is found in North America, with species distributed across various freshwater habitats.
Maccaffertium mediopunctatum
flat-headed mayfly
Maccaffertium mediopunctatum is a species of flat-headed mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. It occurs in Southeastern Canada and the Eastern United States. The species has two recognized subspecies: M. m. arwini and M. m. mediopunctatum. Like other members of its genus, it exhibits the unique mayfly developmental trait of having a fully winged subadult stage (subimago) that requires one additional molt to reach sexual maturity.
Maccaffertium mediopunctatum arwini
A subspecies of mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. Like other members of its genus, it exhibits the characteristic subimago stage—fully winged but sexually immature—unique among insects. Adults are short-lived, emerging from aquatic habitats to mate. The subspecific epithet honors an individual, following the pattern of other Maccaffertium subspecies.
Maccaffertium mediopunctatum mediopunctatum
Maccaffertium mediopunctatum mediopunctatum is a subspecies of mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. The genus Maccaffertium was established to accommodate species formerly placed in Heptagenia and related genera, distinguished by particular features of the male genitalia and wing venation. This subspecies is part of a group of flatheaded mayflies commonly found in North American streams and rivers. Subimagos (subadults) of this species exhibit the characteristic pale, milky-white coloration and opaque wings typical of the genus, with sexual dimorphism in eye size and abdominal claspers.
Maccaffertium meririvulanum
fresh flat-headed mayfly
Maccaffertium meririvulanum is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, characterized by its distinctive flattened head morphology typical of this group. The species is known from North America, where it inhabits freshwater lotic environments. As with other members of the genus, it undergoes the unique mayfly developmental pattern involving a winged subadult (subimago) stage that molts once more to reach sexual maturity.
Maccaffertium mexicanum
flatheaded mayfly
A flatheaded mayfly species in the family Heptageniidae. Adults are attracted to light sources near aquatic habitats. The species possesses the unique mayfly trait of developing fully functional wings during the subimago (sub-adult) stage, requiring one additional molt to reach sexual maturity. Two subspecies are recognized: M. m. integrum and M. m. mexicanum.
Maccaffertium modestum
flatheaded mayfly
Maccaffertium modestum is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. It occurs in North America, specifically in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada. The species exhibits the characteristic subimago stage typical of mayflies, where fully functional wings develop before the final molt to adulthood.
Maccaffertium pudicum
flatheaded mayfly
Maccaffertium pudicum is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. It is found in North America. The species exhibits the characteristic subimago stage typical of mayflies, where fully functional wings develop before the final molt to adulthood.
Maccaffertium terminatum placitum
Maccaffertium terminatum placitum is a subspecies of mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. Like other members of the genus, it exhibits the unique mayfly developmental trait of having a functional winged sub-adult stage (subimago) prior to the final molt to sexual maturity. The subimago is characterized by milky-white, opaque wings and paler body coloration compared to the transparent-winged adult. This subspecies is part of the Nearctic fauna of North America.
Matriella
Matriella is a genus of mayflies in the family Ephemerellidae, established by Jacobus & McCafferty in 2008. As a relatively recently described genus within the spiny crawler mayfly family, it represents part of the ongoing taxonomic refinement of Ephemerellidae. The genus belongs to the order Ephemeroptera, an ancient group of aquatic insects with aquatic immature stages and terrestrial adults. Specific details about species diversity and biology within Matriella remain limited in available sources.
Matriella teresa
Matriella teresa is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae, described by Traver in 1934. It belongs to a genus of mayflies found in North America. As with other members of Ephemerellidae, it likely inhabits freshwater streams and rivers during its aquatic nymphal stage.
Metretopodidae
cleftfooted minnow mayflies
Metretopodidae is a family of mayflies in the order Ephemeroptera, commonly known as cleftfooted minnow mayflies. The family contains at least 3 genera (Metreplecton, Metretopus, Siphloplecton) and more than 20 described species. These mayflies are part of the diverse aquatic insect fauna associated with freshwater habitats.
Metretopus
Metretopus is a genus of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) in the family Metretopodidae, containing at least two species: M. alter and M. borealis. These insects are found across northern regions of Europe, Russia, and North America. The genus has historically posed identification challenges, with M. alter frequently misidentified as M. borealis until morphological distinguishing characters were established.
Metretopus borealis
Metretopus borealis is a mayfly species in the family Metretopodidae, originally described as Heptagenia borealis by Eaton in 1871. It is distributed across the Nearctic and Palearctic regions, with confirmed presence in North America. The species belongs to a small family of mayflies whose members are typically associated with cool, flowing waters.
Neocloeon
Neocloeon is a genus of mayflies in the family Baetidae. The species Neocloeon triangulifer has emerged as an important laboratory model organism for aquatic ecotoxicology and physiological studies due to its sensitivity to environmental stressors and ability to complete its life cycle in controlled conditions. The genus is distinguished by parthenogenetic reproduction in at least some populations, a trait that facilitates laboratory culture. Species in this genus inhabit freshwater streams and serve as bioindicators for water quality assessment.
Neoephemera
large squaregill mayflies
Neoephemera is a genus of large squaregill mayflies in the family Neoephemeridae, established by McDunnough in 1925. The genus contains approximately six extant species distributed across North America and Asia, plus one extinct species from the Eocene of Washington State. Species range from moderate to large size within the family, with body lengths varying considerably. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with at least one species (N. projecta) transferred to a new genus Pulchephemera based on phylogenetic analysis of plesiomorphic characters.
Neoephemera purpurea
large squaregill mayfly
Neoephemera purpurea is a species of large squaregill mayfly in the family Neoephemeridae. It was originally described as Oreianthus purpureus by Traver in 1931. The species is known from North America, though specific details about its biology and ecology remain poorly documented.
Neoephemera youngi
Neoephemera youngi is a species of mayfly in the family Neoephemeridae, described by Berner in 1953. It belongs to a small family of mayflies with limited distribution records in the Nearctic region. Very little specific information about this species' biology, ecology, or appearance has been documented in accessible literature.
Neoephemeridae
large squaregill mayflies
Neoephemeridae is a small family of mayflies in the suborder Furcatergalia, containing approximately 13-17 described species across four genera: Neoephemera (Nearctic), Ochernova (Central Asia), Leucorhoenanthus (West Palearctic), and Potamanthellus (East Palearctic and Oriental). Nymphs are characterized by distinctive fimbriate (fringed) dorsal-oriented gills on abdominal segments, giving rise to the common name "large squaregill mayflies." The family has a disjunct Holarctic-Oriental distribution with recent findings in southwestern and northwestern China linking previously isolated genera biogeographically.
Neoleptophlebia assimilis
Southeastern Prong-gilled Mayfly
Neoleptophlebia assimilis is a species of prong-gilled mayfly in the family Leptophlebiidae. It is known from the southeastern United States. The species belongs to a genus characterized by gills with divided, finger-like lobes. Mayflies in this family are typically associated with running water habitats and serve as important indicators of water quality.
Neoleptophlebia mollis
soft prong-gilled mayfly
Neoleptophlebia mollis is a species of prong-gilled mayfly in the family Leptophlebiidae. The species was first described by Eaton in 1871. It belongs to a genus characterized by forked gills on abdominal segments, a trait reflected in the common name "prong-gilled mayfly." The specific epithet "mollis" (Latin for "soft") likely refers to some aspect of the species' morphology or texture.
Nixe
Nixe is a genus of mayflies in the family Heptageniidae, established by Flowers in 1980. These aquatic insects belong to the order Ephemeroptera, characterized by their short adult lifespan and complex life cycles involving aquatic nymphal stages. The genus has been documented in 451 iNaturalist observations, indicating moderate levels of citizen science engagement. As heptageniid mayflies, members of this genus likely inhabit flowing water environments where their nymphs develop.
Nixe inconspicua
Nixe inconspicua is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, first described by McDunnough in 1924. As a member of the Heptageniidae, it possesses the characteristic dorsoventrally flattened body form typical of this family. The species is known from North America, though specific details about its biology and ecology remain limited in the available literature.
Nixe lucidipennis
clear-winged flat-headed mayfly
Nixe lucidipennis is a species of flat-headed mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, distributed across North America. The species was described by Clemens in 1913. It is known from a limited number of observations, with records indicating presence in the Nearctic region. As a member of the genus Nixe, it belongs to a group of mayflies characterized by their flattened head morphology and association with running water habitats.
Oligoneuriidae
Brushlegged Mayflies, Brushleg Mayflies
Oligoneuriidae is a family of mayflies characterized by specialized filtering structures on their nymphs' forelegs, earning them the common name "brushlegged mayflies." The family exhibits a pantropical distribution with at least 68 described species across over a dozen genera, including both extant and extinct lineages from the Cretaceous period. Nymphs possess two rows of setae on the forelegs used for filter feeding and tufts of gills at the base of their maxillae. The family has been documented from freshwater habitats across Africa, South America, the Mediterranean region, and the Middle East, with some species showing extended multiyear life cycles.
Palingeniidae
spiny-headed burrowing mayflies
Palingeniidae is a family of large mayflies commonly known as spiny-headed burrowing mayflies. Adults are characterized by having more than four longitudinal cross-veins on their wings, with males possessing short, wide pronota and well-developed legs in both sexes. Female cerci are shorter than the body. Nymphs are burrowers in muddy substrates of large rivers. The family includes notable species such as Palingenia longicauda, the largest European mayfly at up to 12 cm in length.
Paracloeodes
Paracloeodes is a genus of small minnow mayflies in the family Baetidae, established by Day in 1955. The genus contains at least 23 described species distributed across the Americas, with the highest diversity concentrated in the Neotropical region. Nymph-adult associations have been established for only nine species, indicating significant gaps in life stage knowledge. Recent taxonomic work has focused on describing new species and clarifying previously unknown adult stages, such as for P. carolinae.
Paracloeodes minutus
small minnow mayfly
Paracloeodes minutus is a small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae. It is found in Central America and North America, including southeastern Canada, northern Mexico, and the continental United States. The species was described by Daggy in 1945.
Paraleptophlebia debilis
mahogany dun
Paraleptophlebia debilis, commonly known as the mahogany dun, is a species of pronggilled mayfly in the family Leptophlebiidae. It was first described by Francis Walker in 1853 under the basionym Baetis debilis. The species is found in North America, though specific details about its ecology and biology remain limited in available sources.
Paraleptophlebia guttata
dappled prong-gilled mayfly
Paraleptophlebia guttata is a prong-gilled mayfly in the family Leptophlebiidae. Adults are known from southeastern Canada, northern Canada, and the eastern United States. The species is part of a diverse genus of stream-dwelling mayflies characterized by forked gills on abdominal segments.
Paraleptophlebia helena
pronggilled mayfly
Paraleptophlebia helena is a species of pronggilled mayfly in the family Leptophlebiidae. The species was described by Day in 1952 and is known to occur in North America. As a member of the Leptophlebiidae, it possesses the characteristic forked gills (pronggills) that give the group its common name.
Paraleptophlebia vaciva
pronggilled mayfly
Paraleptophlebia vaciva is a species of pronggilled mayfly in the family Leptophlebiidae. It is found in southwestern Canada, the northwestern United States, and Alaska. As a member of Leptophlebiidae, it possesses the characteristic forked gills on abdominal segments that give the group its common name.
Pisciforma
Pisciforma is a suborder of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) encompassing at least 410 described species across 11 families. It includes diverse aquatic insects commonly known as minnow mayflies, flatheaded mayflies, and sand-dwelling mayflies. Members occupy varied freshwater habitats and exhibit morphological diversity in mouthpart structure and leg morphology.
Plauditus
small minnow mayflies
Plauditus is a genus of small minnow mayflies in the family Baetidae, established by Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty in 1998. The genus contains approximately 10 described species distributed in North America. These mayflies are aquatic insects with larvae that exhibit considerable morphological and color variation, particularly in abdominal patterning.
Plauditus cestus
Plauditus cestus is a small mayfly in the family Baetidae, widespread across eastern and central North America. Recent records have extended its known range substantially, including a 1900 km northwestward expansion to the Northwest Territories. The species exhibits notable larval color variation, with some populations showing pronounced abdominal segment coloration.
Plauditus dubius
small minnow mayfly
Plauditus dubius is a species of small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae. It has been documented across a broad geographic range including all of Canada, the northern and southeastern United States, and Alaska. The species belongs to a genus of mayflies commonly associated with running water habitats. Limited observational records exist, with only three documented observations in iNaturalist.
Potamanthidae
Hackle-gilled Burrower Mayflies
Potamanthidae is a family of burrowing mayflies comprising approximately 23 species across three to four genera (Anthopotamus, Potamanthus, Rhoenanthus, and Stygifloris). Larvae are fossorial, inhabiting interstitial spaces in gravel and pebble substrates of streams and rivers, and possess distinctive mandibular tusks used for excavation and defense. Adults are aerial and short-lived. The family has a disjunct distribution spanning North America and East Asia.
Procloeon nelsoni
Procloeon nelsoni is a species of small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae, described by Wiersema in 1999. It is known from the southern United States. As a member of Baetidae, it belongs to a diverse family of mayflies commonly associated with running water habitats.
Procloeon vicinum
Procloeon vicinum is a species of small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae. It belongs to a genus of mayflies commonly found in freshwater habitats across North America. The species was described by Hagen in 1861 and is currently accepted as valid. Like other members of Baetidae, it likely inhabits running waters and exhibits the typical mayfly life cycle of aquatic nymphal stages followed by short-lived winged adults.
Procloeon viridoculare
small minnow mayfly
Procloeon viridoculare is a species of small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae. It was first described by Berner in 1940 under the basionym Centroptilum viridocularis. The species is known from North America. Like other members of Baetidae, it belongs to a diverse family of mayflies commonly associated with freshwater habitats.
Pseudiron
crabwalker mayflies
Pseudiron is a monotypic genus of mayflies containing a single described species, Pseudiron centralis. The genus is notable for its specialized psammophilous (sand-dwelling) ecology and predatory lifestyle, which is uncommon among mayflies. Larvae are active epibenthic predators that inhabit sandy substrates in river systems.
Pseudiron centralis
White Sand-river Mayfly
Pseudiron centralis is a predaceous mayfly species endemic to sandy freshwater river habitats in North America. It exhibits a univoltine summer life cycle with an extended egg stage lasting 9–10 months. Larvae are active epibenthic predators specialized for feeding on psammophilous chironomid larvae, with distinct microhabitat shifts during development: early instars occupy marginal sands, while later instars inhabit shifting sand dunes in main channel areas. The species shows low population density but also low mortality, with random dispersion patterns in mature larvae.
Raptoheptagenia cruentata
predaceous flat-headed mayfly
Raptoheptagenia cruentata is a mayfly species originally described as Heptagenia cruentata by Walsh in 1863, later reclassified into the new genus Raptoheptagenia based on distinctive larval morphology. The genus was established because the larvae differ markedly from other Heptagenia species, having been previously misidentified as belonging to the genus Anepeorus. Adult males were successfully reared from these larvae, confirming the adult-larval association. This species belongs to the family Heptageniidae, commonly known as flat-headed mayflies.
Rhithrogena
March Browns, Olive Uprights
Rhithrogena is a genus of flatheaded mayflies in the family Heptageniidae, commonly known as March Browns or Olive Uprights. The genus contains approximately 153 species distributed across the Holarctic region. Larvae are primarily scrapers that feed on periphyton from stones in running waters. Several species serve as important food sources for fish and have been studied for their bioindicator potential in freshwater monitoring.
Rhithrogena hageni
Western Black Quill
Rhithrogena hageni is a mayfly species in the family Heptageniidae, first described by Eaton in 1885. It is known from the Nearctic region, specifically North America. The species is commonly referred to as the Western Black Quill. Like other members of the genus Rhithrogena, it is associated with lotic (flowing water) habitats where its nymphs develop.
Serratella levis
spiny crawler mayfly
Serratella levis is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae. It was described by Day in 1954 and is found in North America, specifically in the western United States. As a member of the spiny crawler mayflies, it belongs to a group characterized by distinctive morphological features and ecological adaptations to freshwater habitats.
Serratella serrata
little sooty olive
Serratella serrata is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae. It is found in the south half of Canada and the eastern United States. The species is commonly known as the little sooty olive.
Siphlonuridae
primitive minnow mayfly
Siphlonuridae, commonly called primitive minnow mayflies, is a family of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) characterized by morphological traits considered ancestral within the order. Members are adapted to cool waters and occur across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The family includes approximately six extant genera: Ameletoides, Edmundsius, Parameletus, Siphlonisca, Siphlonurus, and the former genus Metretopus (now sometimes placed in Siphlonuridae). Nymphs inhabit diverse freshwater habitats including temporary ponds, streams, and floodplains, with habitat preferences often shifting during ontogeny.
Siphlonurus
primitive minnow mayflies, gray drakes
Siphlonurus is a genus of primitive minnow mayflies in the family Siphlonuridae, comprising more than 40 described species. Species inhabit temporary and intermittent ponds, with nymphal development occurring during spring months and adult emergence in late May to June. Adults are non-feeding and rely on energy reserves accumulated during the aquatic larval stage. The genus is notable among fly fishers for species such as Siphlonurus quebecensis (early brown quill), which is imitated with specialized fly patterns.
Siphlonurus alternatus
Northern Summer Mayfly
Siphlonurus alternatus is a primitive minnow mayfly with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America and Europe. The species is univoltine, overwintering as eggs and emerging as adults between May and August. Larvae inhabit deep pools in rivers, streams, and calcareous lakes, where they feed on fine particulate organic detritus. Adults emerge during daylight hours, with males forming swarms at dawn and dusk.
Siphlonurus columbianus
Columbian gray drake
Siphlonurus columbianus is a species of mayfly in the family Siphlonuridae, described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1925. It is native to the Nearctic region and is one of several Siphlonurus species known to fly fishermen as "gray drakes." Adults are medium-sized mayflies with distinctive body segmentation. Like other members of its genus, it has a two-winged adult stage and an aquatic nymphal stage. The species is occasionally referenced in angling literature, though detailed biological studies appear limited.
Siphlonurus marshalli
primitive minnow mayfly
Siphlonurus marshalli is a species of primitive minnow mayfly in the family Siphlonuridae, described by Traver in 1934. It is found in North America. As a member of the family Siphlonuridae, it represents one of the more basal lineages within the order Ephemeroptera.
Siphlonurus mirus
primitive minnow mayfly
Siphlonurus mirus is a species of primitive minnow mayfly in the family Siphlonuridae. It has been studied in intermittent pond habitats, where its life history is synchronized to seasonal wet-dry cycles. The species is found in North America and belongs to a family of mayflies known for their importance to fly fishing.
Siphlonurus occidentalis
primitive minnow mayfly
Siphlonurus occidentalis is a species of primitive minnow mayfly in the family Siphlonuridae. It belongs to a group of mayflies considered evolutionarily basal within the order Ephemeroptera. The species has a broad distribution spanning from Central America through North America, including Alaska and northern Canada. Like other members of its family, it likely inhabits cool, flowing waters and exhibits the characteristic aquatic nymph and terrestrial adult life stages typical of mayflies.
Siphlonurus phyllis
primitive minnow mayfly
Siphlonurus phyllis is a species of primitive minnow mayfly in the family Siphlonuridae. It was described by McDunnough in 1923. The species is distributed across all of Canada and the northern United States.
Siphlonurus rapidus
Siphlonurus rapidus is a species of primitive minnow mayfly in the family Siphlonuridae. It was described by McDunnough in 1924. The species is found in North America. Like other members of the genus Siphlonurus, it is considered a "gray drake" mayfly of interest to fly fishermen.
Siphlonurus securifer
primitive minnow mayfly
Siphlonurus securifer is a species of primitive minnow mayfly described by McDunnough in 1926. It belongs to the family Siphlonuridae, a group of mayflies characterized by their relatively unspecialized morphology compared to more derived mayfly families. The species is known from North America, though specific details about its biology and ecology remain limited in published literature.
Siphlonurus spectabilis
primitive minnow mayfly
Siphlonurus spectabilis is a species of primitive mayfly in the family Siphlonuridae, first described by Traver in 1934. It belongs to a group commonly known as minnow mayflies, characterized by their relatively primitive morphological features compared to other mayfly families. The species has a documented distribution in northern Canada and the western United States.
Siphlonurus typicus
primitive minnow mayfly
Siphlonurus typicus is a species of primitive minnow mayfly in the family Siphlonuridae. It inhabits temporary ponds in eastern North America, where nymphs develop from March through June and adults emerge from late May to mid-June. Development is strongly temperature-dependent, with degree days serving as an excellent predictor of population maturity.
Siphloplecton basale
Siphloplecton basale is a cleftfooted minnow mayfly in the family Metretopodidae. It is the most widely distributed species in its genus, occurring across all of Canada and the eastern United States. The species belongs to a small family of mayflies characterized by specialized leg adaptations. Like other mayflies, it has an aquatic larval stage and a short-lived adult stage.
Spinadis simplex
Wallace's Deepwater Mayfly
Spinadis simplex is a species of mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, commonly known as Wallace's Deepwater Mayfly. It is a North American species first described by Walsh in 1863. The genus Spinadis is distinguished within the Heptageniidae by specific morphological characteristics related to wing venation and genitalia structure. Like other members of the family, S. simplex has aquatic nymphal stages and winged adult stages with brief adult lifespans.
Stenacron carolina
Carolina flat-headed mayfly
Stenacron carolina is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. It is found in North America. The species was described by Banks in 1914. Like other members of the genus Stenacron, it is associated with aquatic habitats.
Stenacron floridense
Stenacron floridense is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, first described by Lewis in 1974. It is part of a genus of mayflies characterized by dorsoventrally flattened bodies adapted for clinging to substrates in flowing water. The species is recorded from North America, though specific details about its biology remain limited in published literature.
Stenacron minnetonka
flatheaded mayfly
Stenacron minnetonka is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, first described by Daggy in 1945. It is known from North America. The species belongs to a genus of aquatic insects whose larvae inhabit flowing freshwater environments. Limited observational data are available for this species specifically.
Stenonema femoratum
Dark Cahill
Stenonema femoratum, commonly known as the Dark Cahill, is a mayfly species in the family Heptageniidae. It is native to North America and has been documented in the Nearctic region, including the northeastern United States. The species is part of the diverse mayfly fauna associated with freshwater systems.
Teloganopsis
spiny crawler mayfly
Teloganopsis is a genus of spiny crawler mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) comprising approximately 17 described species. The genus was established by Ulmer in 1939 and occurs primarily in the Oriental region. Recent taxonomic work in Thailand has used integrative approaches combining morphology and molecular data (COI and 28S rDNA) to distinguish species, with abdominal color patterns serving as consistent diagnostic characters across developmental stages. Species in this genus have been documented from Thailand and other parts of Asia, though many remain poorly known due to limited collection and study.
Teloganopsis deficiens
little black quill
Teloganopsis deficiens, commonly known as the little black quill, is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae. It was first described by Morgan in 1911. The species occurs in North America and is part of a mayfly group characterized by crawling behavior and spiny body features. Like other Ephemerellidae, it has an aquatic larval stage and short-lived adult form.
Thraulodes speciosus
Thraulodes speciosus is a species of mayfly in the family Leptophlebiidae, described by Traver in 1934. It belongs to the order Ephemeroptera, an ancient group of aquatic insects with brief adult stages. The genus Thraulodes is distributed across the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Like other leptophlebiid mayflies, this species has aquatic nymphal stages and terrestrial adults that do not feed.
Timpanoga
Timpanoga is a genus of spiny crawler mayflies in the family Ephemerellidae, established by Needham in 1927. The genus contains a single described species, Timpanoga hecuba, commonly known to fly fishermen as the great red quill. This species is significant in angling communities as a model for artificial fly patterns imitating adult and subimago (dun) forms.
Tortopsis primus
Manitoba white burrowing mayfly
Tortopsis primus is a species of burrowing mayfly in the family Polymitarcyidae, described by McDunnough in 1924. It is commonly known as the Manitoba white burrowing mayfly. The species belongs to the order Ephemeroptera, an ancient group of aquatic insects with aquatic immature stages and short-lived winged adults. As a member of Polymitarcyidae, it exhibits the family characteristic of burrowing habits in its nymphal stage.
Tortopsis puella
Tortopsis puella is a species of burrowing mayfly in the family Polymitarcyidae, originally described by Pictet in 1843. It belongs to a genus characterized by fossorial (burrowing) larvae that inhabit sandy or muddy substrates in freshwater environments. The species is known from the Nearctic region, with records from North America.
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
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little stout crawler mayflies
Tricorythodes is a genus of small, robust mayflies in the family Leptohyphidae, commonly known as little stout crawler mayflies. The genus comprises approximately 16 described species distributed across the Americas. Nymphs are primarily found in stream habitats where they function as collector-gatherers, processing fine particulate organic matter. Species within this genus exhibit multivoltine life histories with development rates strongly influenced by temperature.
Tricorythodes explicatus
Tricorythodes explicatus is a species of small mayfly in the family Leptohyphidae, first described by Eaton in 1892. It belongs to a genus commonly known as stout crawler mayflies, characterized by reduced wing venation and robust body proportions. The species has been documented in Middle America and North America, though detailed biological studies remain limited.