Ensign Scales

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Ortheziidae: //ɔrˈθɛz.i.aɪ.diː//

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Summary

Ortheziidae, commonly known as ensign scales, are a family of scale insects characterized by their distinct segmentation, waxy covering, and a broad range of host plants. They are found across the globe but are most diverse in the Neotropical and Nearctic regions.

Physical Characteristics

Females distinctly segmented and elongate-oval. Adult ensign scales have six dark coloured legs, a pair of dark antennae, and stalked eyes. The antennae are 4- to 9-segmented and covered by hard, waxy, white plates. The upper surface of the body is covered in a thick waxy secretion giving it a decorated, fluted appearance.

Identification Tips

Look for the hard, waxy, white plates covering the body and the distinct segmentation of females. Adults possess thick bristly setae at the apex of their antennae.

Habitat

Ensign scales occur on almost any part of their host plants, including roots, and some species are found in caves.

Distribution

Found in most parts of the world with the majority of species in the Neotropical and Nearctic regions; fewer species occur in Australasia and the Far East.

Diet

Phloem sap from host plants, including mosses, grasses, small herbaceous plants, woody shrubs, and fungi.

Life Cycle

Ensign scales have four instars in the female and usually five instars in the male; the male penultimate and ultimate nymphal stages are mobile and non-feeding like adult males.

Reproduction

Eggs are usually laid in an ovisac attached to the perimeter of the ventral abdomen by a band.

Ecosystem Role

Tended by Crematogaster ants, indicating a mutualistic relationship that may help with nutrient cycling.

Tags

• Ortheziidae
• ensign scales
• scale insects
• hemiptera
• coccoidea