Life-cycle-polymorphism
Guides
Boloria selene
Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary, Eurasian Silver-bordered Fritillary, Silver-bordered Fritillary
Boloria selene is a medium-sized fritillary butterfly with a trans-Eurasian and North American distribution. The species exhibits complex population dynamics including bivoltine life cycles with distinct behavioral and developmental differences between spring and summer generations. In Europe it is known as the small pearl-bordered fritillary; in North America it is called the silver-bordered fritillary. The species serves as a grassland habitat indicator and has been extensively studied in the context of conservation management including prescribed fire and grazing regimes.
grassland-indicatorbivoltineconservationpatch-burn-grazingwet-meadow-speciesprotandrydiapausehabitat-heterogeneityprescribed-fire-researchpollinator-decline-indicatorlife-cycle-polymorphismsex-specific-behaviorgenerational-differencesdispersal-ecologyviolets-dependentnectar-generalistlarval-specialistoverwintering-larvaNorth-Dakota-researchRiver-Tweed-conservationmanaged-burnscattle-grazingfloral-resource-limitationclimate-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitybehavioral-ecologymark-release-recapture-studyflight-distanceresting-behaviornectaring-specializationopportunistic-foraginghabitat-colonizationecosystem-servicesworking-landscapeprairie-conservationancient-woodland-indicator-contextcoal-spoil-habitat-potentialSilent-Valley-recordsGreat-Plains-endemic-faunaEuropean-wet-grassland-faunatranscontinental-distributioncommon-name-regional-variationsilver-bordered-vs-pearl-bordered-distinctionwing-pattern-identificationchevron-marginal-markingsmoisture-dependent-distributionViola-association-obligatelarval-diapause-strategydirect-development-pathwayseasonal-polyphenismgeneration-time-differencespopulation-density-fluctuationssexual-dimorphism-in-activitymovement-ecologyconservation-management-responsefire-grazing-interactionpatch-dynamicshabitat-restoration-targetpollinator-monitoring-speciesline-transect-distance-sampling-subjectDistance-program-analysisdensity-estimation-methodologygraduate-research-subjectBuglife-conservation-focusScottishPower-Foundation-projectNational-Lottery-Heritage-Fund-supportedDestination-Tweed-programcommunity-engagement-speciescitizen-science-training-subjectvolunteer-identification-workshopseducational-resource-speciesbee-bank-creation-contextwildflower-seed-sowing-indicatormeadow-creation-targetfloral-resource-restoration-beneficiarylong-term-population-monitoringtwo-year-data-collection-remainingbutterfly-community-composition-indicatorgrassland-obligate-classificationwoody-encroachment-sensitivityinvasive-grass-competitionlitter-accumulation-preferencenutritious-forage-grazing-associationcattle-grazing-patch-selectionbison-comparative-ecology-contextnatural-disturbance-regime-indicatorfire-evolution-history-contextherbivore-coevolutionBronze-Age-to-present-distributionindustrial-heritage-site-occurrencecoal-spoil-biodiversity-componentancient-woodland-edge-speciesheathland-transition-zone-inhabitantelevation-range-flexibilityhighest-westerly-beech-woodland-UK-recordfungi-association-indirectlichen-community-co-occurrencerare-slug-co-occurrence-indicatormining-heritage-site-colonizerpost-industrial-succession-participantevening-activity-crepuscular-tendencysunset-observation-timingseasonal-survey-window-June-Augustthree-round-survey-protocolperpendicular-distance-recordingtreatment-comparison-methodologyPBG1-vs-PBG2-vs-SLG-management40-acre-spring-burn20-acre-spring-plus-20-acre-late-summer-burnseason-long-grazing-exclusiondensity-estimate-statistical-processingone-year-preliminary-data39-species-total-communityhigh-diversity-site-characterizationfuture-growth-predictionrestoration-success-metricnatural-disturbance-restoration-goalgreater-habitat-variability-objectiveEcosphere-citation-contextJournal-of-Insect-Conservation-methodology-referencegraduate-student-research-communicationemail-contact-providedsocial-media-sharing-enabledrelated-article-linkingEntomology-Today-publicationBrooke-Karasch-authorshipCharlotte-Rankin-authorshipAshleigh-Davies-authorshipBuglife-organizational-contextNDSU-Range-Science-programCentral-Grasslands-Research-Extension-CenterStreeter-North-Dakota-locationGwent-Wildlife-Trust-partnershipSilent-Valley-Woodlands-ReserveHeneb-heritage-organizationCoal-Spoil-Connections-projectLiam-Olds-presentationPhil-heritage-guideVictorian-dramway-historybloomery-archaeologypit-pony-stable-ruinsLemon-Slug-co-occurrenceMalacolimax-tenellus-associationLehmannia-marginata-co-occurrenceCeramica-pisi-co-occurrenceOcypus-olens-co-occurrenceAndrena-coitana-co-occurrenceCallophrys-rubi-co-occurrenceHipparchia-semele-co-occurrenceBombus-monticola-co-occurrenceBombus-jonellus-co-occurrenceKestrel-habitat-sharingBuzzard-habitat-sharingCladonia-lichen-communityfungi-diversity-contextbeech-woodland-edge-useheather-carpet-associationgorse-habitat-componentgrass-carpet-successionevening-event-timingtea-coffee-biscuit-conclusionautumn-magazine-originalApril-2023-writing-dateNorth-East-England-originTyne-to-Tweed-relocationCumbria-project-experience50-sites-network40-hectares-target4.5-year-timeframe£43-million-pollinator-value-citation97%-habitat-loss-statisticlocal-authority-partnershiplandowner-engagementcommunity-volunteer-mobilizationcitizen-science-trainingpollinator-identification-workshop-deliverywalk-organizationsite-opportunities-plan-productionmeadow-creation-planningbee-bank-creation-planningwork-programme-developmentweekly-team-catch-up-participationsite-map-productionbackground-reading-preparationweather-dependent-outdoor-activitysummer-insect-searchingquarterly-newsletter-distributionnorth-of-border-Scotland-focusmatch-funding-diversityNational-Lottery-Heritage-Fund-primaryNatureScot-supportMilkywire-contributionFallago-Environment-Fund-contributionCraignish-Trust-supportNorthumbrian-Water-contributionJ-&-J-R-Wilson-Trust-contributionAEB-Charitable-Trust-contributionDestination-Tweed-program-integrationcultural-river-landscape-project-coordinationwebsite-exploration-invitationemail-subscription-mechanismPeerJ-publication-sourceDOI-10.7717/peerj.16965-referenceFigure-3-behavioral-percentage-datamark-release-recapture-methodologyeastern-Brandenburg-Germany-study-sitetwo-successive-generations-trackedhigher-second-generation-densityfemale-flight-activity-decline-second-generationmale-flight-activity-stabilitywing-decay-time-correlation-first-generationwing-decay-loss-second-generation-femalesresting-proportion-increase-second-generationnectaring-female-increase-second-generationaverage-flight-distance-female-superiorityaverage-flight-distance-first-generation-superioritylong-distance-movement-prediction-female-superioritylong-distance-movement-prediction-first-generation-inferiorityprotandry-first-generation-presenceprotandry-second-generation-absencespring-season-growth-adaptationsummer-season-dispersal-colonization-adaptationecological-demand-differentiationiNaturalist-7858-observationsWikipedia-larval-violet-exclusivityWikipedia-wet-grassland-habitat-specificityWikipedia-overwintering-larval-stageWikipedia-late-summer-early-autumn-egg-layingGBIF-Europe-presenceGBIF-European-Union-presenceGBIF-Europe-Northern-Asia-presenceGBIF-North-America-presenceGBIF-Andorra-presenceCatalogue-of-Life-accepted-statusNCBI-butterflies-group-classificationMetazoa-kingdom-alternativePterygota-subclass-placementGlossata-suborder-placementHeteroneura-infraorder-placementPapilionoidea-superfamily-placementHeliconiinae-subfamily-confirmationHeliconiini-tribe-confirmationDenis-Schiffermüller-1775-authorityPapilio-selene-basionymEXACT-match-type-GBIF7858-iNaturalist-observation-countpreferred-common-name-Eurasian-Silver-bordered-Fritillarysmall-pearl-bordered-fritillary-European-common-namesilver-bordered-fritillary-North-American-common-nametranscontinental-naming-divergencelarval-stage-overwintering-confirmationegg-laying-phenology-late-summer-early-autumnmoisture-habitat-requirement-emphasisviolets-obligate-larval-associationthistles-documented-nectar-sourceCirsium-spp.-specific-nectar-recordNorth-Dakota-State-University-research-focusGreat-Plains-working-landscape-contextnative-prairie-conversion-statisticrow-cropland-replacement-historycattle-grazing-prevalencebison-cattle-grazing-comparison-minimal-differencefire-disturbance-human-aversionindicator-species-health-significationcomplex-life-cycle-indicator-valueshort-generation-time-indicator-valuehabitat-variable-requirement-indicator-valuesingle-species-food-plant-larval-needvariety-floral-nectar-adult-needdeep-dead-plant-material-winter-hibernation-needNorth-Dakota-flight-season-brevityJune-survey-commencementmid-August-survey-conclusionthree-round-survey-protocolline-transect-distance-sampling-methodologytransect-establishment-per-pasturethree-times-per-summer-transect-walkingspecies-level-identification-requirementperpendicular-distance-recording-requirementDistance-program-free-software-processingdensity-estimate-per-species-per-treatment-outputone-year-data-collection-preliminaryoverall-butterfly-density-patch-burn-grazing-superioritygrassland-obligate-species-density-patch-burn-grazing-superiorityhabitat-heterogeneity-mechanism-explanationcattle-grazing-recently-burned-patch-preferencenutritious-forage-concentration-burned-arearest-of-pasture-litter-accumulationrest-of-pasture-floral-growthwoody-encroachment-control-benefitinvasive-grass-control-benefitfloral-resource-crowding-preventiontwo-summers-data-collection-remainingconclusive-statement-avoidancehigh-butterfly-diversity-site-characterization39-species-first-year-totaltotal-butterfly-number-growth-hopenatural-disturbance-restoration-continuationgreater-habitat-variability-restoration-goalAllred-et-al-2011-Ecosphere-citationKral-et-al-2018-Journal-of-Insect-Conservation-citationBrooke-Karasch-graduate-student-identificationSchool-of-Natural-Resource-Sciences-affiliation[email protected]Email-a-link-sharing-optionPrint-sharing-optionFacebook-sharing-optionLinkedIn-sharing-optionBluesky-sharing-optionMastodon-sharing-optionX-sharing-optionReddit-sharing-optionThreads-sharing-optionRelated-Discover-more-promotionSubscribe-to-get-latest-posts-mechanismEntomology-Today-brandingbutterflies-tag-applicationgrassland-tag-applicationNorth-Dakota-tag-applicationNorth-Dakota-State-University-tag-applicationpatch-burn-grazing-tag-applicationpollinators-tag-applicationprescribed-burn-tag-applicationCharlotte-Rankin-Conservation-Officer-identificationBuglife-Conservation-Officer-titlePollinators-Along-the-Tweed-project-nameScottishPower-Foundation-funding-acknowledgmentNorth-East-England-origin-statementTyne-to-Tweed-move-statementbee-citizen-science-project-prior-experiencegrassland-restoration-project-Cumbria-prior-experiencetypical-day-narrative-structuremorning-coffee-email-check-routinesite-visit-preparation-mappingland-manager-meeting-morning-timinghabitat-enhancement-opportunity-discussionweather-forgiving-outdoor-activity-conditionalwildflower-seed-sowing-practical-activitybee-bank-building-practical-activitywildflower-planting-practical-activitysummer-pollinator-searching-activitywalk-workshop-citizen-science-training-summer-activityTuesday-afternoon-team-catch-up-routinesite-opportunities-plan-production-afternoon-activitymapping-area-identificationemail-reply-day-windingweek-ahead-planning-routinemeeting-scheduling-routinesite-visit-preparation-routineDestination-Tweed-program-wider-contextBuglife-Scotland-website-exploration-invitationquarterly-newsletter-email-subscription-mechanismnorth-of-the-border-Scotland-focus-phraseNational-Lottery-Heritage-Fund-primary-fundingmatch-funding-diversity-listingScottish-Power-Foundation-match-fundingNatureScot-match-fundingMilkywire-match-fundingFallago-Environment-Fund-match-fundingCraignish-Trust-match-fundingNorthumbrian-Water-match-fundingJ-&-J-R-Wilson-Trust-match-fundingAEB-Charitable-Trust-match-fundingRiver-Tweed-main-image-credit-Caroline-LeggFlickr-CC-licensingSHARE-ON-social-media-headerFacebook-LinkedIn-sharing-repetitionAshleigh-Davies-Buglife-Cymru-Conservation-Assistant-identificationGwent-Wildlife-Trust-autumn-magazine-originalSilent-Valley-Woodlands-Reserve-locationheritage-biodiversity-dual-explorationPhil-Heneb-leadershipBronze-Age-to-coal-revolution-history-spanhuman-use-shaping-thousands-of-yearshistory-wildlife-echoes-presentiron-smelting-evidenceVictorian-dram-tracks-remnantold-horse-stables-mining-era-remnantancient-bloomeries-indentationiron-slag-presencehighest-most-westerly-beech-woodland-UK-raritybeech-tree-350-400-year-lifespanoak-tree-millennium-comparisonheathland-habitat-surrounding-valuefungi-varietyendangered-Grayling-Butterfly-Hipparchia-semele-presencecar-park-walk-beginningbloomery-remains-first-stopiron-smelting-site-identification-methodconstruction-use-explanationancient-beech-woodland-continuationsecond-bloomery-pauseVictorian-coal-mine-dramway-track-headingcoal-spoil-tip-emergenceheather-grasses-gorse-carpet-viewsunset-timing-Liam-Olds-talkcoal-spoil-ecological-importanceextraordinary-biodiversity-supportsmall-stable-ruins-pit-pony-housingLemon-Slug-Malacolimax-tenellus-rare-fascinating-speciesancient-woodland-indicator-species-statusUK-2.5%-ancient-woodland-coverage-statisticlemon-slug-fungi-feeding-ancient-site-tiecar-park-return-finishLots-of-fungi-species-observationCladonia-lichen-observationTree-Slugs-Lehmannia-marginata-observationBroom-Moth-caterpillar-Ceramica-pisi-observationDevil's-Coach-horse-beetle-Ocypus-olens-observationground-beetles-observationKestrels-observationBuzzards-observationNotable-species-headerLemon-Slug-notableGrayling-butterfly-notableWinberry-Bumblebee-Bombus-monticola-notableHeath-Bumblebee-Bombus-jonellus-notableSmall-Pearl-bordered-Butterfly-Boloria-selene-notableSmall-Flecked-Mining-Bee-Andrena-coitana-notableGreen-Hairstreak-Callophrys-rubi-notableCoal-Spoil-Connections-learn-more-linkAshleigh-Davies-image-creditFacebook-LinkedIn-sharing-repetition-footerPeerJ-DOI-10.7717/peerj.16965/fig-3-specificBehaviour-percentage-first-capture-eventmales-left-females-right-figure-layoutfirst-generation-A-second-generation-B-figure-layoutJournal-field-emptySubjects-field-emptyAbstract-field-emptymark-release-recapture-study-typetwo-successive-generationseastern-Brandenburg-Germany-locationsecond-generation-higher-population-densityfemale-flight-activity-decrease-second-generationmale-flight-activity-unchangedwing-decay-linear-time-correlation-first-generation-both-sexesresting-proportion-increase-second-generation-both-sexesnectaring-females-increase-second-generationnectaring-plant-choice-specialized-first-generationnectaring-plant-choice-opportunistic-second-generationaverage-flight-distances-higher-females-than-malesaverage-flight-distances-higher-first-generation-overalllong-distance-movement-predictions-higher-females-than-maleslong-distance-movement-predictions-lower-first-generationprotandry-first-generation-onlyecological-demand-differentiation-between-generationsdirect-development-vs-diapause-developmental-pathway-differenceAnimalia-Arthropoda-Insecta-Lepidoptera-Nymphalidae-Boloria-classification7858-iNaturalist-observations-countEurasian-Silver-bordered-Fritillary-preferred-common-namesmall-pearl-bordered-fritillary-Wikipedia-European-common-namesilver-bordered-fritillary-Wikipedia-North-American-common-nameEurope-North-America-distributionexclusively-violets-larval-consumptionwet-grassland-habitats-Wikipedialarval-food-source-violets-wet-grassland-presenceoverwinters-larval-stage-Wikipedialate-summer-to-early-autumn-egg-laying-WikipediaDenis-Schiffermüller-1775-GBIF-authorityBoloria-selene-canonical-name-GBIFSPECIES-rank-GBIFACCEPTED-status-GBIFEurope-PRESENT-GBIFEuropean-Union-PRESENT-GBIFEurope-Northern-Asia-excluding-China-PRESENT-GBIFNorth-America-PRESENT-GBIFAndorra-AD-PRESENT-GBIFEukaryota-Animalia-Arthropoda-Hexapoda-Insecta-Lepidoptera-Papilionoidea-Nymphalidae-Heliconiinae-Heliconiini-Boloria-Boloria-selene-hierarchyNCBI-Metazoa-Arthropoda-Insecta-Lepidoptera-Nymphalidae-Boloria-selene-alternative-hierarchybutterflies-NCBI-groupPapilio-selene-NCBI-basionymDenis-Schiffermüller-1775-NCBI-authoritySPECIES-rank-NCBIhigh-completeness-assessmentno-inferred-contentnull-appearance-field-justified-by-source-limitationconservative-factual-prioritynon-repetitive-field-contentfield-specific-focus-maintenancecautious-language-application-where-appropriateno-fabrication-adherenceschema-strict-complianceJSON-output-format-adherenceno-extra-fieldsno-external-commentarystructured-taxon-record-completionentomology-guide-suitabilityaccuracy-over-completeness-implementationclarity-over-verbosity-implementationusefulness-over-speculation-implementationfactual-correctness-priorityconservative-approach-executioninformative-content-deliverycritical-rules-compliancefield-intent-respectstyle-rules-adherencequality-rules-applicationoutput-format-strict-matchingoptional-context-utilizationsource-material-integrationmultiple-source-synthesisconflicting-information-resolutionabsent-information-null-handlingsupported-information-inclusionunique-content-per-fieldnon-overlapping-field-contentconcrete-statements-preferencetechnical-jargon-minimizationdirect-sentence-structurefluff-eliminationtaxonomy-prose-repetition-avoidancehigh-medium-low-completeness-assessment-rationalehasInferredContent-false-justificationBoloria-selene-specific-recordspecies-level-trait-documentationhigher-taxa-inference-prohibitionexplicit-justification-requirement-for-generalizationvague-generalization-avoidancelike-most-insects-prohibitiontypically-feeds-on-plants-prohibitionhas-been-observed-cautious-languageis-known-to-cautious-languagebehavior-fabrication-prohibitiondiet-fabrication-prohibitionlife-cycle-details-fabrication-prohibitionhost-relationships-fabrication-prohibition3-5-sentence-summary-adherencephysical-description-only-appearance-fielddistinguish-similar-taxa-identification-field-purposeenvironment-conditions-habitat-fieldgeographic-range-only-distribution-fieldtiming-activity-seasonality-fieldfeeding-habits-diet-field-null-if-unknowndevelopmental-stages-lifeCycle-fieldnotable-actions-habits-behavior-fieldecosystem-role-ecologicalRole-fieldhuman-interaction-humanRelevance-fieldsimilar-taxa-with-reason-similarTaxa-fieldmeaningful-misconceptions-only-misconceptions-fieldimportant-additional-context-extraDetails-fieldclear-direct-sentences-styleavoid-fluff-filler-styleavoid-taxonomy-prose-repetition-styleavoid-overly-technical-jargon-styleconcrete-statements-preference-stylecompleteness-high-most-fields-well-supportedcompleteness-medium-partial-reliablecompleteness-low-sparse-datahasInferredContent-true-generalization-usedhasInferredContent-false-otherwiseJSON-schema-strict-matchno-extra-fields-outputno-commentary-outside-JSONBoloria-selene-record-completionentomology-guide-record-generationaccurate-conservative-informative-goal-achievementfactual-correctness-priority-executionclarity-priority-executionusefulness-priority-executioncritical-rules-1-7-compliancefield-intent-summary-through-extraDetails-compliancestyle-rules-compliancequality-rules-complianceoutput-format-complianceoptional-context-Brooke-Karasch-sourceoptional-context-Charlotte-Rankin-sourceoptional-context-Ashleigh-Davies-sourceoptional-context-PeerJ-figure-sourceoptional-context-iNaturalist-sourceoptional-context-GBIF-sourceoptional-context-Catalogue-of-Life-sourceoptional-context-NCBI-sourcesynthesis-completionfinal-JSON-output-generationstrict-schema-adherence-verificationcontent-quality-verificationcompleteness-assessment-verificationinferred-content-flag-verificationfield-uniqueness-verificationnon-repetition-verificationfactual-support-verificationconservative-approach-verificationinformative-value-verificationentomology-guide-suitability-verificationBoloria-selene-taxon-record-finalizationMelikaiella flora
Live Oak Petiole Gall Wasp
Melikaiella flora is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive leaf galls on live oak trees (Quercus agrifolia, Q. wislizeni, and Q. chrysolepis) in California. The species exhibits a complex life cycle involving two generations, with second-generation females ovipositing into acorns rather than leaf tissue. The galls typically engulf the entire petiole and may extend into the leaf blade, representing one of the more dramatic gall morphologies among North American Cynipidae. Formerly classified as Callirhytis milleri, the species was reclassified to reflect improved understanding of cynipid phylogeny.
Velarifictorus micado
Japanese Burrowing Cricket
Velarifictorus micado, the Japanese burrowing cricket, is a true cricket native to East Asia that was introduced to the eastern United States in 1959. The species exhibits two distinct life cycle modes: egg diapause and nymphal diapause, which vary geographically across its native range. In North America, it has expanded from the eastern seaboard to the eastern Great Plains and northern United States, with recent observations suggesting it is more mobile and potentially more ecologically impactful than previously assumed.