Forest-pest
Guides
Coleophora laricella
Larch Casebearer Moth, Western Larch Case-bearer
Coleophora laricella is a case-bearing moth native to Central and Northern Europe, where it feeds on European larch (Larix decidua). Introduced to North America in the mid-19th century, it has become a significant invasive pest of Larix species, particularly western larch (L. occidentalis) and tamarack (L. laricina). The species produces one generation annually, with larvae that mine inside larch needles and construct portable cases from hollowed-out foliage. Severe infestations can reduce annual tree growth by 97% after five years, causing substantial economic losses and increasing host susceptibility to secondary pests and diseases.
Colopterus truncatus
Colopterus truncatus is a sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae with a broad distribution across the Americas. It has been documented as a seed predator of Inga marginata in Brazil, representing the first record of this trophic interaction. Males produce a species-specific aggregation pheromone composed of polyene hydrocarbons that attracts both sexes, with field activity requiring synergism with fermenting substrates. The species has also been identified as a principal vector of oak wilt fungus in Minnesota, highlighting its significance in both agricultural and forest ecosystems.
Conophthorus
cone beetles
Conophthorus is a genus of bark beetles in the family Curculionidae comprising approximately 10 described species. Species are specialized on Pinus hosts, with most attacking pine cones and seeds, though some infest shoot tips. The genus includes economically significant pests of pine seed orchards and natural forests, causing cone abortion and reducing seed production. Life histories vary among species: some are univoltine while others are bivoltine, with corresponding differences in seasonal development and host utilization patterns.
Corthylus
ambrosia beetles, timber beetles
Corthylus is a genus of ambrosia beetles in the family Curculionidae containing more than 190 described species. Species in this genus are characterized by their symbiotic relationships with fungi, which they cultivate in galleries bored into wood. Several species are significant forest pests, attacking hardwood trees and causing structural damage through gallery construction and associated fungal infections that lead to wood rot and tree mortality. The genus includes economically important species such as the Columbian timber beetle (C. columbianus) and C. zulmae, which impact timber production and reforestation efforts.
Corthylus punctatissimus
Pitted Ambrosia Beetle, Maple Corthyle
Corthylus punctatissimus, commonly known as the pitted ambrosia beetle or maple corthyle, is an ambrosia beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is a documented pest of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) in northeastern North America, with established populations in southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The beetle targets small-diameter woody saplings and shrubs, boring into stems at soil level and creating spiral gallery tunnels that cause girdling damage and wilting of host trees.
Corythucha
lace bugs
Corythucha is a large genus of lace bugs (family Tingidae) comprising approximately 75 described species, primarily distributed in the northern hemisphere including North America, Europe, and eastern Asia. Members of this genus are small, sap-sucking true bugs characterized by their distinctive reticulated, lace-like forewings and pronotal expansions. Several species are economically significant pests of ornamental and crop plants, including the sycamore lace bug (C. ciliata), oak lace bug (C. arcuata), cotton or bean lace bug (C. gossypii), and chrysanthemum lace bug (C. marmorata). Some species exhibit notable behavioral traits such as maternal care (C. hewitti). The genus has been subject to extensive invasion biology research due to the rapid spread of several species through human-mediated transport and natural dispersal.
Corythucha arcuata
oak lace bug
Corythucha arcuata, the oak lace bug, is a small sap-sucking insect in the family Tingidae native to North America. First detected in Europe in 2000, it has become a major invasive pest across more than 20 EU countries, causing significant damage to oak forests. The species overwinters as adults and produces multiple overlapping generations per year, with development rates and generation number determined by thermal accumulation. In its invaded range, it lacks effective natural enemies, prompting investigation of classical biological control using the egg parasitoid Erythmelus klopomor from its native range.
Cryptococcus fagisuga
beech scale, woolly beech scale
Cryptococcus fagisuga is a felted scale insect and the initiating agent of beech bark disease, a complex disease affecting beech trees (Fagus spp.). Native to Europe, it was introduced to North America around 1890 and has since spread throughout the range of American beech. The insect feeds on phloem sap by inserting stylets into bark tissue, creating wounds that enable secondary infection by pathogenic Neonectria fungi. The combined damage from scale feeding and fungal cankers can girdle and kill trees over several years.
Crypturgini
Crypturgini is a small tribe of bark beetles within the subfamily Scolytinae. These beetles are associated with coniferous trees and are characterized by their minute size and cryptic lifestyle beneath bark. The tribe contains relatively few described species. Members are primarily distributed in the Northern Hemisphere.
Curculio
acorn weevils, nut weevils
Curculio is a genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as acorn weevils or nut weevils. Females use their elongated rostrum to bore holes in developing nuts of oak, hickory, and other trees to deposit eggs. Larvae develop inside the seeds, feeding on the nutritious kernel, then emerge in autumn to pupate in soil. The genus has been extensively studied due to its economic impact on nut production and its remarkable morphological adaptations for seed predation.
Curculio sayi
small chestnut weevil, lesser chestnut weevil
Curculio sayi is a true weevil (family Curculionidae) known as the small or lesser chestnut weevil. It is a highly host-specific pest of chestnuts in the genus Castanea, feeding and ovipositing exclusively on chestnut and chinquapin species. The species was historically a major pest of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) before the chestnut blight, with infestation rates of 50-75% considered normal. It has resurged as a significant pest with the restoration of blight-resistant chestnut plantings. Adults exhibit sexual dimorphism in body size and rostrum length, with females being larger and possessing longer snouts adapted for penetrating chestnut burrs.
Cyclorhipidion bodoanum
An invasive ambrosia beetle native to East Asia, now established in North America and Europe. First detected in Europe in 1960 in Alsace, France, with subsequent slow expansion across the continent. Confirmed in the Bohemian Massif of the Czech Republic in 2020, demonstrating continued eastward spread. Frequently introduced to new regions through international trade in wood and wood products.
Cyrtepistomus castaneus
Asiatic oak weevil, Asian oak weevil
Cyrtepistomus castaneus, commonly known as the Asiatic oak weevil, is an invasive broad-nosed weevil native to Asia that was first detected in North America in 1933. Adults are folivores that feed on oak (Quercus) and red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves, while larvae develop in soil feeding on root hairs. The species has established widespread populations across eastern and central North America.
Dactylotrypes longicollis
Dactylotrypes longicollis is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. It is an exotic species native to the Canary Islands that was first documented in California and North America in 2012. The species has been recorded in Africa, Europe, and North America, with established populations in California. As a scolytine beetle, it is associated with woody plants and bark habitats.
Datana
Datana is a genus of prominent moths in the family Notodontidae, erected by Francis Walker in 1855. The genus comprises approximately 13 described species distributed across North America. Larvae of Datana species are known defoliators of hardwood trees and are among the common late-season defoliators of southern U.S. forests. Several species are notable agricultural and ornamental pests, particularly on pecan and walnut trees.
Datana perfusa
Large Datana
Datana perfusa is a species of prominent moth in the family Notodontidae, commonly known as the Large Datana. Described by Harrison Gray Dyar in 1923, this moth is part of a genus whose larvae are well-known defoliators of hardwood trees. The genus Datana includes several species whose caterpillars feed gregariously and are frequently documented as late-season defoliators of oaks and other hardwoods. While specific details for D. perfusa are limited, the genus is characterized by distinctive caterpillars with warning coloration and defensive behaviors.
Dendroctonus
bark beetles, tree-killing beetles
Dendroctonus is a genus of bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. The genus name derives from Greek 'dendron' (tree) and 'ktonos' (murder), reflecting its capacity to kill trees. Species in this genus are among the most destructive forest pests in North America, with several species capable of causing extensive tree mortality through mass attacks. The genus exhibits complex chemical communication systems involving aggregation and antiaggregation pheromones, and maintains symbiotic relationships with yeasts and bacteria that aid in digestion and pheromone production.
Dendroctonus adjunctus
roundheaded pine beetle
Dendroctonus adjunctus, commonly known as the roundheaded pine beetle, is a bark beetle native to North America that infests and kills pine trees. Adults are 5–6 mm long with shiny, dark brown to black exoskeletons covered in hairs. The species has a one-year life cycle, with adults colonizing weakened pine trees in autumn, constructing extensive egg galleries in the cambium and phloem. Outbreaks can be devastating, killing up to 50% of pines in pure stands. The beetle is distributed across the southwestern United States and Mexico, and is considered a serious pest of commercial and wild pine stocks.
Dendroctonus brevicomis
Western Pine Beetle
Dendroctonus brevicomis, commonly known as the western pine beetle, is a destructive bark beetle species in the family Curculionidae. It is a major pest of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri) in western North America. The species is known for causing extensive tree mortality during outbreaks, with documented losses of 60–90% of host trees in affected landscapes. A notable outbreak occurred in the central and southern Sierra Nevada Range from 2014 to 2017, killing millions of ponderosa pines. The beetle plays a significant role in forest dynamics but also poses substantial economic and ecological challenges.
Dendroctonus jeffreyi
Jeffrey pine beetle
Dendroctonus jeffreyi is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, endemic to western North America. The species is monophagous on Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), feeding on phloem and causing significant tree mortality during outbreak conditions. Adults bore into bark to create egg chambers, with larvae developing in galleries under the bark. The beetle possesses specialized mycangia for transporting the symbiotic fungus Ophiostoma clavigerum, which contributes to tree mortality. Populations show genetic structure across their range, with southern California populations most differentiated.
Dendroctonus mexicanus
Mexican bark beetle
Dendroctonus mexicanus is a bark beetle native to Mexico and Central America, recognized as the most widely distributed and destructive bark beetle in Mexico. It colonizes more than 21 pine species and causes significant tree mortality in coniferous forests. The species' population dynamics are strongly influenced by climate variables, particularly temperature and precipitation, with outbreak risk increasing under warmer, drier conditions. It is considered a major forest pest affecting wood supply and ecosystem services.
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murrayanae
Lodgepole Pine Beetle
Dendroctonus murrayanae, commonly known as the lodgepole pine beetle, is a bark beetle species in the subfamily Scolytinae. It is native to North America and primarily associated with lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Unlike more aggressive Dendroctonus species, it is not a primary agent of tree mortality and typically attacks individual, predisposed trees rather than conducting mass attacks. The species has one annual generation, overwintering as larvae.
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain Pine Beetle
Dendroctonus ponderosae, commonly known as the mountain pine beetle, is a bark beetle native to western North America. It is a significant forest disturbance agent that attacks and kills pine trees, particularly during outbreak conditions. The beetle has a hard black exoskeleton and measures approximately 5 mm. Population success is heavily influenced by temperature, which drives phenology and adult emergence synchrony required for mass attacks on host trees. The species has been responsible for extensive tree mortality across millions of acres in the western United States and Canada.
Dendroctonus pseudotsugae
Douglas-fir beetle, Douglas fir beetle
The Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) is a bark beetle native to western North America and a major pest of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Adults are small (4.4–7 mm), light brown when young, darkening to brown or black with reddish wing covers. Outbreaks typically follow disturbances such as storms, fire, or drought, which provide stressed or dead host trees. The species has one of the most thoroughly studied pheromone systems among bark beetles, with operational use of its antiaggregation pheromone (MCH) to protect high-value trees developed over 40 years of research. The beetle also infests downed western larch (Larix occidentalis), though brood do not survive in live larch due to high 3-carene content.
Dendroctonus rufipennis
spruce beetle, great spruce bark beetle
Dendroctonus rufipennis, the spruce beetle, is a bark beetle native to North America and a major pest of spruce forests. Adults measure 4–7 mm in length and are among the larger bark beetles in spruce. The species undergoes a facultative life cycle of 1, 2, or 3 years, with 2-year cycles being most common. Outbreaks have caused extensive tree mortality across western North America, particularly affecting Engelmann and white spruce. Climate warming and drought stress are key factors driving population increases.
Dendroctonus simplex
Eastern Larch Beetle
Dendroctonus simplex, the eastern larch beetle, is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae that colonizes the phloem of tamarack (Larix laricina). Historically a secondary pest attacking stressed or dying trees, it has undergone an unprecedented 18-year outbreak in northern Minnesota since 2000, killing over 440,000 acres of tamarack forest. Research indicates that warming climate has enabled some populations to complete development without an obligatory overwintering period, potentially allowing multiple generations per year. The beetle is a holobiont, engaging in multipartite symbiotic interactions with bacteria and fungi that facilitate host colonization and detoxification of terpenes.
Dendroctonus terebrans
Black Turpentine Beetle
Dendroctonus terebrans, the black turpentine beetle, is the largest bark beetle in the southeastern United States. It attacks pine trees near the base of the trunk and in stumps, typically targeting stressed or freshly cut trees. Unlike the more destructive southern pine beetle (D. frontalis), it rarely kills healthy trees outright but can contribute to tree mortality through sustained feeding damage and by vectoring blue-stain fungi. The species produces and responds to complex semiochemicals, including frontalin and brevicomin, which facilitate mass attack behavior and may mediate interactions with other bark beetle species.
Dendroctonus valens
Red Turpentine Beetle
Dendroctonus valens is a bark beetle native to North and Central America, ranging from Canada to Honduras. In its native range, it primarily colonizes stumps of freshly cut trees and stressed or damaged conifers, causing minimal economic damage. Following its accidental introduction to China in the mid-1990s, likely via wood packaging material, it has become a highly destructive invasive pest. In China, it attacks healthy as well as stressed pine trees, particularly Pinus tabuliformis, and has killed over six million trees. The species exhibits complex mating behavior involving acoustic signals and chemical pheromones, and maintains symbiotic relationships with fungi and bacteria that assist in nutrition and detoxification of host plant defenses.
Dicerca divaricata
Flat-headed Hardwood Borer
Dicerca divaricata is a medium-sized jewel beetle (family Buprestidae) native to eastern North America. Adults are black in color and measure 15–22 mm in length. The species is a wood-boring beetle whose larvae develop in the wood of various hardwood trees, particularly maples (Acer), American elm (Ulmus americana), and redbud (Cercis). Adults are active in late spring, with flight activity recorded in May and June. The species serves as a host for the parasitoid wasp Podoschistus vittifrons.
Dioryctria
Conifer Coneworm Moths, Coneworm Moths
Dioryctria is a genus of snout moths (family Pyralidae) described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1846. Commonly known as conifer coneworm moths, the genus contains approximately 40 species in North America, with 25 occurring in western regions. Larvae of most species feed within conifer cones, though some species infest shoots, branches, or bark. Several species are significant forest pests, causing damage to pine, spruce, fir, and cedar trees through cone and seed destruction, shoot boring, and deformation of tree crowns.
Dioryctria resinosella
red pine shoot moth
Dioryctria resinosella is a conifer-feeding moth in the family Pyralidae, described in 1982. The larvae are specialized shoot borers of red pine (Pinus resinosa), attacking new shoots and cones. This species exhibits localized infestation patterns within plantations and has a univoltine life cycle with discrete seasonal activity. It is known from Ontario and the northern United States, with detailed bionomics studied in Wisconsin sand plain plantations.
Dioryctria taedivorella
Lesser Loblolly Pine Coneworm Moth, Lesser Loblolly Pineconeworm Moth
Dioryctria taedivorella is a small snout moth in the family Pyralidae, described in 1989 from specimens in the southeastern United States. The species is a specialist feeder on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), with larvae developing within pine cones. It represents one of approximately 40 North American species in the genus Dioryctria, most of which are conifer cone or shoot feeders.
Diprion similis
Introduced Pine Sawfly, Imported Pine Sawfly, White Pine Sawfly
Diprion similis is a conifer-feeding sawfly native to central and northern Europe and Asia that has become invasive in North America following its accidental introduction around 1914. The species is notable for its arrhenotokous reproduction, where unfertilized eggs develop into male offspring, facilitating rapid population establishment. Larvae are gregarious defoliators of pine needles, with a strong preference for white pine (Pinus strobus) in North America. The species exhibits two generations per year in many regions, with second-generation larvae overwintering as prepupae in cocoons. Its invasive success has been attributed to parthenogenetic capabilities, lack of natural enemies in introduced ranges, and specialized pheromone communication involving the (2S,3R,7R)-propionate isomer of 3,7-dimethylpentadecan-2-ol.
Diprionidae
Conifer Sawflies
Diprionidae is a family of conifer-feeding sawflies comprising approximately 90-140 species across 11-13 genera. Larvae feed gregariously on conifer needles and can cause major forest outbreaks. Adults are stingless wasps with distinctive antennae: males possess pectinate (comb-like) antennae while females have serrate (saw-like) antennae with about 20 flagellomeres. The family is restricted to the Northern Hemisphere and includes significant forest pests such as Neodiprion sertifer and N. abietis.
Dryocoetes
Dryocoetes is a genus of bark beetles (subfamily Scolytinae) in the weevil family Curculionidae. Species are distributed across North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The genus includes both conifer- and hardwood-associated species, with documented hosts including fir, spruce, pine, alder, birch, beech, poplar, liquidambar, and walnut. Several species are economically significant forest pests or invasive species.
Dryocoetes betulae
birch bark beetle
Dryocoetes betulae is a bark beetle in the weevil family Curculionidae, commonly known as the birch bark beetle. It is a secondary colonizer that specializes in weakened, dying, or dead birch trees rather than attacking healthy hosts. The species has been documented in paper birch forests of northern Idaho and across North America from Alberta to Newfoundland.
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
parasitoidbiological-controlgall-associatedleafminer-parasitoidChalcidoideaHymenopteraEulophidaeEntedoninaetropical-forestagricultural-pest-controlsawfly-parasitoidthrips-parasitoidant-associatedrice-pestCecidomyiidaeTenthredinidaePontaniaClosterocerusCeranisusAfronymphaAmetallonChrysonotomyiaOmphale-genus-groupcanopyunderstoreyecological-plasticityBangladeshPanamaAfricaNew-ZealandEuropeSenegalSouth-AfricaDemocratic-Republic-of-the-CongoUgandaendoparasitoidlarval-parasitoidegg-parasitoidhost-specificityforest-habitatdegraded-habitatmid-altitude-rainforestlowland-rainforesttropical-Americaclassical-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlintegrated-pest-managementrice-hispaDicladispa-armigeragall-waspsawfly-gallleafminerant-symbiosisFormicidaeKhaya-senegalensisOchna-pulchramorphological-taxonomymolecular-taxonomy28S-rDNACOICytBnew-species-descriptiongeneric-revisionhost-rangeparasitoid-complexfood-webecosystem-servicenatural-enemypest-managemententomophagoushyperparasitoidinquilinecurculionidApion-minimumPhyllocolpa-leucostictaChrysocharisEntedonAsecodesPleurotroppopsisAfrotroppopsisZaommomentedonApleurotropisKratoysmaPlatocharisSchizocharisParahorismenusAtullyaTropicharisChrysochuriscruymirabilisoryzamyntoreminpashaicarinatumdussiaelongicaudatamachaeriaeunimaculataclavigergorgonaenseauripunctatagalbinalaeviscutaphenacapsiacecvoraelongatapontaniaeheyeririsbecimilletiaenewbyiFörster-1856Chalcidoidea-phylogenybiodiversityspecies-richnesscryptic-speciesmolecular-diagnosticshost-plant-associationhabitat-specificitycanopy-faunaunderstorey-faunaforest-stratificationtropical-biodiversityAfrotropicalNeotropicalPalaearcticNearcticOrientalAustralasianPacificHolarcticbiogeographytaxonomic-revisionannotated-keycataloguetype-specimenmuseum-collectionslide-mounted-specimensmorphometricsgenitaliawing-venationantennaeclypeusmandiblesmalar-spacescapepedicelflagellumgastervertexsuturecolor-patternpale-femoradark-gastersexual-dimorphismmalefemaleovipositoremergencerearingquarantinefield-collectionforeign-explorationaugmentative-releasepesticide-resistancesustainable-agriculturefood-securityrice-productioncereal-pestvegetable-pestfruit-pestornamental-pestforest-pesturban-pestinvasive-speciesnative-rangeintroduced-rangeestablishmentspreadimpactnon-target-effectshost-specificityrisk-assessmentenvironmental-safetyregulatory-approvalresearch-symposiumproceedingspeer-reviewedZootaxaZooKeysInsect-Systematics-&-EvolutionAustralian-Journal-of-EntomologyFar-Eastern-EntomologistRussian-Entomological-JournalBelgian-Journal-of-EntomologyFlorida-EntomologistPan-Pacific-EntomologistEntomological-NewsProceedings-of-the-Hawaiian-Entomological-SocietyTransactions-of-the-American-Entomological-SocietyJournal-of-Natural-HistoryZoological-Journal-of-the-Linnean-SocietyBioControlJournal-of-Economic-EntomologyEntomologia-Experimentalis-et-ApplicataEnvironmental-EntomologyOecologiaCladisticsMolecular-Phylogenetics-and-EvolutionHeredityCanadian-EntomologistProceedings-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-WashingtonAnnals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaBulletin-of-Entomological-ResearchNeotropical-EntomologyJournal-of-Asia-Pacific-EntomologyTurkish-Journal-of-ZoologyPolish-Journal-of-EntomologyNorth-Western-Journal-of-ZoologyEntomologica-AmericanaEntomologische-BerichtenSahlbergiaDugesianaActa-Zoologica-LilloanaFolia-Entomologica-MexicanaRevista-de-la-Sociedad-Entomologica-ArgentinaBoletin-de-la-Asociacion-Espanola-de-EntomologiaEntomologicheskoe-ObozrenieEntomological-ReviewZoological-Institute-RASProceedings-of-the-Zoological-Institute-of-the-Russian-Academy-of-SciencesTaiwan-Agricultural-Research-InstituteCouncil-of-AgricultureUniversity-of-CaliforniaRiversideEntomology-Research-MuseumCalifornia-Department-of-Food-and-AgriculturePierce's-Disease-Control-Programbiological-control-programintegrated-pest-management-programresearch-progress-reportannual-summarytechnical-reportsymposium-proceedingsconference-abstractposter-presentationinvited-papermonographbook-chapteridentification-guideillustrated-keyannotated-cataloguetype-materialvoucher-specimencollection-curationtaxonomysystematicsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingspecies-complexsibling-speciesspecies-boundariesgeographic-variationpopulation-geneticsgene-flowreproductive-isolationhost-racebiotypestrainlaboratory-rearinginsectarymass-productionreleasemonitoringimpact-assessmentefficacyeconomic-evaluationcost-benefit-analysisfarmer-adoptionextensioneducationpolicyregulationinternational-cooperationcapacity-buildingtrainingworkshopfield-daydemonstrationon-farm-researchparticipatory-researchfarmer-field-schoolsustainable-intensificationagroecologyconservation-biological-controlhabitat-managementfloral-resourcesrefugebuffer-zonelandscape-complexityconnectivityspillovernatural-enemy-diversityfood-web-structuretrophic-interactionsmultitrophicindirect-effectstrait-mediateddensity-dependentinverse-density-dependentfunctional-responsenumerical-responsesearching-efficiencyhandling-tim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Erannis is a genus of geometer moths (Geometridae: Ennominae) erected by Jacob Hübner in 1825. The genus comprises approximately twelve species distributed primarily across the Holarctic region, with greatest diversity in northern temperate zones. Several species are significant forest pests, with larvae feeding on coniferous and deciduous trees. Taxonomic placement remains debated: some authorities recognize the tribe Erannini with Erannis as type genus, while others merge this group into Boarmiini or Bistonini.
Eriotremex
Eriotremex is a genus of woodwasps in the family Siricidae (Hymenoptera). Members of this genus are associated with coniferous hosts and are distributed in Asia and North America. At least one species, Eriotremex formosanus, has been introduced to the southeastern United States, where it has been documented in South Carolina. The genus is characterized by morphological features typical of Siricidae, including a cylindrical body and an elongated ovipositor in females.
Eriotremex formosanus
Asian Horntail
Eriotremex formosanus is an Asian horntail wasp (family Siricidae) native to Asia that has been introduced and established in the southeastern United States. Unlike most siricid wasps, which specialize on conifers, this species exhibits unusually broad host associations, utilizing both coniferous and hardwood tree species. Females possess a long ovipositor for drilling into wood and deposit eggs along with fungal symbionts (Amylostereum areolatum) that larvae feed upon during development. The species targets stressed, dying, or recently dead trees rather than healthy timber.
Essigella
American Pine Needle Aphids
Essigella is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, commonly known as American pine needle aphids. Species in this genus are specialized feeders on Pinaceae, particularly Pinus species. Essigella californica, the type species and most well-known member, is native to western North America and has become an invasive pest in Australia and New Zealand, where it affects commercial pine plantations. The genus is characterized by its association with conifer hosts and its potential to cause defoliation and reduced tree growth.
Eucopina cocana
Shortleaf Pine Coneborer Moth
Eucopina cocana, commonly known as the Shortleaf Pine Coneborer Moth, is a small tortricid moth in the subfamily Olethreutinae. The species is associated with pine cones, specifically those of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), and develops as a larval borer within cone tissues. Adults are small, nondescript moths with wingspans typical of the genus. The species is documented primarily from the southeastern United States where its host tree occurs.
Eucopina tocullionana
white pine cone borer, White Pine Coneborer Moth
A small tortricid moth specialized on pine cones. Adults are active in spring and summer, with larvae developing within cones of white pine and Virginia pine. The species is restricted to eastern North America, primarily in Appalachian and Great Lakes regions.
Eudociminus
pine weevils
Eudociminus is a genus of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) containing at least two described species. The genus includes the cypress weevil, Eudociminus mannerheimii, which is native to North America and associated with cypress trees. Published biological information for the genus is extremely limited.
Eulachnini
Eulachnini is a tribe of aphids within the subfamily Lachninae, comprising approximately 27 species documented in Lithuania alone. Members are specialized phloem-feeders on coniferous plants, particularly Pinaceae. Several species produce substantial honeydew, with five noted as promising honeydew producers in Lithuanian forests. Only Cinara piceae has been identified as a potential forest pest, with documented damage to firs in nursery settings.
Euplatypus parallelus
Common Ambrosia Beetle
Euplatypus parallelus is a polyphagous ambrosia beetle in the weevil family Curculionidae. Native to Central and South America, it has spread invasively to Africa, tropical Asia, and other regions, likely via timber trade. Adults bore galleries into tree trunks and cultivate symbiotic fungi for food, causing wood staining and economic damage in forest plantations. The species is attracted to ethanol and plant volatiles, with flight activity strongly influenced by temperature and precipitation.
Euproctis chrysorrhoea
Brown-tail Moth
Euproctis chrysorrhoea, the brown-tail moth, is a univoltine forest pest with a highly polyphagous larval stage. Populations exhibit phenological plasticity, with larval diapause timing and winter feeding behavior varying based on host plant foliage persistence. The species demonstrates sequential host plant utilization during mass outbreaks and shows evidence of host-associated genetic divergence. Larvae possess urticating setae that pose human health risks.
Euwallacea
Ambrosia beetles, Shot hole borers
Euwallacea is a genus of ambrosia beetles within the tribe Xyleborini. All species are obligate symbionts with ambrosia fungi, which they farm in galleries excavated within host trees. The genus has a pantropical distribution with origins in Asia and Wallacea, and several species have become globally significant invasive pests. Members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex, including the polyphagous shot hole borer, cause substantial economic damage to fruit and timber trees through mass colonization and associated fungal pathogens.
Euwallacea fornicatus
tea shot-hole borer, polyphagous shot-hole borer, PSHB
Euwallacea fornicatus is an invasive ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) native to Asia that has established populations in North America, Israel, South Africa, Australia, and South America. It is now recognized as part of a cryptic species complex containing at least four distinct species (E. fornicatus, E. fornicatior, E. whitfordiodendrus, and E. kuroshio) that are morphologically indistinguishable but genetically distinct. The species is a significant economic pest of tea, avocado, citrus, and numerous ornamental and native trees, acting as a vector for Fusarium fungi that cause Fusarium dieback disease.
Euwallacea interjectus
ambrosia beetle
Euwallacea interjectus is an ambrosia beetle native to Asia that has become an invasive pest in multiple regions worldwide. The species cultivates mutualistic Fusarium fungi in galleries within tree xylem, which serve as its primary food source. Females possess specialized mycangia for transporting fungal spores. The beetle has emerged as a significant economic threat to poplar plantations in China and has been documented attacking living trees, a behavior atypical for many ambrosia beetles. In Japan, it vectors Ceratocystis ficicola, a pathogenic fungus causing fig wilt disease.