Lestes dryas

Kirby, 1890

emerald spreadwing, scarce emerald damselfly, robust spreadwing, turlough spreadwing

Lestes dryas is a Holarctic in the , commonly known as the emerald spreadwing or scarce emerald damselfly. It is notable for being the only Lestes species that occurs in both Europe and North America. The species can tolerate extreme environmental conditions, including slightly brackish water, that few other survive. It has experienced significant declines in parts of its range, particularly in Britain and Ireland, where it was believed extinct before its rediscovery in 1983. efforts on maintaining ditch systems and shallow water that support its aquatic .

Lestes dryas by the Smithsonian. Used under a CC0 license.

Lestes dryas (Périgné) 30052014 03 by Gllawm. Used under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

Lestes dryas (Périgné) 05062014 01 by Gllawm. Used under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Lestes dryas: //ˈlɛs.teɪz ˈdɹaɪ.əs//

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Identification

Requires careful separation from the emerald (Lestes sponsa), with which it shares metallic green coloration, bronze iridescence, and black appendages. The shape of the anal appendages differs between the two and is the most reliable distinguishing feature. Males of L. dryas have versus the eyes typical of L. sponsa males. L. dryas is the only Lestes species found in both Europe and North America, which aids identification in these regions. In Europe, it is generally less common than L. sponsa.

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Habitat

Inhabits still, shallow water in well-vegetated ditches, ponds, bogs, and lakes. Occurs in dense vegetation near water margins, rarely flying over open water. Tolerates slightly brackish coastal water. Around the Mediterranean, restricted to higher altitudes. Requires maintenance of ditch systems to prevent drying; loss from vegetation overgrowth is a significant threat.

Distribution

Holarctic distribution, primarily between 40° and 60° north latitude. Range extends across central Europe and Asia from France to the Pacific, and across North America. Relictual in North Africa. In Europe, widespread but never abundant; in Britain, restricted to southeast England, Thames Estuary, Norfolk lakes, and Ireland. The only Lestes occurring in both Europe and North America.

Seasonality

from April in southern parts of range to late May in northern areas, with peak activity in July and August. laid in late summer undergo through winter, hatching in spring.

Diet

are active that hunt , enabling rapid growth. are predatory, though specific prey items are not documented in available sources.

Life Cycle

are elongated and laid into stems (such as rushes) above water, typically in areas that will be submerged as water levels rise in winter. Eggs develop for several weeks, then enter and overwinter. Hatching occurs in spring, producing a prolarval stage lasting minutes to hours—limbless, non-feeding, capable of jumping or wriggling to find water. Upon reaching water, to second . actively hunt and undergo multiple (number variable); under favorable conditions, final instar (F-0) reached in as little as 8 weeks. produces that require a period of sexual maturation before breeding, during which pruinescence develops in males.

Behavior

Tends to stay in dense vegetation near water margins, rarely flying over open water. Mates in wheel position; male remains in tandem with female during , guarding her while she lays into stems above water. are not immediately reproductively mature upon .

Ecological Role

in aquatic and riparian as both and . Serves as for of shallow, vegetated wetland . Its presence signals habitat conditions tolerable to few other .

Human Relevance

Subject of concern due to declines; rediscovery in Britain in 1983 prompted protection efforts. Management of ditch systems and water levels directly impacts population persistence. Featured in citizen science and youth conservation projects, such as habitat maintenance at Canvey Wick nature reserve.

Similar Taxa

Lestes sponsa (emerald damselfly)Shares metallic green body, bronze iridescence, black appendages, and half-spread posture. Distinguished by anal appendage shape, male color ( in L. sponsa versus in L. dryas), and generally more common and widespread distribution in Europe.

More Details

Conservation Status

Designated as Near Threatened in some regional assessments; declining in England and Ireland with need for active management. Listed as of concern due to specific habitat requirements and sensitivity to ditch drying and vegetation .

Turlough Habitats

In Ireland, known as 'turlough spreadwing' due to association with turloughs—seasonally flooded karstic depressions. This specificity contributes to its significance in the region.

Extreme Tolerance

Among the few capable of surviving in slightly brackish water and other extreme conditions, though mechanism of this is not documented in available sources.