Amara alpina

(Paykull, 1790)

Amara alpina is an -alpine in the , first described by Gustaf von Paykull in 1790. It inhabits cold regions at high altitudes and high latitudes across the Holarctic, with in Scandinavia, Siberia, Mongolia, Alaska, and Canada. Molecular genetic evidence indicates that Beringian populations persisted throughout the Pleistocene, while other regions were recolonized following glacial retreat. The has been observed feeding on dead on snowfields and is associated with specific alpine vegetation.

Amara alpina by Faunae Insektorm Germanica Initia. Deutschlands Insekten. Teil 3.. Used under a Public domain license.

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Amara alpina: /əˈmɑːrə ælˈpiːnə/

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Identification

Distinguished from other Amara by its -alpine distribution combined with reddish-black and often red legs. The fine longitudinal striations on elytra and overall dark coloration with reddish accents are characteristic. In North America, it is the only Amara species in this ecological zone; in Europe, it may be confused with other montane Amara species but its strict association with high-latitude or high-altitude cold helps separate it.

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Habitat

Cold regions at high altitudes and high latitudes; specifically -alpine environments. In Scandinavia, found on dwarf birch (Betula nana), dwarf willow (Salix herbacea), glacier buttercup (Ranunculus glacialis), alpine bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpina), moss bell heather (Harrimanella hypnoides), crowberry (Empetrum), and arctic wood-rush (Luzula nivalis).

Distribution

to northern Europe and Asia. Range includes Norway, Sweden, Finland, Great Britain, Siberia, and Mongolia. In North America: Alaska, Canada (recolonized post-glaciation), northern Appalachian Mountains, and central Rocky Mountains. Beringian represent a long-term Pleistocene refugium.

Diet

Has been observed feeding on dead bodies of other on snowfields in Finland. Specific dietary habits otherwise not documented.

Behavior

In Scandinavia, frequently found on specific alpine . One of three species observed in Finland consuming dead on snowfields.

Ecological Role

Functions as a scavenger in -alpine , evidenced by on snowfields. Contributes to in cold, nutrient-limited environments.

More Details

Phylogeography

Molecular genetic studies reveal significant structure: Beringian populations show highest haplotype diversity, consistent with continuous occupation throughout the Pleistocene. Hudson Bay region populations lack restriction site variation, indicating recent (~6000 years ago) from Beringia. Rocky and Appalachian Mountain populations show intermediate diversity, founded from at least two ancestral haplotypes in a southern refugium.