Braconidae-parasitoid

Guides

• Coccinella septempunctata

  seven-spot ladybird, seven-spotted ladybug, seven-spotted lady beetle, C-7

  Coccinella septempunctata is a predatory lady beetle native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, now widely established in North America following intentional introduction for biological control. Adults measure 6.5–7.8 mm with distinctive red elytra bearing seven black spots. The species is among the most extensively studied coccinellids due to its importance in aphid biocontrol and its invasive success in new ranges. It completes up to five generations annually with a six-week development cycle from egg to adult.

  biological-controlinvasive-speciesaphid-predatorcoccinelliddiapausereflex-bleedingparasitoid-hostvineyard-pestcultural-iconlimb-regenerationpleiotropypheromone-communicationintraguild-predationcannibalismpopulation-explosionoverwintering-aggregationfolklorenational-symbolstate-insectwine-taintHarmonia-axyridis-competitionnative-species-declineLinnaeus-1758Palearctic-nativeNearctic-introducedmultiple-generationstemperature-dependent-developmentoviposition-avoidancesex-pheromonealkaloid-defenseDinocampus-coccinellaePerilitus-coccinellaeAllothrombium-triticiumLipaphis-erysimiAphis-neriiMacrosiphum-albifrons-toxic-aphidsCompositae-pollenUmbelliferae-pollenPrunus-spinosa-nectaragricultural-biocontrolmass-rearing1976-England-heatwave-swarm2025-England-swarmIUCN-unevaluatedCITES-unlistedsubspecies-brucki-Japansubspecies-algerica-Algeriasubspecies-septempunctata-EuropeZombie-ladybug-phenomenonDcPV-virusparasitoid-manipulationhost-recoveryelevated-overwintering-siteshilltop-preference1,500-m-elevation-limit6.5–7.8-mm-length~4-mm-widthorange-yellow-eggsspindle-shaped-eggs1-mm-egg-lengthfour-larval-instarseight-day-pupal-durationsix-week-total-development1–2-year-adult-lifespan250–500-lifetime-eggspolygynandrous-matingfemale-calling-behaviormale-initiated-courtshipno-parental-careegg-cannibalismlarval-cannibalismcongeneric-egg-predationant-aphid-mutualism-exploitationbird-predationmammal-predationspider-predationcoccinellid-predationlacewing-egg-predationfourth-instar-vulnerabilityelytral-spot-size-toxicity-indicatormelanin-and-carotenoid-pigmentationsoft-elytra-emergencepigmentation-development-post-emergencefat-reserve-accumulation-pre-diapausespring-nectar-feeding-post-diapauseaphid-honeydew-consumptionant-attendance-exploitationlupin-aphid-avoidancetoxic-alkaloid-sequestrationN-oxide-coccinellineprecoccinelline2-isopropyl-3-methoxy-pyrazineoverwintering-pheromoneprey-location-chemical-cuesaphid-alarm-pheromone-responseplant-volatile-response-to-aphid-infestationolfactory-oviposition-site-selectionconspecific-egg-avoidanceegg-cluster-laying10–30-egg-clustersenvironmental-egg-load-excessoffspring-mortality-tradeoffaphid-population-trackingseasonal-diet-shiftpollen-feeding-survivalnon-aphid-food-reproductive-failuredevelopment-rate-adult-weight-correlationdaily-prey-consumption-growth-rate-correlationlongevity-fecundity-correlationinvasive-population-morphometric-divergenceecological-success-regeneration-correlationpleiotropic-gene-hypothesisdirect-selection-hypothesislimb-damage-raritypredation-escape-survivalpupal-developmental-gene-expressioncascading-gene-effectsinvasive-North-American-LRI-20%-higherCzech-Egypt-population-LRI-divergenceScymninae-untestedChilocorinae-untestedPsylloborini-untested1916-California-introduction-attempt1956–1971-intentional-introductions1973-New-Jersey-establishmentwaste-dump-accidental-introductionglobal-breeding-programsartificial-diet-researchrape-pollen-beetle-honey-shrimp-dietnatural-diet-preferenceegg-larva-separation-rearingcontrolled-environment-rearing80–90%-urban-England-Harmonia-dominanceHesperomyces-virescens-fungussexual-transmissionoverwintering-aggregation-transmissionfield-cross-species-transmission-absencelineage-differentiation-hypothesis48,000-UK-Ladybird-Survey-recordsD.-coccinellae-low-Harmonia-prevalenceevolutionary-dynamics-observation-opportunityBraconidae-parasitoidovipositor-egg-depositionDcPV-virus-depositionlarval-internal-parasitismhost-nervous-system-migrationpupal-stage-host-paralysiscocoon-spinning-beneath-hosttwitching-defense-mimicrytoxic-alkaloid-predator-deterrencevolatile-chemical-parasitoid-attractionone-third-host-recoveryfemale-preferential-targetinghost-sterilizationagricultural-system-impact-concerncommunity-garden-observationsColorado-Springs-populationsFlagstaff-meadow-observationsvial-emergence-difficultynuisance-autumn-home-invasionweatherstripping-preventionscreen-repaircrack-sealingvacuum-releasewoodpile-relocationpale-color-attractionwhite-gray-yellow-building-preferencehigh-ground-overwintering-preferencestorage-area-height-preferenceLost-Ladybug-Project-participationnative-species-decline-documentation9-spotted-raritypolished-lady-beetle-observationDoberman-bite-comparisontickle-bite-characterizationno-skin-breakcuriosity-not-aggressionreflex-bleeding-stain-riskno-indoor-breedingfat-reserve-winter-survivalno-fabric-feedingodor-emission-defensefabric-staining-potentialautumn-swarming-behaviorsunny-warm-day-activitychild-fright-responsecool-wet-summer-population-reductionCOVID-garden-filmingpea-aphid-predation-videoalfalfa-legume-crop-pest50%-speed-predation-footagemass-rearing-facilityKanpur-India-studiesquantitative-consumption-measurementfirst-instar-reduced-voracityinstar-progression-feeding-increaseL.-erysimi-B.-brassicae-preypredatory-efficiency-quantificationbiocontrol-laboratory-methodologyinvasion-ecology-evolution-congressmorphometric-comparative-studynative-introduced-range-divergenceGBIF-exact-matchNCBI-taxonomy-verificationiNaturalist-high-observation-countWikipedia-comprehensive-summaryacarology-new-host-recordsystematic-applied-acarology-journaltrombidiidae-mite-familyectoparasitic-larval-stagecoccinellidae-coleoptera-hostLinnaeus-1758-original-descriptionSystema-Naturae-tenth-editioncoccineus-scarlet-etymologyseptem-punctata-seven-spotted-etymologyC-7-abbreviation-commonmost-common-European-ladybirdapproximately-5,000-worldwide-coccinellid-speciesBauer-aphidophagous-success-quotationbroad-ecological-rangetemperate-climate-adaptationabundant-vegetation-requirementaphid-concentration-dependencyPalearctic-realm-originBritish-Isles-presenceEuropean-Russia-distributionMiddle-East-Asia-coverageChina-Japan-Korea-presenceIndia-Pakistan-rangeNorth-Africa-nativeUnited-States-Canada-introductionSouth-Africa-introductionIUCN-Red-List-absenceCITES-database-absenceinvasive-species-designation-introduced-rangeharlequin-ladybird-competitionHarmonia-axyridis-disease-resistanceHarmonia-axyridis-resource-outcompetitionHarmonia-axyridis-intraguild-predationUK-2004-arrivalNetherlands-Belgium-France-introduction-pathwayUK-Ladybird-Survey-monitoringpotential-indigenous-wipeout-riskforest-grassland-agricultural-marsh-suburban-habitatherbaceous-crop-tree-shrub-host-plantssea-level-to-1,500-m-elevation-rangespring-summer-activitycolder-month-dormancyshelter-emergence-temperature-responsediapause-exit-mate-availabilitypheromone-attraction-chemical-identificationprey-location-chemical-cue-detectionaphid-warning-pheromone-responseplant-aphid-infestation-volatile-responsecourtship-male-initiationfemale-resistance-immature-or-gravidsex-pheromone-calling-behavior-documentationrecent-mating-reduced-callingconspecific-presence-unaffected-callingmultiple-male-mating-fecundity-benefitegg-viability-benefitoffspring-success-benefitclustered-oviposition-leaf-stem-vegetationolfactory-egg-avoidanceenvironmental-carrying-capacity-excessbeneficial-high-aphid-population-contexttemperature-dependent-hatchingeggshell-consumption-first-foodinfertile-egg-consumptionfourth-instar-pre-pupal-feeding-cessationsubstrate-attachment-pupationsoft-unpigmented-emergencemelanin-carotenoid-color-developmentmale-role-impregnation-onlyfemale-role-egg-production-onlysafe-substrate-selectionsufficient-larval-food-requirementwinter-survival-dependent-lifespanone-year-typical-two-year-maximummotility-flight-capabilitydaytime-activity-nighttime-dormancyclustered-hibernation-thermoregulationclustered-hibernation-protectiondiapause-exit-mate-pre-availabilityoverwintering-site-pheromone-attractionprey-pheromone-detectionaphid-alarm-pheromone-utilizationplant-stress-volatile-utilizationtwenty-four-aphid-species-consumptionlupin-aphid-toxicityMacrosiphum-albifrons-alkaloid-sequestrationnarcotizing-effect-consumptiondevelopment-interference-documentedtoxic-aphid-avoidance-introduced-rangenative-tolerance-evolution-contrastCoccinella-trifasciata-tolerance-examplepolyphagy-carnivorynarrower-polyphagy-than-Harmonianarrower-polyphagy-than-Coleomegillanon-aphid-food-survival-onlypollen-nectar-thrips-whitefly-alternateThysanoptera-alternateAleyrodidae-alternateCicadellidae-alternatePsyllidae-larvae-alternatebeetle-larvae-eggs-alternatebutterfly-larvae-eggs-alternatecongeneric-larvae-predationconspecific-egg-predationconspecific-larva-predationintraguild-predation-pressurecannibalism-pressureCompositae-Umbelliferae-pollen-pre-diapausefungal-spore-pre-diapausefat-reserve-energy-storagePrunus-spinosa-nectar-post-diapauseant-aphid-farming-exploitationant-honeydew-feedingant-aphid-egg-storageant-aphid-transportant-aphid-milkingbird-predation-documentedsmall-mammal-predation-documentedspider-predation-documentedcoccinellid-predation-documentedlacewing-egg-predation-documentedfourth-instar-predation-vulnerabilityanti-predator-colorationhigh-contrast-warningconspicuous-colorationreflex-bleeding-defenseleg-joint-secretionfoul-tasting-alkaloid-fluidN-oxide-coccinelline-toxinprecoccinelline-toxinspot-size-toxicity-indicatordiet-sex-spot-independenceDinocampus-coccinellae-parasitismPerilitus-coccinellae-parasitismlarval-targeting-waspdevelopmental-synchronizationdiapause-synchronizationDinocampus-egg-body-cavity-depositionegg-hatching-host-egg-consumptionleg-residence-pupationnine-day-emergenceadult-recovery-reportedsexual-transmission-during-matingfield-cross-species-transmission-absentUK-Ladybird-Survey-48,000-recordsDinocampus-low-Harmonia-prevalenceevolutionary-dynamics-research-opportunityMiddle-Ages-Virgin-Mary-legendfarmer-crop-protection-prayerred-cloak-color-symbolismseven-joys-sorrows-symbolismMalta-rose-thorn-legendblood-drop-color-change-legendseven-tears-spot-formation-legendkola-nannakola-name-evolutionSweden-nyckelpiga-key-helperseven-virtues-symbolismkingdom-heaven-keys-symbolismSpain-mariquita-marieta-derivationFinland-national-insect-designationMassachusetts-state-insectNew-Hampshire-state-insectDelaware-state-insectOhio-state-insectTennessee-state-insectCoccinella-novemnotata-New-York-state-ins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