Afrotropical
Guides
Myosoma
Myosoma is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). The genus was described by Brullé in 1846 and has priority over a later homonym in Entoprocta. At least two species are known from the Old World: M. chinensis and M. nyanzaensis, the latter described from Kenya as a gregarious ectoparasitoid of the stem-borer pest Chilo partellus.
Nebrioporus
Nebrioporus is a genus of diving beetles (Dytiscidae) established by Régimbart in 1906. The genus has been divided into eight species-groups based on morphological character analysis, replacing historical subgeneric divisions. It contains numerous species distributed across Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, with the N. depressus-group being the most speciose.
Nemotelus
soldier flies
Nemotelus is a genus of small soldier flies (family Stratiomyidae) containing approximately 30 described species distributed across the Nearctic, Afrotropical, and Palaearctic regions. Adults range from 4.0 to 8.0 mm in body length and are among the smallest members of the family. The genus is characterized by distinctive facial morphology with a pointed snout bearing antennae on the dorsal side, and pronounced sexual dimorphism in coloration. Most species display black bodies with variable white markings, with males typically showing more extensive pale patterning than females.
Norbanus
Norbanus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Pteromalidae, subfamily Pteromalinae. The genus was established by Walker in 1843 and contains species distributed across the Afrotropical region, Mediterranean, and other areas. A 2015 revision recognized four previously described Afrotropical species and described 21 new species from the region. The subgenus Picroscytoides was synonymized with Norbanus. Several species have been recorded as parasitoids of economically important crop pests.
Ommatius
Plumetops
Ommatius is a large and morphologically diverse genus of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) within the subfamily Asilinae. The genus contains numerous species distributed across multiple biogeographic regions, with particularly well-documented diversity in the Afrotropical region and the Americas. Species are organized into multiple species groups based on morphological characteristics. Like other Asilidae, members of this genus are predatory as both larvae and adults. The genus has been subject to extensive taxonomic revision due to its high species diversity and complex morphological variation.
Omophron
Round sand beetles
Omophron is a genus of ground beetles (Carabidae) and the sole extant genus in the subfamily Omophroninae. It is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere with southern limits extending to Guatemala and Hispaniola in the Americas, South Africa and Madagascar in Africa, and Malaysia and the Philippines in Asia. The genus includes multiple subgenera, with taxonomic revisions documenting substantial species diversity in the Afrotropical region.
Onitini
Onitini is a tribe of dung beetles within Scarabaeidae, erected by Frederic William Hope. The tribe comprises approximately 18 genera including the type genus Onitis and the diverse genus Cheironitis. Members are primarily distributed across arid regions of the Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions, with some species extending into the Oriental region. These beetles are associated with dung decomposition in dryland ecosystems.
Onitis
Onitis is a genus of dung beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, tribe Onitini. The genus contains more than 140 species, primarily distributed across the Afrotropical, Palaearctic, and Oriental regions. All species are tunnelers that construct underground burrows beneath dung, bringing dung into these tunnels for egg-laying and larval development. The genus represents a significant component of dung beetle diversity in relatively arid regions of Africa and adjacent areas.
Onthophagini
Onthophagine dung beetles
Onthophagini is a large and ecologically significant tribe of dung beetles within the family Scarabaeidae. The tribe comprises approximately half of the world's dung beetle fauna, with the genus Onthophagus alone containing over 2,300 species worldwide. Members are found on every continent except Antarctica. The tribe originated from a single common ancestor shared with the Oniticellini, with which it forms a monophyletic group. While many dung beetles are known for ball-rolling behavior, Onthophagini species exhibit diverse feeding strategies including specialization on fungi, carrion, and dead millipedes, with some species living in close association with termites and ants.
Opatrina
Opatrina is a subtribe of darkling beetles (family Tenebrionidae) established by Brullé in 1832. It belongs to the tribe Opatrini within the subfamily Blaptinae. The subtribe contains multiple genera distributed in Southern Africa, including Helibatus (with two known species: H. morio and H. banaszkiewiczae) and Planostibes. Members of this subtribe are characterized by morphological features of the metaventrum used in species-level identification.
Oxycera
soldier flies
Oxycera is a genus of soldier flies (family Stratiomyidae) comprising approximately 80 described species distributed across the Palearctic, Afrotropical, and Oriental regions. Species within this genus are associated with wetland habitats, where larvae develop in shallow water or moist substrates. Several species have shown recent range expansions, potentially linked to climate change. The genus is taxonomically well-established within the tribe Oxycerini and serves as a subject of ongoing distributional and ecological research.
Paramblynotus
Paramblynotus is a genus of extremely rare parasitoid wasps in the family Liopteridae, subfamily Mayrellinae. The genus comprises very small species that superficially resemble gall wasps (Cynipidae). It occurs in the Afrotropical region and Madagascar, with additional species described from China. The genus was first recorded from Madagascar in 2013, where two species groups were identified including the endemic P. seyrigi group. Most species are known from single specimens, and museum collections remain under-represented.
Parandrinae
Parandrinae is a morphologically distinctive subfamily of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) comprising approximately 14 genera and over 120 described species worldwide. The group is notable for its atypical features among cerambycids: short, equal-segmented antennae rather than the elongated antennae characteristic of most longhorn beetles, and distinctly pentamerous tarsi with five visible segments. These traits produce a remarkable superficial resemblance to stag beetles (Lucanidae), leading to frequent misidentification. The subfamily has a disjunct global distribution with centers of diversity in South America and Africa, while North America contains only four taxa. Two tribes are recognized: Erichsoniini and Parandrini.
Paratrechina
longhorn crazy ants
Paratrechina is a genus of ants in the subfamily Formicinae containing six described species. The genus underwent major taxonomic revision in 2010 when it was discovered to be paraphyletic, resulting in the elevation of Nylanderia to generic status and reducing Paratrechina to a single species. Subsequent revisions between 2013 and 2016 restored the genus to six species through new descriptions and transfers from Prenolepis. The longhorn crazy ant (Paratrechina longicornis) is the most widely distributed species, having become a pantropical invasive pest through human-mediated transport. Most species are native to sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar, with one species (P. umbra) native to Southeast Asia.
Pedinini
Pedinini is a tribe of darkling beetles (family Tenebrionidae) comprising approximately 19 genera. Molecular evidence from Kamiński et al. (2021) supports a revised concept recognizing three subtribes: Helopinina, Leichenina, and Pedinina. The tribe has a predominantly Afrotropical distribution, with genera occurring in Southern Africa, East Africa, and Madagascar. Taxonomic revisions have been published for multiple genera including Anaxius, Tragardhus, Quadrideres, and Anchophthalmops.
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
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jumping plant-lice
Phacopteronidae is a family of psyllids (jumping plant-lice) within the superfamily Psylloidea. The family contains at least 31 Afrotropical species, primarily in the genus Pseudophacopteron, with additional species in the genus Phacopteron reported from southern India. Most species are associated with host plants in the order Sapindales, particularly Burseraceae and Rutaceae. Some species are gall-inducers, while others are free-living phloem feeders. The family has been documented as containing pests of cultivated plants, including species damaging to Dacryodes edulis in Cameroon.
Phalerinae
Phalerinae is a subfamily of moths within the family Notodontidae (prominent moths), established by Butler in 1886. The subfamily includes the genus Antheua, which comprises 44 valid species distributed across the Afrotropical region. Recent taxonomic revision has significantly clarified the diversity of this group, describing 19 new species in Antheua and reinstating the genus Parazana from synonymy. Phalerinae is distinguished by morphological features of adults and genitalia that separate it from other notodontid subfamilies.
Platynotini
Platynotini is a tribe of darkling beetles within the family Tenebrionidae, containing more than 70 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions including North and South America, the southern Palaearctic, the Afrotropical region, and the Indomalayan realm. The tribe is distinguished from other Blaptinae tribes by the presence of a stridulatory gula used for sound production. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have strongly supported the monophyly of Platynotini. Members of this tribe exhibit considerable morphological diversity, with some African species such as Anomalipus being heavily built and armored, adapted to dense bush-covered savanna habitats.
Poecilolycia
Poecilolycia is a genus of small flies in the family Lauxaniidae, established by Shewell in 1986. The genus is primarily distributed in the Southern Hemisphere, with records from the Afrotropical and Australasian regions. As a member of Lauxaniidae, species in this genus likely inhabit forested environments where their larvae develop in decaying plant matter.
Prometopia
Prometopia is a genus of sap-feeding beetles in the family Nitidulidae, subfamily Prometopiinae. The genus comprises approximately 28 species worldwide, with distribution centered in the Afrotropical region and extending to the Nearctic and other regions. Most species are excluded from the Palaearctic region, Madagascar, and New Zealand. The genus is characterized by distinctive body shape and elytral spot patterns.
Ptyelini
Ptyelini is a tribe of spittlebugs (family Aphrophoridae, order Hemiptera) characterized by large-bodied nymphs that produce copious amounts of frothy spittle. The tribe contains multiple genera distributed across the Old World tropics, with Cephisus being the sole representative genus in the New World. Members are xylem-feeding insects whose nymphal stage is concealed within protective spittle masses.
Rhagovelia
smaller water striders, riffle bugs
Rhagovelia is a large genus of small aquatic bugs in the family Veliidae, with over 390 described species. Members are distinguished by a swimming fan on the distal tarsomere of the middle leg, an adaptation that enables rapid maneuvering on water surfaces. The genus has colonized lotic freshwater systems and coastal marine environments across the Americas, with additional species in Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Evolutionary origins trace to gene duplications ('geisha' and 'mother-of-geisha') that created this propelling fan structure, allowing exploitation of faster-flowing and more turbulent streams than relatives lacking this adaptation.
Rhaphium
Rhaphium is a genus of long-legged flies in the family Dolichopodidae, comprising over 200 described species. It is the largest genus within the subfamily Rhaphiinae. The genus is distributed across the Palearctic and Afrotropical regions, with 71 species recorded from Russia and 18 from the Afrotropical region. The generic name derives from Greek ῥάφιον (rháphion, "small needle"), referring to the needle-like shape of the antennae. Some species are considered rare and have been subject to conservation interest.
Scaritinae
Pedunculate Ground Beetles
Scaritinae is a large, cosmopolitan subfamily of ground beetles (Carabidae) containing over 2,400 species in more than 140 genera. Members exhibit considerable ecological diversity, with many species adapted to specialized habitats including caves, riverbanks, and deep soil layers. The subfamily includes tribes such as Scaritini, Clivinini, and Salcediini. Several genera show disjunct distributions that have contributed to biogeographic understanding of continental drift and faunal exchange.
Scrobipalpa
Scrobipalpa is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, established by Janse in 1951. The genus contains over 100 described species distributed across Africa, Asia, Europe, and introduced populations in North America and Australasia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, particularly of sugar beet, quinoa, tobacco, and eggplant. The genus was historically split with Euscrobipalpa treated as a subgenus or separate genus, but this distinction is no longer recognized as valid.
Sinoxylon ceratoniae
horned powder-post beetle
Sinoxylon ceratoniae is a species of horned powder-post beetle in the family Bostrichidae. It is distributed across Africa, Europe, and Northern Asia (excluding China). The species belongs to a group of wood-boring beetles known for their ability to damage seasoned timber and wooden products. As a member of the genus Sinoxylon, it possesses characteristic horn-like projections on the pronotum.
Smeringopus
cellar spiders
Smeringopus is a genus of cellar spiders (family Pholcidae) comprising 55 species, making it the most species-rich pholcid genus in Africa. First described by Eugène Simon in 1890, the genus is largely restricted to central, southern, and eastern Africa, though some species occur in South America, Asia, Australia, and Pacific Islands. Members include some of the largest and most conspicuous pholcid spiders in their range. The genus is divided into twelve operational species groups based on morphological and geographic patterns. Smeringopus is the sister taxon to the western and central African genus Smeringopina.
Smidtia
Smidtia is a genus of tachinid flies established by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. The genus comprises approximately 22 described species distributed across the Palearctic region, with particularly strong representation in East Asia, Europe, and southern Africa. Species have been documented from Scandinavia, Russia, Japan, China, and South Africa. As members of the tribe Winthemiini, these flies are parasitoids, though specific host associations remain poorly documented for most species.
Sphenoptera
A large genus of jewel beetles (Buprestidae) comprising over 1,000 described species. Species occupy diverse ecological niches including stem borers, gall formers, and root borers across multiple continents. Several species are economically significant as pests of agricultural crops, forestry trees, and medicinal plants, while others have been investigated for biological control of invasive weeds.
Stenometopiini
Stenometopiini is a tribe of leafhoppers in the subfamily Deltocephalinae (family Cicadellidae), first established by Baker in 1923. The tribe includes the genus Stirellus, which has been described as grassland-dwelling leafhoppers with a broad geographic distribution spanning multiple continents. Species within this tribe have been documented from the Americas, Africa, Madagascar, Australia, and Asia, with recent taxonomic work expanding known diversity and distributional records.
Stylogaster
thick-headed fly, needle-tailed fly
Stylogaster is a genus of conopid flies distinguished by extreme morphological and biological specializations. Adults possess an elongated proboscis exceeding body length when extended, and females have a dramatically elongated abdomen folded beneath the body—the 'needle tail' referenced in the generic name. The genus is the sole member of subfamily Stylogastrinae and comprises approximately 92 species with predominant Neotropical distribution. Unlike other conopids that parasitize aculeate Hymenoptera, Stylogaster species are endoparasitoids of orthopteroid insects (crickets, cockroaches) with documented host associations also including various calyptrate Diptera.
Suragina
Water Snipe Flies
Suragina is a genus of flies in the family Athericidae, commonly known as Water Snipe Flies. The genus is widely distributed across the Afrotropical, Oriental, and Palaearctic regions, with approximately 50 described species. Afrotropical species were recently revised, with eight new species described and two synonymies established. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features that separate it from related athericid genera.
Sycoscapter
Sycoscapter is a genus of non-pollinating fig wasps first described by Saunders in 1883. These wasps are native to the Afrotropical, Indomalayan, and Australasian biogeographic realms. They function as parasitoids, specifically targeting fig wasps in the genera Ceratosolen, Eupristina, and Kradibia. As members of the family Pteromalidae, they represent one of many lineages involved in the complex ecological networks associated with fig trees (Ficus).
Thorictini
Thorictini is a tribe of carpet beetles (family Dermestidae) established by Erichson in 1846. Members of this tribe are small, compact beetles adapted to specialized microhabitats. The tribe is relatively species-poor compared to other dermestid tribes and includes genera such as Thorictus. These beetles are primarily known from the Palearctic and Afrotropical regions.
Thyreocephalus
Thyreocephalus is a genus of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Xantholinini) established by Guérin-Méneville in 1844. The genus exhibits substantial geographic diversity, with 32 recognized species in sub-Saharan Africa and nine species recorded from Mexico—the most species-rich country for this genus in the Americas. Recent taxonomic revisions have clarified species boundaries, transferred multiple species from related genera (Eulissus, Xantholinus), and established the 'puncticeps' species group for five closely related Mexican species. A new genus, Afrus, was erected to accommodate species formerly placed in Thyreocephalus.
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
EphemeropteraPolymitarcyidaeburrowing-mayfliesNeotropicalclay-bank-habitatU-shaped-tunnelsmandibular-tusksTortopsisCampsurinaePanamerican-distributioncladistic-revisionsynapomorphyparastyli-receptorsflattened-penesfurcasternal-protuberancessubapical-tubercleslimnological-sampling-biasnymph-morphologyadult-morphologytype-species-T.-igaranusnew-species-T.-arenalesEcuadorColombiaArgentinaMolineri-2008Needham-&-Murphy-1924ZootaxaArthropod-Systematics-&-PhylogenyFlorida-EntomologistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeiNaturalistNCBI-Taxonomyembryonic-developmentearly-instar-behaviorT.-harrisiT.-bellusT.-circumfluusT.-zottaiT.-igaranusT.-incertusT.-coreguajeTortopsis-toroTortopsis-andakiTortopsis-limoncochaTortopsis-spatulaaquatic-insectsfreshwaterriverineloticephemeropteran-systematicstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysismorphological-charactersegg-morphologymale-imago-descriptionfemale-adult-descriptionkeys-to-speciesSEM-photographyline-drawingstype-material-examinationredescriptioncomparative-diagnosisburrowing-behaviorclay-substratetunnel-constructionsampling-methodologysurber-sampler-limitationsdrift-net-avoidancePanamaSouth-AmericaCentral-Americamayfly-diversityhighest-diversity-NeotropicsAsthenopodinaeEphemeroideaHexapodaMetazoaEukaryotaaccepted-genushigher-rank-matchobservation-count-2no-Wikipedia-summaryDOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735DOI-10.2307/3493493Scott-et-al.-1959NavásUlmerTraverLugo-Ortiz-&-McCaffertyDomínguezBanksMcDunnoughPictetNeedham-&-Murphyfreshwater-ecologyaquatic-entomologyinsect-developmentnymphal-stagesimago-descriptionalate-adultswing-venationR-sectorgonopore-structureparastyli-lengthpedestal-morphologylateral-view-curvaturemandibular-morphologytusk-tuberclesmesosternal-structureabdominal-sternum-notchfurcasternumprotuberance-configurationreceptor-socket-orientationIR-veinR2-veinclaw-like-structuregonopore-associationpenis-base-separationfemale-fore-wingadditional-veinscomparative-morphologytype-specimenholotypeallotypeparatypeneotropical-speciesnew-species-descriptionspecies-keyidentification-keymale-adult-keyfemale-adult-keynymph-keygeneric-keyPolymitarcyidae-generasystematicsphylogenycladisticsmonophylysister-groupcharacter-statetransformation-seriesparsimony-analysismorphological-data-setexternal-morphologyegg-chorionmicropyleegg-bursterhatchingemergencebehavioral-studyearly-instarembryologyovipositionsubstrate-preferencehabitat-specificityendemicregional-diversityconservationbiomonitoringwater-quality-indicatormacroinvertebratebenthicinfaunalinterstitialhyporheicriver-bankstream-bankerosionsedimentparticle-sizeclay-contentbank-stabilityroot-matvegetation-associationflow-regimecurrent-velocitydepthwidthstream-ordercatchmentbasinecoregionbiogeographydispersalcolonizationvicariancespeciationadaptive-radiationmorphological-divergenceconvergent-evolutionhomoplasycharacter-conflictbootstrap-supportBremer-supportconsensus-treestrict-consensusmajority-ruletaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtype-localitytype-depositorymuseum-collectionspecimen-preservationalcohol-preservationslide-mountingSEM-preparationimaging-techniquesscientific-illustrationphotographymeasurementmorphometricsratiosproportionsallometrysexual-dimorphismgeographic-variationintraspecific-variationinterspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersidentification-confidencetaxonomic-expertiseliterature-reviewbibliographic-searchdatabase-queryonline-repositoryopen-accesspaywallabstract-onlyfull-text-unavailablecitation-analysisreference-listsource-qualityevidence-strengthknowledge-gapresearch-needfuture-studycollaborationfield-workcollection-tripsampling-effortspecimen-availabilitytype-examinationrevision-scopetaxonomic-conceptcircumscriptioninclusionexclusionspecies-groupspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphospeciesphylogenetic-speciesevolutionary-significant-unitoperational-taxonomic-unitDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsintegrative-taxonomytraditional-taxonomyalpha-taxonomybeta-taxonomygamma-taxonomyclassification-hierarchyLinnaean-systemrank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-nomenclatureclade-namecrown-groupstem-grouptotal-evidencecongruenceincongruencedata-partitioncharacter-weightingimplied-weightingequal-weightingordered-charactersunordered-charactersmultistate-charactersbinary-characterscontinuous-charactersmeristic-charactersqualitative-charactersquantitative-charactersmorphological-matrixdata-matrixcharacter-matrixtaxon-samplingcharacter-samplingmissing-datainapplicable-datapolymorphismintraspecific-polymorphismfixed-differencediagnostic-differenceunique-derived-characterautapomorphyshared-derived-charactersymplesiomorphyconvergent-characterparallel-evolutionreversalcharacter-optimizationACCTRANDELTRANunambiguous-optimizationambiguous-optimizationmost-parsimonious-treetree-lengthconsistency-indexretention-indexrescaled-consistency-indexhomoplasy-indexcharacter-fitcharacter-congruencecharacter-supportbranch-supportnode-supportclade-stabilitytaxonomic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Traginops is a genus of small flies in the family Odiniidae, containing seven described species distributed across Africa and Asia. The genus was established by Coquillett in 1900 with the description of Traginops irroratus. Species in this genus are associated with forested habitats and decaying organic matter.
Tyrtaeus
Tyrtaeus is a genus of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae, established by Champion in 1913. The genus has a broad distribution spanning multiple biogeographic regions including the Afrotropical, Australasian, and Neotropical realms. As with other tenebrionid beetles, members of this genus are likely adapted to arid and semi-arid environments.
Vermileonidae
wormlions
Vermileonidae is a small family of Brachycera flies comprising fewer than 80 described species in 11 genera. The family is notable for its unusual biology: larvae construct conical pitfall traps in sand to capture prey, while adults are slender, long-legged flies that visit flowers for nectar. Historically classified within Rhagionidae, Vermileonidae is now recognized as a distinct family due to marked morphological and biological differences. The group has a relictual distribution concentrated in arid regions of Africa and the western Mediterranean, with additional species in Asia and the Nearctic.
Volucellini
Volucellini is a tribe of hoverflies (Syrphidae) within the subfamily Eristalinae. The tribe includes four genera: Copestylum, Graptomyza, Ornidia, and Volucella. Members are known for their robust, often bee-mimicking appearance and association with rotting plant material, particularly cacti, for larval development. The tribe has a broad distribution with notable diversity in the Neotropical and Afrotropical regions.
Zaprionus
Fig Flies
Zaprionus is a genus of fruit flies in the family Drosophilidae, distinguished by conspicuous white longitudinal stripes across the head and thorax. The genus is divided into two subgenera based on stripe number: Zaprionus (even number of stripes) and Anaprionus (odd number of stripes). Species occur primarily in Africa and southern Asia, with several species showing invasive expansion. The genus is taxonomically nested within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila.
Drosophilidaefruit-fliesinvasive-specieszebra-stripesAfrotropicalOrientalagricultural-pestfermenting-fruitparasitoid-hostkleptoparasitismoviscapt-structureegg-filamentsfig-pestgrape-pestberry-pesttropicalsubgenus-Zaprionussubgenus-Anaprionuscompetitive-displacementsecondary-pestmonitoringvinegar-traprange-expansionMediterranean-invasionNew-World-invasionHawaiian-IslandsSoutheast-AsiaWest-Africapolyphagousdecomposernutrient-cyclingPachycrepoideus-vindemiaeSpalangia-endiusLeptopilina-boulardiinterspecific-competitiondevelopmental-plasticitytemperature-effectsfungal-interactionsPichia-kudriavzeviiCoquillett-1901taxonomic-revisionmolecular-phylogeneticsforeleg-spinestrichome-structureslight-polarizationcuticular-pigmentationspecies-groups-armatus-inermis-vittiger-neglectusspecies-subgroups-armatus-tuberculatus-vrydaghi-montanus-spinosus-inermis-tuberculatus-sepsoides-davidi-indianus-ornatus-proximus-sexvittatus-vittigerspecies-complexes-armatus-hoplophorus-vrydaghi-sepsoides-tuberculatus-davidi-indianus-ornatus-proximus-sexvittatus-vittigerZ.-africanusZ.-armatusZ.-bogoriensisZ.-burlaiZ.-camerounensisZ.-campestrisZ.-capensisZ.-cercociliarisZ.-cercusZ.-davidiZ.-enoplomerusZ.-flavofasciatusZ.-fumipennisZ.-gabonicusZ.-ghesquiereiZ.-grandisZ.-hoplophorusZ.-inermisZ.-indianusZ.-kolodkinaeZ.-koroleuZ.-lachaiseiZ.-lineosusZ.-litosZ.-mascariensisZ.-momorticusZ.-montanusZ.-multistriatusZ.-multivittigerZ.-neglectusZ.-niabuZ.-obscuricornisZ.-ornatusZ.-proximusZ.-pyinoolwinensisZ.-santomensisZ.-sepsoidesZ.-seguyiZ.-serratusZ.-sexstriatusZ.-sexvittatusZ.-silvistriatusZ.-spinilineosusZ.-spinipesZ.-spinoarmatusZ.-spineusZ.-spinosusZ.-taronusZ.-tsacasiZ.-tuberarmatusZ.-tuberculatusZ.-verrucaZ.-vittigerZ.-vrydaghiZ.-aungsaniZ.-arduusZ.-badyiZ.-orissaensis