Celaenorrhinini
spread-winged skippers
Celaenorrhinini is a tribe of spread-winged in the Tagiadinae. The tribe is predominantly Afrotropical, with most found in tropical Africa and a smaller number in Asia. Some species currently placed in the Celaenorrhinus occur in the Neotropics. The tribe includes genera such as Celaenorrhinus, Eretis, Sarangesa, and the recently described Triskelionia.
Pronunciation
How to pronounce Celaenorrhinini: //sɛˌlɛmɒrˈrɪnɪnaɪ//
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Identification
Members of Celaenorrhinini are characterized as spread-winged , a trait distinguishing them from other skipper groups. The tribe can be distinguished from related tribes in Tagiadinae by combinations of , structure, and larval associations. The Celaenorrhinus (sprites or "flats") and the genus Sarangesa ("elfins") were historically placed in Tagiadini but are now recognized as Celaenorrhinini based on phylogenetic evidence.
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Distribution
Predominantly tropical Africa, with additional in Asia. Some species presently placed in Celaenorrhinus are found in the Neotropics.
Diet
of most studied feed on Acanthaceae. Documented exceptions include Triskelionia compacta, which feeds on Dalbergia armata (Fabaceae), and Ortholexis hollandi, which feeds on Apocynaceae.
Host Associations
- Acanthaceae - larval Primary for Celaenorrhinus, Eretis, and Sarangesa
- Fabaceae - larval for Triskelionia compacta (Dalbergia armata); the only known African Celaenorrhinini not using Acanthaceae
- Apocynaceae - larval for Ortholexis hollandi
Life Cycle
Pupal varies among Celaenorrhinus : Group 1 has with cephalic projections; Group 2 has green pupae lacking cephalic projections but with a very long ; Group 3 (based on C. mokeezi) has pupae covered with powder and a short blunt frontal projection. Triskelionia compacta has the only known pupa in the tribe without a free proboscis sheath.
Similar Taxa
- TagiadiniHistorically included now placed in Celaenorrhinini (e.g., Sarangesa); distinguished by phylogenetic analysis and patterns
More Details
Taxonomic history
Loxolexis Karsch has been returned to synonymy with Katreus Watson. Ortholexis Karsch was reinstated for previously placed in Loxolexis: O. holocausta, O. dimidia, and O. hollandi.
Phylogenetic notes
The Celaenorrhinus is , containing across multiple continents (Africa, Asia, Neotropics). Genera are listed in presumed phylogenetic sequence: Alenia, Aurivittia, Apallaga, Celaenorrhinus, Kobelana, Eretis, Sarangesa, Scopulifera, Pseudocoladenia.