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Erynnis afranius
Afranius Duskywing, Bald Duskywing
Erynnis afranius, commonly known as the Afranius duskywing or bald duskywing, is a skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It occurs across a broad range from northern Mexico through the central United States to southern Canada. The species is bivoltine, with two generations flying from mid-May to late August. Larvae feed on leguminous host plants including Lupinus, Lotus, and Thermopsis species.
skipper duskywing prairie grassland bivoltine legume-feeder North-America
Ethmia bipunctella
Ethmia bipunctella is a diurnal moth in the family Depressariidae, originally described by Fabricius in 1775. The species has a broad geographic distribution spanning Central and Southern Europe, North Africa, Asia, and northeastern North America. It is bivoltine, producing two generations per year with adult flight activity from May through September. The species was formerly considered to include E. iranella as a subspecies, but this taxon is now recognized as distinct.
moth lepidoptera depressariidae diurnal bivoltine boraginaceae-feeder transcontinental-distribution
Ethmia mirusella
Ethmia mirusella is a small moth in the family Ethmiidae (formerly placed in Depressariidae). It occurs in the south-central United States, with adults active in spring and late summer through early autumn. The species exhibits bivoltine phenology with two generations per year. Larvae feed on Lithospermum species in the Boraginaceae family.
bivoltine Boraginaceae Lithospermum south-central-US-endemic light-attracted microlepidoptera
Ethmia semilugens
Ethmia semilugens is a small moth in the family Ethmiidae (formerly placed in Depressariidae). It occurs in arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, with adults active primarily in late winter and early spring in Texas, extending into September in Chihuahua. The species produces two generations annually. Larvae feed on specific host plants in the Boraginaceae family.
moth microlepidoptera arid-habitat Boraginaceae-feeder North-America bivoltine
Ethmia semitenebrella
Ethmia semitenebrella is a moth in the family Depressariidae, first described by Dyar in 1902. It is distributed across the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, with a bivoltine flight period from April to August. The species is characterized by distinct wing patterning with dark gray forewing costal halves contrasting with whitish gray dorsal halves. Larvae feed on Cercocarpus ledifolius and likely other Cercocarpus species.
moth Lepidoptera Depressariidae Ethmiinae North-America southwestern-USA Mexico Cercocarpus bivoltine microlepidoptera
Euchlaena amoenaria
Deep Yellow Euchlaena Moth
Euchlaena amoenaria, commonly known as the Deep Yellow Euchlaena Moth, is a geometrid moth species native to eastern North America. Adults are medium-sized with a wingspan of 30–50 mm and exhibit bivoltine flight activity from May through September. The species is attracted to artificial light sources and has been documented in deciduous forest habitats. Larval host plants remain unknown, though related Euchlaena species feed on deciduous tree foliage.
geometridae geometer-moth eastern-north-america bivoltine blacklight-attracted
Eumarozia malachitana
Sculptured Moth
Eumarozia malachitana, commonly known as the sculptured moth, is a small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 11.5–16 mm. It is widely distributed across eastern North America, with records extending from Ontario and Maine south to Florida and west to Texas and Oklahoma. The species exhibits bivoltine adult activity, with flight periods in July and from September to October. Larvae are known to feed on a diverse range of host plants including woody species and some cultivated plants.
tortricid small-moth bivoltine generalist-herbivore agricultural-pest-potential eastern-North-America
Euparthenos
locust underwing
Euparthenos is a monotypic moth genus in the family Erebidae containing a single species, Euparthenos nubilis (locust underwing). The genus was erected by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1876. Adults are medium-sized nocturnal moths with distinctive yellow-orange hindwings marked by four concentric black bands. The genus is endemic to North America and closely related to the underwing moths of genus Catocala.
monotypic-genus underwing-moth bivoltine North-American-endemic Robinia-specialist
Eustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
Araneidae orb-weaver spider humpbacked myrmecophily ant-plant-mutualism Neotropical Nearctic Eustala-anastera Eustala-oblonga Eustala-illicita web-building predator acacia Pseudomyrmex Panama Brazil Galápagos Simon-1895 arachnology entomology tropical-ecology commensalism ontogeny ballooning overwintering juvenile spider-wasp-prey Caliadurgus-hyalinatus host-parasitoid-interactions third-party-exploitation mutualism-exploitation cryptic-coloration nocturnal-foraging diurnal-hiding-behavior thorn-defense orb-web-architecture sawtoothed-web population-ecology substrate-selection spatial-distribution species-diversity endemic-species taxonomic-revision nomen-dubium genitalic-morphology microscopy-identification temperate-North-America Central-America South-America Caribbean Pacific-islands conservation-biology climate-change-vulnerability phenology-disruption winter-activity spring-emergence forest-understory dry-forest moist-forest riparian grassland scrub edge-habitat woodland parkland urban-adapted generalist-predator specialist-predator ant-alate-predation herbivore-interception ecosystem-service biological-control natural-history field-identification cryptic-species-complex sexual-dimorphism wingless-female-moths ballooning-dispersal silk-production web-ontogeny instar-development overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness metabolic-suppression diapause voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine seasonal-polyphenism color-morph pattern-polymorphism habitat-specificity host-plant-specificity ant-colony-integration alarm-pheromone-avoidance sting-avoidance predator-avoidance bird-predation lizard-predation wasp-predation assassin-bug-predation stink-bug-predation defensive-behavior thanatosis camouflage masquerade mimicry aggressive-mimicry foraging-ecology prey-capture web-maintenance web-repair silk-recycling energetics reproductive-output fecundity egg-sac-construction maternal-care male-searching-behavior mate-location pheromone-communication vibratory-communication visual-signaling territoriality web-site-fidelity web-site-tenacity dispersal-behavior colonization-ability range-expansion invasive-potential non-native-species introduced-species synanthropic agricultural-landscape orchard vineyard forest-plantation conservation-status data-deficient IUCN CITES protected-area national-park soberania chiribiquete galapagos floreana ecuador peru bolivia chile argentina uruguay paraguay venezuela colombia costa-rica nicaragua honduras guatemala belize mexico usa canada cuba hispaniola jamaica puerto-rico trinidad tobago barbados lesser-antilles greater-antilles west-indies caribbean-basin amazon-basin orinoco parana pantanal cerrado caatinga atlantic-forest pampas chaco yungas valdivian magellanic fynbos none research-model educational-resource citizen-science inaturalist gbif catalogue-of-life ncbi wikipedia zootaxa journal-of-natural-history psyche entomology-today bug-eric araneology chelicerate-biology arthropod-ecology tropical-biology neotropical-fauna nearctic-fauna holartic pantropical gondwanan biogeography phylogeography molecular-systematics morphological-taxonomy integrative-taxonomy species-concept cryptic-diversity undescribed-species new-species-description redescription neotype-designation lectotype-designation type-locality type-specimen museum-collection voucher-specimen dna-barcoding coi its phylogenomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics ecological-genomics adaptation local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity canalization evolutionary-developmental-biology evo-devo behavioral-ecology sensory-ecology visual-ecology chemical-ecology mechanoreception proprioception neuroethology hunting-behavior web-building-behavior construction-behavior tool-use extended-phenotype niche-construction ecosystem-engineering trophic-cascade food-web energy-flow nutrient-cycling decomposition predator-prey-dynamics population-dynamics metapopulation source-sink-dynamics habitat-fragmentation edge-effects corridors connectivity landscape-ecology macroecology biogeochemistry climate-envelope species-distribution-modeling maxent bioclim worldclim remote-sensing gis spatial-analysis geostatistics abundance density biomass productivity diversity-index richness evenness dominance rarity endemism beta-diversity gamma-diversity alpha-diversity turnover nestedness community-assembly neutral-theory niche-theory competition facilitation apparent-competition indirect-effects interaction-networks mutualism parasitism predation herbivory detritivory scavenging cannibalism intraspecific-competition interspecific-competition character-displacement resource-partitioning niche-differentiation coexistence stability resilience resistance recovery succession disturbance perturbation extinction colonization invasion establishment spread impact risk-assessment management control eradication restoration reintroduction rewilding conservation-breeding ex-situ in-situ protected-area-network gap-analysis systematic-conservation-planning prioritization hotspot coldspot majority minority flagship umbrella keystone foundation ecosystem-engineer indicator sentinel bioindicator biomonitor ecosystem-health environmental-quality pollution pesticide heavy-metal contaminant bioaccumulation biomagnification toxicology risk hazard exposure dose-response no-observed-effect-concentration lowest-observed-effect-concentration median-lethal-concentration median-effective-concentration safety-factor uncertainty-factor probabilistic-risk-assessment life-cycle-assessment carbon-footprint water-footprint ecological-footprint sustainability sustainable-development green-economy circular-economy ecosystem-services natural-capital green-infrastructure nature-based-solutions ecological-restoration habitat-restoration species-recovery population-recovery genetic-rescue outbreeding-depression inbreeding-depression genetic-diversity heterozygosity effective-population-size bottleneck founder-effect genetic-drift gene-flow isolation-by-distance isolation-by-environment landscape-genetics seascape-genetics conservation-genetics molecular-ecology population-genetics quantitative-genetics genomics epigenetics reaction-norm norm-of-reaction genotype-environment-interaction heritability selection natural-selection sexual-selection artificial-selection domestication breeding cultivar variety landrace wild-relative crop-wild-relative genetic-resource germplasm seed-bank frozen-zoo cryopreservation assisted-reproduction cloning genetic-engineering synthetic-biology gene-drive biocontrol augmentative inundative conservation classical natural-enemy parasitoid pathogen nematode fungus bacterium virus viroid prion microbiome holobiont metaorganism symbiosis endosymbiosis ectosymbiosis amensalism neutralism symbiogenesis horizontal-gene-transfer virulence pathogenicity infectivity transmissibility reservoir vector host definitive-host intermediate-host paratenic-host accidental-host dead-end-host zoonosis emerging-infectious-disease pandemic epidemic endemic sporadic outbreak cluster index-case contact-tracing quarantine isolation social-distancing masking vaccination herd-immunity reproduction-number basic-reproduction-number effective-reproduction-number doubling-time generation-time serial-interval incubation-period latent-period infectious-period clinical-period pre-symptomatic asymptomatic pauci-symptomatic mild moderate severe critical fatal case-fatality-rate infection-fatality-rate attack-rate secondary-attack-rate excess-mortality years-of-life-lost disability-adjusted-life-year quality-adjusted-life-year burden-of-disease global-burden-of-disease one-health planetary-health ecohealth conservation-medicine veterinary-medicine human-medicine comparative-medicine translational-medicine precision-medicine personalized-medicine genomic-medicine regenerative-medicine stem-cell tissue-engineering organoid organ-on-chip microphysiological-system in-silico in-vitro ex-vivo in-vivo animal-model non-human-primate rodent mouse rat guinea-pig rabbit dog cat livestock poultry aquaculture fishery wild-capture mariculture algaculture seaweed-farming integrated-multi-trophic-aquaculture recirculating-aquaculture-system aquaponics hydroponics aeroponics vertical-farming controlled-environment-agriculture precision-agriculture smart-farming digital-agriculture agriculture-4.0 internet-of-things artificial-intelligence machine-learning deep-learning neural-network computer-vision drone unmanned-aerial-vehicle satellite gps gnss geographic-information-system decision-support-system expert-system knowledge-based-system ontology semantic-web linked-data open-data big-data data-mining data-science data-analytics predictive-analytics prescriptive-analytics descriptive-analytics diagnostic-analytics business-intelligence artificial-intelligence-ethics algorithmic-bias fairness accountability transparency explainability interpretability privacy security safety reliability robustness adaptability flexibility scalability efficiency effectiveness efficacy performance profitability cost-benefit cost-effectiveness economic-analysis financial-analysis investment return-on-investment net-present-value internal-rate-of-return payback-period break-even sensitivity-analysis scenario-analysis monte-carlo-simulation decision-tree real-options game-theory behavioral-economics nudge choice-architecture default framing anchoring availability-heuristic representativeness-heuristic affect-heuristic confirmation-bias availability-bias anchoring-bias framing-bias loss-aversion endowment-effect status-quo-bias sunk-cost-fallacy planning-fallacy optimism-bias pessimism-bias overconfidence underconfidence dunning-kruger-effect imposter-syndrome stereotyping prejudice discrimination implicit-bias explicit-bias structural-bias systemic-bias institutional-bias interpersonal-bias intrapersonal-bias unconscious-bias conscious-bias affinity-bias similarity-bias in-group-bias out-group-bias halo-effect horns-effect contrast-effect recency-effect primacy-effect serial-position-effect mere-exposure-effect familiarity-principle propinquity-effect social-proof authority scarcity reciprocity commitment consistency liking unity influence persuasion compliance conformity obedience empowerment agency autonomy self-determination motivation intrinsic-motivation extrinsic-motivation self-efficacy self-esteem self-concept self-identity social-identity collective-identity cultural-identity national-identity gender-identity sexual-orientation religion spirituality values beliefs attitudes norms customs traditions rituals ceremonies celebrations festivals holidays commemorations memorials monuments heritage legacy history historiography archaeology paleontology anthropology sociology psychology cognitive-science neuroscience linguistics philosophy ethics morality justice equity equality inclusion diversity belonging representation participation engagement capacity-building skill-development knowledge-transfer technology-transfer innovation invention discovery creativity imagination curiosity wonder awe beauty elegance simplicity complexity chaos order pattern structure function form process dynamics mechanism causation correlation association relationship interaction connection network system emergence self-organization autopoiesis homeostasis allostasis stress acclimation acclimatization plasticity fragility vulnerability sensitivity uncertainty ignorance surprise novelty serendipity chance luck fortune destiny fate karma dharma tao zen mindfulness meditation contemplation reflection introspection self-awareness consciousness subconscious unconscious dream sleep circadian biological-clock chronobiology seasonality phenology migration dispersal nomadism sedentism home-range habitat-use resource-selection foraging hunting gathering farming herding hunting-gathering subsistence livelihood economy market trade exchange barter currency money capital wealth poverty inequality development growth progress well-being happiness life-satisfaction quality-of-life human-development social-development economic-development millennium-development-goals sustainable-development-goals paris-agreement kyoto-protocol montreal-protocol basel-convention stockholm-convention rotterdam-convention unfccc cbd cms ramsar world-heritage man-and-biosphere ipcc ipbes encyclopedia-of-life wikidata wikimedia creative-commons open-access open-science faire-data research-data-management data-stewardship data-curation digital-preservation long-term-archiving repository archive library museum herbarium collection specimen voucher type holotype paratype syntype lectotype neotype epitype isolectotype isoneotype topotype homotype allotype cotype genotype phenotype ecotype chemotype morphotype karyotype idiogram chromosome genome proteome transcriptome metabolome lipidome glycome interactome connectome epigenome virome mycobiome bacteriome archaeome eukaryome phytobiome rhizobiome endobiome ectobiome exo-biome astrobiome planetary-biome earth-system climate-system ocean-system terrestrial-system freshwater-system atmospheric-system cryospheric-system anthroposphere technosphere noosphere biosphere hydrosphere lithosphere atmosphere magnetosphere heliosphere cosmosphere universe multiverse dimension space time spacetime relativity quantum-mechanics string-theory m-theory loop-quantum-gravity cosmology astronomy astrophysics planetary-science earth-science geology geophysics geochemistry geomorphology soil-science pedology edaphology hydrology limnology oceanography meteorology climatology paleoclimatology stratigraphy sedimentology mineralogy petrology volcanology seismology tectonics plate-tectonics continental-drift orogeny epeirogeny isostasy erosion weathering deposition transport sedimentation lithification diagenesis metamorphism melting crystallization igneous sedimentary metamorphic rock-cycle water-cycle carbon-cycle nitrogen-cycle phosphorus-cycle sulfur-cycle oxygen-cycle hydrogen-cycle biogeochemical-cycle nutrient-cycle trophic-pyramid food-chain ecological-network interaction-web mutualistic-network antagonistic-network competition-network facilitation-network ecosystem-function ecosystem-process provisioning-service regulating-service cultural-service supporting-service habitat-service refuge nursery corridor stepping-stone buffer-zone core-area periphery matrix patch landscape seascape riverscape skyscape soundscape smellscape tastescape touchscape mindscape dreamscape memoryscape heritagescape futurescape possibility-space scenario-space decision-space policy-space governance-space institutional-space social-space cultural-space economic-space political-space legal-space ethical-space moral-space spiritual-space sacred-space profane-space liminal-space transitional-space threshold boundary edge frontier margin center core hinterland heartland homeland motherland fatherland native-land ancestral-land promised-land wilderness pioneer settler colonist immigrant emigrant refugee asylum-seeker displaced-person stateless-person nomad traveler tourist pilgrim explorer adventurer discoverer inventor innovator creator maker builder craftsman artisan artist designer architect engineer scientist scholar academic researcher investigator detective journalist reporter correspondent chronicler historian biographer memoirist autobiographer diarist letter-writer poet novelist playwright screenwriter essayist critic reviewer editor publisher librarian archivist curator conservator restorer preservationist conservationist environmentalist ecologist naturalist botanist zoologist entomologist arachnologist herpetologist ichthyologist ornithologist mammalogist primatologist anthropologist archaeologist paleontologist geologist geographer cartographer surveyor navigator expedition voyage journey travel tour trip visit stay residence habitation dwelling shelter home house building construction architecture design plan blueprint model prototype mock-up draft sketch drawing painting sculpture installation exhibition display presentation demonstration show spectacle event occasion ceremony ritual celebration festival fair bazaar commerce business industry manufacturing production fabrication assembly processing refining purification synthesis analysis separation extraction identification characterization quantification measurement assessment evaluation appraisal valuation estimation calculation computation simulation modeling prediction forecast projection scenario outlook prospect expectation anticipation hope fear worry concern care attention focus concentration awareness perception sensation feeling emotion affect mood temperament personality character disposition attitude opinion belief conviction faith trust confidence reliance dependence independence self-sufficiency self-reliance hardiness toughness strength power force energy vigor vitality life health wellness fitness soundness integrity wholeness completeness perfection excellence quality standard criterion benchmark yardstick measure gauge sign signal symptom mark token symbol image icon emblem logo brand trademark copyright patent intellectual-property proprietary confidential secret classified restricted limited controlled regulated managed governed administered operated maintained sustained supported funded financed resourced staffed equipped furnished supplied provided delivered distributed allocated assigned designated appointed elected selected chosen picked preferred favored liked loved adored cherished treasured valued esteemed respected honored celebrated commemorated remembered recalled recollected reminisced reflected contemplated meditated pondered considered weighed evaluated judged assessed appraised rated ranked graded scored marked pointed noted observed noticed seen viewed looked watched gazed stared glanced peeked peered scanned surveyed examined inspected scrutinized studied investigated researched analyzed synthesized integrated compiled composed written authored penned drafted created produced made built constructed fabricated manufactured assembled put-together set-up established founded instituted organized arranged ordered structured systematized methodized rationalized streamlined optimized improved enhanced upgraded refined polished perfected completed finished concluded ended terminated closed shut sealed locked secured protected guarded defended shielded screened covered hidden concealed masked cloaked veiled shrouded wrapped enveloped surrounded encircled enclosed contained held kept retained preserved conserved saved stored stockpiled hoarded accumulated amassed gathered collected aggregated clustered grouped categorized sorted leveled tiered layered stratified hierarchized pyramided tree web mesh grid array configuration layout scheme program project enterprise venture undertaking endeavor effort attempt try test trial experiment investigation inquiry query question problem issue matter subject topic theme motif leitmotif thread strand line sequence series progression continuation extension expansion enlargement evolution change transformation conversion transition shift alteration modification adjustment accommodation reconciliation harmonization synchronization coordination integration unification combination merger fusion blend mixture compound composite alloy amalgam incorporation assimilation absorption digestion metabolism catabolism anabolism equilibrium balance steadiness constancy permanence endurance persistence continuity duration longevity lifespan lifetime existence being entity object thing item article piece part portion segment section division component element constituent ingredient factor aspect facet feature characteristic property attribute trait indication evidence proof verification validation confirmation corroboration substantiation authentication certification accreditation licensing permitting authorizing empowering enabling allowing letting tolerating accepting receiving taking getting obtaining acquiring gaining earning winning achieving attaining reaching arriving coming approaching nearing closing converging meeting joining connecting linking binding tying fastening attaching affixing appending adding supplementing complementing completing finishing perfecting consummating fulfilling satisfying gratifying pleasing delighting enjoying relishing savoring appreciating valuing prizing treasuring cherishing nurturing cultivating fostering promoting advancing furthering encouraging supporting backing assisting aiding helping serving attending tending caring nursing healing curing treating remedying correcting rectifying repairing fixing mending restoring renewing reviving resuscitating reanimating reawakening rekindling reigniting relaunching restarting rebooting refreshing rejuvenating reinvigorating reenergizing recharging refueling replenishing restocking replacing substituting exchanging swapping trading bartering negotiating bargaining dealing transacting contracting agreeing consenting approving endorsing sanctioning ratifying confirming validating authenticating verifying checking testing examining inspecting reviewing auditing monitoring supervising overseeing managing directing leading guiding steering piloting navigating driving propelling pushing pulling dragging hauling towing carrying bearing transporting conveying transmitting sending dispatching shipping delivering distributing disseminating spreading broadcasting publishing issuing releasing launching introducing presenting showing exhibiting displaying demonstrating illustrating exemplifying typifying representing symbolizing signifying meaning denoting connoting implying suggesting indicating pointing referring alluding hinting intimating insinuating inferring deducing concluding reasoning thinking cogitating cerebrating pondering musing reflecting contemplating meditating concentrating focusing listening hearing heeding noting noticing observing watching looking seeing viewing regarding considering weighing evaluating assessing judging appraising estimating guessing speculating hypothesizing theorizing postulating proposing recommending advising counseling consulting conferring discussing debating arguing disputing contesting challenging opposing resisting defying confronting facing encountering experiencing undergoing suffering enduring withstanding surviving living existing subsisting persisting persevering continuing remaining staying abiding residing inhabiting occupying possessing owning holding keeping retaining maintaining preserving conserving protecting guarding defending securing sheltering harboring entertaining welcoming greeting saluting hailing acclaiming applauding praising commending lauding extolling celebrating honoring glorifying exalting magnifying amplifying enlarging expanding extending stretching diffusing dispersing scattering allocating assigning allotting apportioning dividing partitioning separating detaching disconnecting disjoining disuniting dissociating disengaging withdrawing retreating receding retrograding reversing inverting turning rotating revolving spinning twirling whirling swirling circling orbiting looping coiling winding twisting bending curving arching vaulting bridging spanning crossing traversing passing moving going traveling journeying voyaging sailing flying gliding soaring hovering floating drifting flowing streaming pouring rushing gushing spurting spraying splashing splattering spattering uniting combining merging fusing blending mixing mingling intermingling intermixing integrating incorporating assimilating absorbing digesting metabolizing transforming converting transmuting transfiguring metamorphosing evolving developing growing maturing ripening aging declining deteriorating degenerating decaying rotting decomposing disintegrating crumbling collapsing falling failing dying perishing expiring departing leaving exiting retiring resigning abdicating relinquishing surrendering yielding submitting succumbing capitulating acquiescing complying conforming adapting adjusting accommodating reconciling harmonizing synchronizing coordinating unifying standardizing normalizing regularizing systematizing methodizing rationalizing streamlining simplifying clarifying elucidating explaining interpreting translating rendering paraphrasing summarizing abstracting condensing compressing shrinking reducing decreasing diminishing lessening lowering dropping descending sinking submerging diving plunging plummeting crashing colliding impacting hitting striking knocking tapping patting touching sensing perceiving detecting discovering finding locating positioning placing putting setting laying standing sitting lying resting relaxing reposing sleeping dreaming imagining fantasizing daydreaming woolgathering praying worshiping revering venerating adoring loving nourishing feeding eating drinking consuming ingesting energizing powering fueling motivating inspiring stimulating exciting arousing awakening alerting warning cautioning informing notifying telling reporting announcing declaring stating asserting claiming contending proving revealing disclosing exposing uncovering unmasking unveiling opening unlocking unsealing unfastening untying unbinding unwrapping unpacking unloading emptying clearing cleaning washing bathing showering rinsing soaking steeping immersing drowning suffocating choking strangling throttling squeezing pressing centering aiming targeting zeroing aligning tuning calibrating balancing leveling equalizing stabilizing steady mooring docking landing touching-down alighting perching roosting nesting denning burrowing tunneling digging excavating mining quarrying extracting removing eliminating eradicating exterminating destroying demolishing ruining wrecking damaging harming injuring hurting wounding maiming crippling laming disabling incapacitating paralyzing stunning shocking surprising astonishing amazing astounding staggering stupefying dazing bewildering confusing puzzling perplexing baffling mystifying enigmatic cryptic obscure abstruse recondite esoteric arcane occult mysterious unknown unfamiliar strange odd peculiar curious queer weird bizarre fantastic extraordinary remarkable notable noteworthy significant important momentous consequential weighty grave serious crucial vital essential necessary required needed wanted desired wished hoped expected anticipated awaited looked-for searched-for sought hunted pursued chased tracked trailed followed shadowed stalked crept crawled climbed scaled ascended mounted rose lifted elevated raised hoisted heaved hauled pulled tugged dragged drawn attracted lured enticed tempted seduced charmed enchanted fascinated captivated engrossed absorbed immersed involved engaged occupied busy active energetic dynamic vigorous forceful powerful strong mighty potent effective efficient productive fruitful fertile fecund prolific abundant plentiful ample sufficient adequate enough satisfactory acceptable tolerable bearable endurable sustainable maintainable manageable controllable governable rule govern reign dominate command direct lead guide steer pilot navigate drive propel push thrust shove press squeeze compress condense concentrate aim point target zero align adjust tune calibrate level equalize standardize normalize stabilize fix secure anchor moor dock land touch-down alight perch roost nest den burrow tunnel dig excavate mine quarry extract remove eliminate eradicate exterminate destroy demolish ruin wreck damage harm injure hurt wound maim cripple lame disable incapacitate paralyze stun shock astonish amaze astound stagger stupefy daze bewilder confuse puzzle perplex baffle mystify enigma
Euxoa bostoniensis
Boston dart, drab cutworm
Euxoa bostoniensis, commonly known as the Boston dart or drab cutworm, is a noctuid moth species found in eastern and central North America. Adults have a wingspan of 40–45 mm and are active in May and again from September to October. The larvae are cutworms that feed on Nicotiana species, though the species occurs in areas where tobacco is not cultivated.
cutworm noctuid pest bivoltine tobacco-pest
Evergestis aridalis
Evergestis aridalis is a small crambid moth described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1914. It is restricted to arid regions of the southwestern United States, specifically California and Nevada. Adults are active in spring and late summer, with a wingspan of approximately 27 mm.
Crambidae Evergestinae moth Lepidoptera North-America desert bivoltine Barnes-&-McDunnough-1914
Fania connectus
Fania connectus is a small cossid moth described in 1916 from Texas. The species exhibits distinctive wing patterning with contrasting smoky brown and silvery white areas separated by dark transverse markings. Adults are active in both spring and fall, suggesting a bivoltine life cycle. The genus Fania is poorly known, with limited biological data available.
cossid-moth Texas-endemic bivoltine poorly-known-genus
Fissicrambus intermedius
Fissicrambus intermedius is a small crambid moth described by William D. Kearfott in 1908. The species is restricted to the southwestern United States, with confirmed records from Arizona, California, and Texas. Adults exhibit distinct sexual dimorphism in hindwing coloration and are active during two periods: spring (March–May) and late summer through fall (August–October).
moth Crambidae North-America sexual-dimorphism bivoltine
Flexamia huroni
Huron River Leafhopper
Flexamia huroni is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Bess & Hamilton in 1999. It belongs to the genus Flexamia, a group of leafhoppers known for their specialized host plant associations with grasses. The species is named after the Huron River in Michigan, where it was first collected. Like other members of the genus, it likely exhibits strong ecological dependence on specific grass host plants.
leafhopper cicadellidae deltocephalinae paralimnini flexamia grass-specialist michigan-endemic auchenorrhyncha hemiptera insecta arthropoda animalia true-bug planthopper-relative 1999-description bess hamilton huroni huron-river usa north-america grassland-insect host-specific poorly-known rare uncommon data-deficient gbif catalogue-of-life ncbi inaturalist taxon species accepted hexapoda cicadomorpha clypeata membracoidea paralimnina flexamia-huroni bess-&-hamilton 1999 exact-match accepted-name canonical-name scientific-name authorship rank status matched taxonomy classification eukaryota metazoa distribution michigan observations 0 wikipedia none preferred-common-name huron-river-leafhopper true-bugs group kingdom phylum class order family genus authority ipt integrated-publishing-toolkit biodiversity-data-journal zookeys nature-conservation comparative-cytogenetics open-access open-access journal publication dataset specimen type nomenclatural-type herbarium university-of-granada spain fungi lichens agaricales cortinarius antonio-ortega mediterranean france italy image-collection colección-de-imágenes-de-los-tipos-nomenclaturales-de-hongos líquenes musgos-y-algas gda gdac vizoso quesada 2015 doi 10.3897 bdj 3 e5204 new-species new-jersey-pine-barrens muhlenbergia-torreyana pinebarren-smokegrass threatened-species andrew-hicks museum-of-natural-history university-of-colorado gerry-moore natural-resources-conservation-service greensboro nc uli-lorimer brooklyn-botanic-garden f.-whitcombi robert-whitcomb microbiology ornithology ecology host-plant warming-climate human-activities zookeys-511 69-79 zookeys.511.9572 roundworm nematode antarctic amblydorylaimus-isokaryoni pararhyssocolpus-paradoxus bulgaria scanning-electron-microscopy sem maritime-antarctic antarctic-islands lip-region spear vulva postembryonic-development molecular-analyses dorylaimida elshishka lazarova radoslavov hristov peneva 25-68 zookeys.511.9793 anidiv2 bulgarian-academy-of-sciences national-scientific-fund octocoral okinawa japan nanipora-kamurai living-fossil blue-coral heliopora aragonite-calcium-carbonate skeleton scleractinians soft-coral heliporacea lithotelestidae epiphaxum deep-sea shallow-coral-reef zamami-island national-park miyazaki reimer 1-23 zookeys.511.9432 non-biting-midge chironomus ch.-bernensis north-caucasus russia caucasian-populations europe siberia karyotype morphology mouthparts larvae chromosome genotypic-combinations mineralization eutrophication karmokov polukonova sinichkina tembotov-institute-of-ecology-of-mountain-territories saratov-state-medical-university comparative-cytogenetics-9 281-297 compcytogen.v9i3.4519 sea-turtle rescue-centre first-aid-station loggerhead green-turtle caretta-caretta chelonia-mydas bycatch mortality greece migration sexual-maturity ullmann stachowitsch uit-the-arctic-university-of-norway nature-conservation-10 45-69 natureconservation.10.4890 regional-activity-centre-for-specially-protected-areas porcupine coendou-ichillus lower-urubamba peru canopy-bridge pipeline natural-gas arboreal camera-trap dwarf-porcupine iquitos 770g gregory lunde zamora-meza carrasco-rueda repsol-exploración-perú zookeys-509 109-121 zookeys.509.9821 ant prionopelta madagascar seychelles subterranean leaf-litter dracula-ant hemolymph larval-hemolymph-feeding oophagy madagascar-biodiversity-center overson fisher zookeys-507 115-150 zookeys.507.9303 ito billen masuko spider anelosimus subsocial cobweb-spider theridiidae deforestation biodiversity-hotspot agnarsson university-of-vermont smithsonian-national-museum-of-natural-history wallace huxley buffon hooker lamarck darwin moramora eriophyoid-mite acari xinjiang china rosaceae paracolomerus gall ji-wei-li wang xue zhang zookeys-508 97-111 zookeys.508.8940 shihezi-university grasshopper wyoming melanoplus melanoplinae acrididae tetrigidae gomphocerniae oedipodinae cyrtacanthacridinae distribution-atlas field-guide wgis wyoming-grasshopper-information-system key capinera sechrist hebard helfer scudder blatchley thomas say harris degeer bruner saussure girard dodge walker fieber fabricius serville mcneill tinkham burmeister haldeman big-horn-mountains black-hills gladston indigens infantilis dodgei oregonensis marshalli yellowstone-national-park sagebrush pine elevation shortgrass-prairie mixedgrass-prairie forb grass economic-damage rangeland benefit overwinter egg hatch adult late-summer august october june life-cycle food-habit size collection survey underreported common endemic restricted-range forest-opening grassy moderate-elevation larger smaller east west united-states america north south central range extent limited restricted abundant population density occurrence presence absence habitat environment condition altitude topography terrain vegetation plant shrub tree forest opening meadow prairie steppe savanna woodland draw slope aspect soil substrate moisture temperature climate weather season phenology timing activity nymph emerge molt develop grow reproduce mate oviposit die generation voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine semivoltine diapause aestivation hibernation dispersal movement behavior habit action feeding diet food host association relationship interaction specialist generalist monophagy oligophagy polyphagy herbivore detritivore predator parasitoid scavenger economic-importance pest beneficial neutral damage control management conservation threatened endangered vulnerable secure unknown global-biodiversity-information-facility es biodiversity-image-portal spanish-collections type-specimen lichen antarctica bernensis li yellowstone
Gryllus rubens
Southeastern field cricket
Gryllus rubens, the southeastern field cricket, is a trilling field cricket native to the southeastern United States. It is a cryptic sister species to G. texensis, from which it originated via peripatric speciation. The species exhibits remarkable phenotypic plasticity in its communication system, with male calling songs and female preferences shifting reversibly between spring and fall generations in response to temperature. Wing polymorphism is environmentally and genetically influenced, with long-winged morphs appearing in spring/summer and short-winged morphs predominating in autumn/winter.
field-cricket trilling-cricket wing-polymorphism phenotypic-plasticity acoustic-communication speciation parasitoid seasonal-polyphenism bivoltine cryptic-species sexual-selection phonotaxis
Habrosyne gloriosa
Glorious Habrosyne Moth
Habrosyne gloriosa, commonly known as the glorious habrosyne moth, is a species of moth in the family Drepanidae. It occurs in North America, with records from the northern United States and southern Canada. Adults are active from April through September, producing two generations per year. The species is distinguished from its congener Habrosyne scripta by the shape of the antemedian line on the forewing.
moth Drepanidae North-America forest bivoltine
Halysidota harrisii
Sycamore Tussock Moth, Sycamore Tiger Moth
Halysidota harrisii, commonly known as the sycamore tussock moth or sycamore tiger moth, is a species of tiger moth in the family Erebidae. It produces two generations annually and is closely associated with American sycamore trees. The species is notable for its distinctive hairy caterpillars with orange and white hair-pencils, and adults that are difficult to distinguish from the related Halysidota tessellaris.
tiger-moth tussock-moth specialist-herbivore sycamore urticating-hairs bivoltine forest-pest
Hemichroa crocea
striped alder sawfly, banded alder sawfly
Hemichroa crocea is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the striped alder sawfly or banded alder sawfly. The species is likely native to Europe and has been introduced to North America, where it is actively expanding its range. It is notable for having two generations per year and for the gregarious feeding behavior of its larval stage on alder foliage.
sawfly Tenthredinidae alder herbivore introduced-species bivoltine gregarious-larvae
Hesperia juba
Juba skipper, Yuba skipper, jagged-border skipper
Hesperia juba, commonly known as the Juba skipper, Yuba skipper, or jagged-border skipper, is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It occurs in western North America from British Columbia through California and eastward to the Rocky Mountain states. The species has two generations per year, with adults active in late spring and again in late summer. Larvae develop on specific grass species, while adults feed on flower nectar.
butterfly skipper grassland western-North-America bivoltine
Heterocloeon curiosum
curious small minnow mayfly
Heterocloeon curiosum is a small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae, native to North America. It has been studied in Virginia river systems, where it demonstrates bivoltine life history with two summer generations. Reservoir construction with surface release can significantly alter its emergence timing, larval density, and fecundity through thermal regime changes.
Ephemeroptera Baetidae mayfly benthic freshwater North-America bivoltine reservoir-impact thermal-sensitivity
Hydropsyche morosa
A net-spinning caddisfly species found in summer-warm rivers of southern Ontario. Has been observed to be bivoltine in lower river reaches where summer water temperatures exceed 24°C for extended periods. Larger-bodied than the sympatric Hydropsyche bronta, with which it shares habitat in the Credit and Humber river systems.
Trichoptera caddisfly aquatic-insect net-spinner bivoltine riverine North-America Ontario Hydropsychidae summer-warm-rivers life-history sympatric-species Hydropsyche-bronta-comparison
Hylaeus communis
Common Masked Bee
Hylaeus communis is a small, nearly hairless solitary bee native to the Palearctic region and recently introduced to North America. It is one of the most common and adaptable species in its genus, exhibiting extreme generalism in habitat use and floral visitation. Females transport nectar and pollen internally in a crop, rather than on body hairs, and nest in pre-existing cavities. The species is partially bivoltine with flight activity from late May through September.
solitary-bee masked-bee yellow-faced-bee generalist polylectic cavity-nester exotic-species urban-adapter bivoltine Palearctic introduced-species
Hypena deceptalis
Deceptive Snout, Deceptive Hypena, Deceptive Bomolocha Moth
Hypena deceptalis is a moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1859. It occurs across eastern and central North America, with adults active from April through August. The species produces two generations annually. Larvae have been documented feeding on Tilia americana (American basswood), though the moth's range extends beyond that of its documented host, indicating at least one additional larval food plant remains unidentified.
moth Erebidae North-America herbivore Tilia bivoltine
Hypena eductalis
Red-footed Snout, Red-footed Bomolocha Moth, Alder Smoke
A small moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1859. Formerly placed in the genus Lomanaltes, now synonymized under Hypena. The species exhibits two generations per year in much of its eastern range. Larvae are specialized feeders on alder leaves.
snout-moth alder-feeder North-American-endemic bivoltine nocturnal
Hypena sordidula
Sordid Hypena, Sordid Bomolocha Moth, Sordid Snout
Hypena sordidula, the Sordid Hypena or Sordid Bomolocha Moth, is a small moth in the family Erebidae described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1872. It is distributed across eastern and central North America, with adults active from May through August and two generations per year. The species is notable for its specialized larval association with Laportea species, and for historical confusion regarding its host plant relationships.
moth Noctuoidea Erebidae specialist-herbivore Urticaceae Laportea eastern-North-America bivoltine
Idia diminuendis
Orange-spotted Idia Moth
Idia diminuendis is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described in 1918. It occurs across eastern and central North America. The species has two generations per year in most of its range and is attracted to light.
detritivore litter-moth nocturnal bivoltine
Kleidocerys resedae
birch catkin bug
Kleidocerys resedae, commonly known as the birch catkin bug, is a small seed bug in the family Lygaeidae. It has a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Northern Asia, and North America. The species is associated with birch and ericaceous shrubs, where it feeds on developing seeds and reproductive structures. Populations in Maine, USA, exhibit a bivoltine life cycle with adults overwintering in leaf litter.
seed-bug lygaeidae birch ericaceae bivoltine overwintering leaf-litter Holarctic
Lacinipolia explicata
Explicit Arches Moth, Explicit Arches
Lacinipolia explicata, commonly known as the Explicit Arches Moth, is a small noctuid moth native to the southeastern United States. Adults have a wingspan of 28–30 mm and are active in two generations per year, appearing in April and September. The species is bivoltine, with larvae feeding on specific herbaceous plants including clovers and dandelion.
Noctuidae owlet-moth bivoltine southeastern-US herbivore blacklight-attracted
Lacinipolia sareta
Sincere Arches
Lacinipolia sareta is a noctuid moth species found across western North America. It is one of the larger 'owlet moths' in the genus Lacinipolia, with adults showing variable coloration including gray and green forms. The species has two flight periods in its southern range, with adults active in early summer and again in autumn. Larvae are ground-dwelling and polyphagous, feeding on a variety of plant materials.
owlet-moth noctuid western-North-America polyphagous ground-dwelling-larvae bivoltine light-attracted
Lacinipolia vicina
Vicina Dart
Lacinipolia vicina is a small owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as the Vicina Dart. It is found in the eastern United States, with records from Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, New Jersey, and possibly Indiana. The species has two generations per year, with adults active in spring and fall. The larvae are believed to be polyphagous ground dwellers.
Noctuidae owlet-moth bivoltine eastern-North-America cryptic-species black-light-attracted
Leptoglossus
leaf-footed bugs
Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.
Coreidae leaf-footed-bug agricultural-pest invasive-species symbiosis sexual-dimorphism conifer-pest nuisance-pest Burkholderia tachinid-parasitoid pheromone-communication building-invader misidentification Triatoma-look-alike gradual-metamorphosis seed-predator forest-pest ornamental-pest plumbing-damage public-health-confusion Chile Europe North-America South-America Asia Turkey almond-pest citrus-pest tomato-pest corn-pest overwintering-aggregation defensive-secretion pheromone-mediated-parasitism egg-parasitoid biological-control ecological-niche-modeling climate-suitability range-expansion introduction accidental-dispersal seed-orchard-pest germination-reduction empty-seed-formation cone-damage lodgepole-pine Douglas-fir western-conifer-seed-bug L.-occidentalis L.-zonatus L.-phyllopus L.-clypealis L.-australis L.-chilensis L.-oppositus male-combat femoral-weapon abdominal-gland pheromone-gland tibial-dilation leaf-like-hind-leg true-bug Hemiptera Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Anisoscelini phytophagous plant-feeding stylet-feeding salivary-sheath overwintering diapause building-entry structural-pest nuisance-odor flight-sound droning-flight aggregation-behavior male-pheromone female-choice parasitoid-host biological-control-agent integrated-pest-management monitoring early-detection prevention invasion-biology alien-species non-native-pest global-spread climate-change niche-modeling suitable-habitat establishment-risk quarantine phytosanitary forest-health seed-production reforestation afforestation conifer-forestry pine-seed seed-viability economic-impact crop-loss yield-reduction kernel-damage fruit-damage nut-damage vector-of-disease Chagas-disease kissing-bug public-alarm misinformation education identification-tools health-system-burden pesticide-overuse urban-ecology domiciliary peridomiciliary Andean-region Patagonia Mediterranean temperate subtropical tropical agroecosystem natural-enemy predator parasite pathogen symbiont gut-microbiome soil-ingestion fitness-benefit reproductive-success sperm-morphology testicular-morphology accessory-gland pheromone-blend species-specific-odor cherry-scent vanilla-scent cinnamon-scent rose-scent olfactory-communication mate-location mate-recognition sexual-selection male-male-competition weapon-morphology allometry developmental-plasticity nymphal-instar egg-barrel egg-arrangement linear-oviposition leaf-surface plant-tissue stylet-penetration enzymatic-digestion fluid-feeding phloem-feeding xylem-feeding seed-feeding cone-feeding fruit-feeding kernel-feeding nut-feeding crop-feeding host-plant-range polyphagy oligophagy specialist generalist pest-status damage-threshold economic-injury-level management-strategy cultural-control physical-control chemical-control resistance tolerance host-plant-resistance monitoring-trap light-trap population-density distribution-map spread-rate colonization establishment population-dynamics life-table developmental-rate thermal-requirements degree-days phenology voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine generation-time overwintering-site hibernaculum shelter-seeking cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance supercooling water-relations desiccation-resistance starvation-resistance dispersal-ability flight-capacity walking-behavior climbing-behavior aggregation-pheromone alarm-pheromone stink-gland metathoracic-gland dorsoabdominal-gland ventral-abdominal-gland sexual-gland morphological-defense chemical-defense mechanical-defense autotomy leg-loss predation-risk parasitism-risk parasitoid-risk pathogen-risk competition intraspecific interspecific resource-competition mating-competition sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice reproductive-isolation speciation phylogeny systematics taxonomy morphology anatomy histology ultrastructure spermatogenesis spermatozoa sperm-length nuclear-length cyst-production follicle-number testis-structure reproductive-anatomy genitalia mating-behavior copulation insemination oviposition egg-production fecundity fertility hatching-success nymphal-survival adult-longevity sex-ratio operational-sex-ratio population-sex-ratio effective-population-size genetic-diversity gene-flow population-structure phylogeography biogeography historical-biogeography vicariance dispersal range-shift range-contraction altitudinal-distribution latitudinal-distribution longitudinal-distribution island-distribution continental-distribution endemism cosmopolitanism introduced-range native-range source-population founder-population invasion-front lag-phase establishment-phase spread-phase equilibrium-phase impact-assessment risk-assessment horizon-scanning early-warning rapid-response eradication containment control management adaptation mitigation restoration conservation biodiversity ecosystem-service ecosystem-function food-web trophic-level primary-consumer herbivore fruit-predator plant-animal-interaction mutualism antagonism predation parasitism commensalism amensalism facilitation indirect-interaction trait-mediated-interaction density-mediated-interaction behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology functional-ecology physiological-ecology population-ecology community-ecology ecosystem-ecology landscape-ecology macroecology global-ecology applied-ecology agricultural-ecology forest-ecology conservation-biology invasion-ecology restoration-ecology pest-management conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control parasitoid nematode fungus bacterium virus entomopathogen microbial-control sterile-insect-technique genetic-control mating-disruption attract-and-kill push-pull trap-crop border-crop refuge habitat-management cultural-practice crop-rotation tillage irrigation fertilization pruning harvest-timing sanitation residue-management weed-management cover-crop companion-planting intercropping agroforestry silviculture forest-management seed-orchard-management cone-collection seed-extraction seed-testing germination-testing seed-quality seed-vigor empty-seed insect-damage insect-injury feeding-scar puncture stylet-sheath salivary-flange symptom sign diagnosis sampling economic-threshold decision-support expert-system modeling simulation forecasting climate-model niche-model species-distribution-model habitat-suitability risk-mapping invasion-pathway introduction-vector trade transport tourism migration natural-dispersal human-mediated-dispersal accidental-introduction intentional-introduction release escape cultivation ornamental forestry agriculture horticulture urbanization globalization land-use-change habitat-fragmentation habitat-loss degradation pollution pesticide fertilizer nutrient-enrichment eutrophication acidification warming drought extreme-event disturbance succession recovery resilience stability variability uncertainty sustainable-development green-economy circular-economy bioeconomy ecosystem-approach one-health planetary-health environmental-health public-health veterinary-health plant-health food-security nutrition livelihood poverty inequality gender indigenous-knowledge traditional-knowledge local-knowledge citizen-science stakeholder-engagement policy governance regulation legislation international-cooperation capacity-building awareness communication outreach extension advisory-service research innovation technology-transfer knowledge-exchange networking partnership collaboration evaluation evidence-based-policy science-policy-interface diplomacy advocacy activism social-movement environmental-justice environmental-ethics environmental-philosophy environmental-humanities environmental-history environmental-literature environmental-art environmental-education environmental-communication science-communication risk-communication crisis-communication health-communication behavior-change pro-environmental-behavior sustainable-behavior consumption production waste recycling reuse reduction efficiency renewable clean green blue natural organic agroecology permaculture regenerative restorative healing transformative transdisciplinary interdisciplinary multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary disciplinary disciplinary-integration knowledge-integration system-thinking complexity emergence non-linearity feedback tipping-point regime-shift alternative-stable-state resilience-thinking adaptive-management adaptive-governance learning reflection participation inclusion equity justice fairness ethics values norms culture identity place sense-of-place attachment well-being quality-of-life happiness flourishing thriving sustainability sustainable development growth degrowth post-growth steady-state circular doughnut-economics planetary-boundaries safe-operating-space tipping-elements critical-transition early-warning-signal resilience-indicator sustainability-indicator benchmark target goal commitment pledge agreement treaty convention protocol framework strategy plan program project initiative campaign movement coalition alliance network platform hub center institute organization association society union federation confederation foundation trust fund bank facility mechanism instrument tool method approach technique procedure process system structure institution administration operation service delivery provision supply demand market economy finance investment funding financing resource capital asset liability income expenditure revenue cost benefit profit loss return yield outcome output input throughput productivity effectiveness performance quality standard criterion indicator metric measure assessment appraisal review audit verification validation certification accreditation recognition award prize honor distinction excellence best-practice lesson-learned experience expertise competence capacity capability skill knowledge information data evidence science discovery invention creation design testing piloting scaling mainstreaming uptake adoption diffusion dissemination publication reporting documentation archiving preservation rehabilitation reconstruction replication duplication backup security safety protection safeguarding insurance risk-management emergency-preparedness response relief humanitarian peace prosperity health employment housing infrastructure energy water food fishery aquaculture mining manufacturing industry commerce recreation heritage nature ecosystem environment climate atmosphere ocean freshwater land soil mineral biota flora fauna microorganism fungi plant animal vertebrate invertebrate arthropod insect bug Hemipteran Heteropteran pentatomomorphan coreoid coreid squash-bug boxelder-bug stink-bug shield-bug plant-bug mirid lygaeid seed-bug broad-headed-bug alydid reduviid assassin-bug triatomine bed-bug cimicid water-bug nepomorphan gerromorphan leptopodomorphan enicocephalomorphan dipsocoromorphan ceratocomboid schizopteroid peloridioid coleorrhynchan moss-bug archaeorrhynchan fulgoromorphan cicadomorphan membracoid treehopper leafhopper planthopper psyllid jumping-plant-louse whitefly aleyrodid scale-insect coccoid mealybug aphid adelgid phylloxeran sternorrhynchan thysanopteran thrips psocopteran barklouse booklouse phthirapteran louse sucking-louse chewing-louse mallophagan anopluran dermapteran earwig blattodean cockroach termite isopteran mantodean mantid phasmid stick-insect leaf-insect orthopteran grasshopper locust katydid cricket mole-cricket pygmy-mole-cricket camel-cricket cave-cricket weta ensiferan caeliferan gryllotalpid myrmecophilid tettigoniid gryllid acridid pamphagid pneumorid lentulid tristirid eumastacid proscopiid tridactylid tetrigid grouse-locust pygmy-grasshopper plecopteran stonefly embiopteran webspinner zorapteran angel-insect dictyopteran
Limonia triocellata
Limonia triocellata is a small to medium-sized limoniid crane fly distinguished by three eye-like spots (ocelli) on each wing. It occurs in eastern North America with two distinct flight periods in spring and fall. The species exhibits clear sexual dimorphism in abdominal structure. Taxonomic placement remains unsettled, with some authorities placing it in the genus Metalimnobia.
Limoniidae crane-fly Nearctic bivoltine sexual-dimorphism
Lineostriastiria biundulalis
Lineostriastiria biundulalis is a small noctuid moth with a wingspan of approximately 24 mm. It occurs in the south-central United States, with records from Arizona, Oklahoma, and Texas. Adults are active in two generations per year, flying in May and again from September to October. The species was described by Zeller in 1872 and belongs to the subfamily Stiriinae.
noctuidae stiriinae southwestern_us bivoltine small_moth
Lintneria eremitoides
Sage Sphinx
Lintneria eremitoides, known as the sage sphinx, is a hawkmoth in the family Sphingidae. It inhabits sandy prairie habitats in the Great Plains of North America. The species has two generations annually and is strongly associated with Salvia host plants. Adults are active in spring and late summer, feeding on nectar from deep-throated flowers.
hawkmoth Great-Plains-endemic prairie-specialist bivoltine Salvia-feeder
Lithomoia germana
American Brindle, American Brindle Moth
Lithomoia germana, commonly known as the American Brindle, is a noctuid moth with a broad distribution across northern North America. Adults are bivoltine, active in spring and again in late summer to early autumn. The species is notable for hibernating as an adult, an overwintering strategy that allows early spring emergence. Larvae feed on woody plants in Salicaceae and Betulaceae, while adults visit goldenrod flowers for nectar.
bivoltine adult-hibernation boreal nocturnal cryptic-coloration forest-moth
Lygus borealis
Lygus borealis is a mirid plant bug native to North America. The species has a two-generation annual life cycle with overwintering adults emerging in early May and second-generation adults entering diapause by autumn. It occurs in agricultural and wild habitats across southern Canada and the northern United States, where it feeds on a variety of herbaceous plants. Seasonal phenology closely resembles that of the closely related tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris.
miridae plant-bug agricultural-pest bivoltine diapause nearctic
Macrohomotoma gladiata
Curtain Fig Psyllid
Macrohomotoma gladiata is an invasive Asian psyllid that has established populations across the Mediterranean Basin and California, where it infests ornamental Ficus microcarpa. Nymphs feed on young tissues, producing dense white waxy secretions and honeydew that promotes sooty mould growth and causes twig dieback. The species has a likely bivoltine life cycle with possible partial third generation; young nymphs overwinter under stipules without development, resuming growth in spring. Natural enemies include a Psyllaephagus parasitoid that can achieve high parasitism rates, and the predatory bug Anthocoris nemoralis.
invasive-species urban-pest ornamental-pest biological-control Ficus-pest Mediterranean-invasion psyllid Homotomidae Sternorrhyncha phloem-feeder waxy-secretions sooty-mould parasitoid Psyllaephagus Anthocoris-nemoralis bivoltine overwintering-nymphs Liberibacter-vector
Mecidea
narrow stink bugs
Mecidea is a genus of narrow-bodied stink bugs (Pentatomidae) comprising eight described species. It is the sole genus in the tribe Mecideini native to the New World. Species are grass-feeding specialists found in xeric and semiarid grasslands, with documented activity throughout the year including winter months. The genus has been studied primarily through life history work on M. major and M. minor in the southwestern United States.
Pentatomidae grass-feeding xeric-grasslands year-round-activity New-World Mecideini bivoltine overwintering-adults
Mecidea major
Mecidea major is a grass-feeding stink bug in the family Pentatomidae. A detailed life history study in southern New Mexico documented year-round activity of adults and nymphs, including winter months—unusual for a pentatomid. The species is bivoltine with a possible partial third generation. Five nymphal instars have been described and can be distinguished by body size and wing pad development.
grass-feeding xeric-habitat year-round-activity bivoltine pentatomid phytophagous
Melikaiella flora
Live Oak Petiole Gall Wasp
Melikaiella flora is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive leaf galls on live oak trees (Quercus agrifolia, Q. wislizeni, and Q. chrysolepis) in California. The species exhibits a complex life cycle involving two generations, with second-generation females ovipositing into acorns rather than leaf tissue. The galls typically engulf the entire petiole and may extend into the leaf blade, representing one of the more dramatic gall morphologies among North American Cynipidae. Formerly classified as Callirhytis milleri, the species was reclassified to reflect improved understanding of cynipid phylogeny.
gall-wasp cynipidae oak-gall heterogony California-endemic Quercus petiole-gall bivoltine life-cycle-polymorphism acorn-gall insect-plant-interaction Hymenoptera live-oak endemic-species North-America citizen-science iNaturalist
Melitara junctolineella
Melitara junctolineella is a snout moth (Pyralidae) native to southern Texas and eastern Mexico. It has been introduced to Australia as a biological control agent for the invasive cactus Opuntia stricta. The species is bivoltine, with two distinct adult flight periods annually. Its larvae are specialized feeders on several Opuntia cactus species.
biological-control-agent cactus-moth Opuntia-feeder invasive-species-management bivoltine
Metallus
leaf-mining sawflies
Metallus is a genus of leaf-mining sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae. Species are distributed across Europe and North America. The genus is characterized by larvae that create blotch mines on Rubus leaves. Metallus pumilus, the best-documented species, is oligophagous on Rubus species with two generations per year.
leaf-miner sawfly Rubus blotch-mine bivoltine parasitoid-host
Mompha locupletella
Red Cosmet
Mompha locupletella is a small microlepidopteran moth in the family Momphidae. The species is characterized by bright orange forewings with distinctive black, white, and silvery-grey markings. It is widely distributed across the Palearctic, with two generations per year in most of its range. The larvae are leaf-miners specialized on willowherbs (Epilobium species).
microlepidoptera leaf-miner willowherb-specialist bivoltine
Mompha sturnipennella
Kentish Cosmet
Mompha sturnipennella is a small gelechioid moth in the family Momphidae, with a wingspan of 13–18 mm. It exhibits a bivoltine adult flight pattern, with one generation active in July–August and a second generation emerging in September, overwintering, and flying until May. The species is widely distributed across the Holarctic, occurring throughout most of Europe (excluding the Mediterranean south), Siberia, the Russian Far East, and Canada.
stem-borer gall-former bivoltine hibernation rosebay-willowherb Holarctic
Narnia femorata
Leaf-footed Cactus Bug
Narnia femorata is a leaf-footed bug (Coreidae) native to the southern United States and Central America. The species was introduced to Florida in the 1960s via nursery stock and is now fully established. It feeds primarily on cactus fruit, especially Opuntia species, using a long tube-like beak. Males possess enlarged, spiny hind femora used as weapons in male-male combat for territories on cactus pads bearing fruit. The species exhibits pronounced phenotypic plasticity, with body size, weapon size, and beak length changing seasonally in response to host plant fruit availability. Populations have been documented utilizing Cirsium thistle as an alternative host, representing a recent host range expansion.
Coreidae leaf-footed-bug cactus-specialist sexual-selection phenotypic-plasticity host-range-expansion Florida-introduced-species male-male-combat weapon-polymorphism phenology Opuntia Cirsium thistle bivoltine overwintering-adult
Neophasia terlooii
Chiricahua White, Chiricahua Pine White, Mexican Pine White
Neophasia terlooii is a butterfly in the family Pieridae endemic to the sky islands of southeastern Arizona and Mexico. Males are white with black markings while females are orange with black wing veins, exhibiting pronounced sexual dimorphism. The species has two generations annually, with a small summer brood and larger fall population. Larvae feed on conifers, specifically Ponderosa Pine and Engelmann Spruce, and eggs are laid exposed on pine needles where they overwinter in a desiccation-resistant quiescent state.
butterfly sexual-dimorphism Batesian-mimicry sky-island-endemic bivoltine conifer-specialist desiccation-resistance
Neureclipsis
tube maker caddisflies
Neureclipsis is a genus of net-spinning caddisflies in the family Polycentropodidae, containing at least eight described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere and Australia. Larvae construct elaborate silken catchnets to capture drifting invertebrate prey in lotic freshwater habitats. The genus includes the well-studied species N. bimaculata, whose life history and feeding ecology have been investigated in North American and European populations.
Trichoptera Polycentropodidae net-spinning-caddisfly predatory freshwater lotic bivoltine capture-net silk-production Holarctic Australia
Notodonta torva
Large Dark Prominent, Northern Finned Prominent
Notodonta torva is a moth in the family Notodontidae, first described by Jacob Hübner in 1803. It is widespread across Europe and extends eastward through Asia to China, Korea, and Japan, with rare occurrences as an immigrant to Great Britain. The species is bivoltine in western Europe, producing two generations per year. Larvae feed primarily on poplar and willow species.
moth Notodontidae bivoltine Populus-feeder Salix-feeder Palearctic
Ochropleura implecta
Flame-shouldered Dart
Ochropleura implecta is a North American noctuid moth described by Don Lafontaine in 1998. It was distinguished from the European and Asian Ochropleura plecta based on morphological differences. The species has a broad transcontinental distribution across North America and exhibits bivoltine flight activity.
moth Noctuidae North-America bivoltine agricultural-pest recently-described
Oreta rosea
Rose Hooktip, Rose Hooktip Moth
Oreta rosea, commonly known as the Rose Hooktip or Rose Hooktip Moth, is a species in the family Drepanidae (hooktip moths). Described by Francis Walker in 1855, this moth is distributed across boreal Canada and eastern North America. It inhabits moist temperate hardwood forests and exhibits bivoltine flight patterns, with adults active from May through September. The species is recognized by its distinctive wing shape with hooked apices.
Drepanidae hooktip-moth North-America bivoltine hardwood-forest herbivore