Bivoltine
Guides
Pandemis cerasana
barred fruit-tree tortrix
Pandemis cerasana is a tortricid moth native to northern Eurasia, introduced to North America where it was first recorded in Victoria, British Columbia in 1964. The species is a polyphagous leaf roller whose larvae feed on various deciduous trees and shrubs, with notable damage to fruit trees including cherry, apple, and pear. Adults fly from June to August in western Europe, with two generations per year.
Pandemis heparana
dark fruit-tree tortrix, apple brown tortrix
Pandemis heparana is a tortricid moth with a wingspan of 16–24 mm, recognized by its variable brown forewings with reticulate patterning and dark transverse bands. The species is bivoltine, with adults active from late May to mid-September in western Europe. Larvae develop within rolled leaves of various deciduous trees and shrubs, and are considered agricultural pests of apple and pear orchards.
Paracantha gentilis
Paracantha gentilis is a tephritid fruit fly species described by Hering in 1940 from Wyoming specimens. The species has a complex taxonomic history, with several taxa described by Malloch in 1941 (mimetica, mimetica elongata, mexicana) and Aczél in 1953 (sobrina) later synonymized under P. gentilis when wing pattern variation proved continuous rather than discrete. It is the first Tephritidae species in which the median oral lobe of larvae was described, a character now known to be shared by all non-frugivorous Tephritinae. The species exhibits a bivoltine life cycle with distinct behavioral and morphological adaptations for exploiting Cirsium thistle flowerheads.
Petrophila canadensis
Canadian petrophila moth, Canadian Petrophila
A small aquatic moth in the family Crambidae, described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1972. Adults have a wingspan of 11–18 mm and are active from May to September with two generations per year. The species is notable for its fully aquatic larval stage, which feeds on diatoms and algae in freshwater habitats. It overwinters as an adult.
Phaeoura quernaria
oak beauty, American Oak Beauty
Phaeoura quernaria, commonly known as the oak beauty or American Oak Beauty, is a geometrid moth native to eastern North America. The species is notable for its salt-and-pepper patterned wings that provide effective bark camouflage. It exhibits bivoltine or univoltine life cycles depending on latitude, with adults active from late winter through autumn. Larvae feed on various hardwood trees and the species overwinters as pupae.
Pheosia
Pheosia is a Palearctic genus of prominent moths in the family Notodontidae. The genus includes several species, with Pheosia gnoma (Lesser Swallow Prominent) and Pheosia tremula (Swallow Prominent) being the most well-documented. Species within this genus are distinguished by characteristic wing patterns and larval host plant associations with woody plants.
Phragmatobia fuliginosa
Ruby Tiger, Ruby Tiger Moth
Phragmatobia fuliginosa, the Ruby Tiger, is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae of family Erebidae. It has a wingspan of 35–45 mm and is distinguished by dark reddish-brown forewings with a blackish comma-shaped spot and bright carmine to rose-red hindwings. The species is widely distributed across the Palearctic and into northern North America, with multiple recognized subspecies including the North American P. f. rubricosa. It exhibits geographic variation in generation time: univoltine in northern regions with adults flying in June, and bivoltine in southern Britain with adults appearing April–June and again August–September.
Phyllonorycter maestingella
Beech Midget
Phyllonorycter maestingella is a minute leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae. The species is bivoltine, with adults flying in spring and late summer. Larvae are specialized miners of beech leaves, creating distinctive blotch mines on the leaf underside. The species has a transcontinental distribution spanning Europe, Russia, and western North America.
Phyllonorycter salicifoliella
aspen blotch miner
Phyllonorycter salicifoliella is a North American micro-moth in the family Gracillariidae, commonly known as the aspen blotch miner. Adults are small with forewings 3–4 mm in length. The species is notable for its larval leaf-mining behavior on willows and poplars, with larvae feeding internally within leaf tissue. It exhibits two generations per year in most of its range, with adult activity peaking in summer and again in late summer through autumn.
Phyllonorycter scudderella
Phyllonorycter scudderella is a micro-moth in the family Gracillariidae. It is widespread across North America, with populations in the east from Ontario to Ohio and in the west from south-eastern Alaska to Oregon. The species is known to have two generations per year in at least part of its range. Larvae are leaf miners on willow species.
Phytomyza gymnostoma
onion leaf miner, allium leafminer
Phytomyza gymnostoma is a leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae, commonly known as the onion leaf miner or allium leafminer. Native to mainland Europe, it has established invasive populations in England (first detected 2002) and North America (first detected December 2015 in Pennsylvania). The species is a significant agricultural pest specializing in Allium crops, including onions, garlic, shallots, and leeks. It is bivoltine, producing two generations annually, with adults active during spring and fall flight periods.
Pima occidentalis
snout moth
Pima occidentalis is a species of snout moth (family Pyralidae) native to the southwestern United States. The species was formerly treated as a subspecies of Pima albiplagiatella but is now recognized as distinct. Larvae are specialized feeders on Astragalus and Lathyrus species. Populations in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona produce two generations annually.
Plagodis pulveraria
Barred Umber
Plagodis pulveraria, commonly known as the barred umber, is a geometrid moth first described by Linnaeus in 1758. It is widely distributed across the Palearctic realm from Ireland to Japan, with additional populations in Canada. The species exhibits considerable color variation, ranging from reddish-brown to violaceous grey, with diagnostic straight antemedian and incurved postmedian lines on the forewings. Adults are active in two generations from mid-spring through summer.
Platycotis
Platycotis is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, comprising approximately 13 described species. The genus is characterized by pronounced pronotal modifications typical of the family. The best-studied species, P. vittata (the oak treehopper), exhibits presocial behavior including maternal egg guarding and nymphal aggregations. Species in this genus are associated with woody host plants, particularly oaks.
Platycotis vittata
Oak Treehopper
Platycotis vittata, commonly known as the oak treehopper, is a North American treehopper species in the family Membracidae. It is an obligate specialist on oak trees (Quercus spp.) and exhibits notable presocial behavior including maternal care of eggs and nymphs. Adults are 9–13 mm in length with variable coloration ranging from sea green to bronze, olive green, or pale blue with red dots or four lengthwise stripes. The species is bivoltine, producing two discrete generations in early spring and autumn, with females of both generations entering diapause. Males locate and court females using substrate-borne vibrational signals.
Plusiodonta compressipalpis
Moonseed Moth
Plusiodonta compressipalpis, commonly known as the moonseed moth, is a small nocturnal moth in the family Erebidae. The species was described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It occurs across eastern North America with two generations per year in most of its range. The common name reflects its larval association with moonseed vines (Menispermum species).
Plutella porrectella
Dame's Rocket Moth
Plutella porrectella is a small plutellid moth closely related to the diamondback moth (P. xylostella). Unlike its cosmopolitan relative, this species has a restricted Palearctic distribution and specialized life history tied to dame's rocket (Hesperis matronalis). It completes two generations annually and overwinters as a first-instar larva concealed within host plant apical buds. The species appears to offer limited value as an alternative host for biological control agents targeting the diamondback moth.
Prorella discoidalis
Prorella discoidalis is a small geometrid moth described by John Arthur Grossbeck in 1908. The species is restricted to the southwestern United States, occurring in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 17 mm and appear in two generations annually, with flight periods in June and August.
Protoboarmia porcelaria
Porcelain Gray, Dash-lined Looper
Protoboarmia porcelaria is a Geometrid moth commonly known as the Porcelain Gray or Dash-lined Looper. Adults are medium-sized with brown-gray wings marked by crossed curved lines and a distinctive black blotch. The species occurs throughout North America except the far north, with one generation annually in northern regions and two in southern areas. Larvae feed primarily on conifer foliage and overwinter in their penultimate instar stage.
Protorthodes rufula
rufous Quaker moth
Protorthodes rufula is a small noctuid moth found along the Pacific Coast of western North America. The species exhibits highly variable forewing coloration ranging from pale buff to deep brown, with rufous shading present in most individuals. It has two distinct flight periods in northern populations and an extended season in southern California. The larvae develop on hardwoods in the rose family.
Proxenus miranda
Miranda Moth, Glistening Rustic
Proxenus miranda, commonly known as the Miranda moth or glistening rustic, is a small noctuid moth with a wingspan of 23–27 mm. It occurs across most of North America in two generations annually, with adults active from May through October. The species inhabits moist, open forests and grasslands, and its larvae feed on herbaceous plants including dandelion, strawberry, and alfalfa.
Pterospoda nigrescens
Pterospoda nigrescens is a small geometrid moth with a wingspan of approximately 24 mm, distributed across arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The species exhibits bivoltine flight patterns with primary activity periods in April and August in Arizona. Larvae have been successfully reared on Condalia species, specifically Condalia warnockii var. kearneyana, indicating a specialized host relationship with this shrub genus.
Pyrgus centaureae
Northern Grizzled Skipper
A skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae, found in mountainous regions of Scandinavia. Adults fly in June and July. The species has been documented to switch larval foodplants between years of development.
Pyrgus scriptura
Small Checkered-Skipper, small checkered skipper
Pyrgus scriptura is a small skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae, commonly known as the small checkered skipper. It occurs across the western and central United States and southern Canada. The species has two generations per year and is associated with open, dry habitats. Larvae feed on plants in the mallow family (Malvaceae), particularly Sida hederacea.
Redectis vitrea
White-spotted Redectis Moth, Scalloped Snout
Redectis vitrea is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1878. It occurs across the eastern and central United States. The species exhibits bivoltine phenology in at least part of its range, with adult activity spanning summer through early autumn.
Rhopalomyia solidaginis
Goldenrod Bunch Gall Midge, goldenrod bunch gall
Rhopalomyia solidaginis is a gall midge (Cecidomyiidae) that induces distinctive bunch galls on goldenrod plants. It is bivoltine, producing separate spring and summer gall generations with different morphologies. The species is the second-largest Rhopalomyia on goldenrods and can be identified by male gonopod structure and female ovipositor length. It has been documented across eastern North America.
Rupela segrega
Rupela segrega is a moth species in the family Crambidae, described by Carl Heinrich in 1937. It is known from a limited range in the eastern United States, with records from Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and Maryland. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in wingspan, with males measuring 26–33 mm and females 28–38 mm. Adults are active during two distinct periods: spring (April–July) and fall (September–October).
Rupela sejuncta
Rupela sejuncta is a crambid moth described by Carl Heinrich in 1937. It is characterized by shining white wings and moderate sexual dimorphism in size. Adults are active during two main periods: spring through early summer and again in autumn. The species occurs primarily in the southeastern and south-central United States.
Saperda populnea
small poplar borer
Saperda populnea is a longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) that forms distinctive woody galls on twigs of poplars and willows. The species was described by Linnaeus in 1758 and has a broad distribution across the Northern Hemisphere. Females create characteristic horseshoe-shaped cuts on host twigs where eggs are deposited, leading to gall formation. The beetle is of economic concern in hybrid aspen plantations due to damage to young trees.
Schinia cupes
Schinia cupes is a small noctuid moth in the subfamily Heliothinae, described by Grote in 1875. The species is characterized by a wingspan of approximately 30 mm. It exhibits bivoltine flight periods, with adults active in spring and again in late summer. The larvae are specialized feeders on specific host plants in the southwestern United States.
Schinia tertia
Third Flower Moth
Schinia tertia is a small noctuid moth native to western North America. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 25 mm and are active from April to October in two generations per year. The species is notable for its specialized larval diet on flowering plants in three genera: Ericameria, Isocoma pluriflora, and Liatris.
Scrobipalpa atriplicella
goosefoot groundling moth
Scrobipalpa atriplicella is a small gelechiid moth native to Eurasia, now established as an introduced species in North America. Adults have a wingspan of 10–14 mm and exhibit two generations per year. The species has emerged as a significant agricultural pest on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) in both Europe and North America, where larval feeding on seeds and foliage can cause complete crop loss. Originally associated with wild Chenopodiaceae including Chenopodium album and Atriplex species, its host range has expanded to include cultivated crops.
Scrobipalpa obsoletella
summer groundling
Scrobipalpa obsoletella, commonly known as the summer groundling, is a small gelechiid moth with a wingspan of 12–14 mm. The species has a broad distribution spanning Europe, Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran through Asian Russia to Mongolia, with introduced populations in New Zealand, South Africa, and North America. It is associated with coastal salt marshes and sandy beaches, where its larvae feed on Atriplex and Chenopodium species. Adults are active from May to August, with larvae present from June to July and again in September.
Scythris sinensis
Scythris sinensis is a small moth in the family Scythrididae, described by Felder & Rogenhofer in 1875. Native to eastern Asia, it has established populations across Europe and North America, often associated with human activity. The species is thermophilous and synanthropic, with larvae that mine the leaves of goosefoot plants. Adults are generally bivoltine, with a possible third partial generation in warmer southern regions.
Spargania luctuata
White-banded Carpet, White-banded Carpet Moth
Spargania luctuata, commonly known as the white-banded carpet, is a geometrid moth with a Holarctic distribution spanning northern and central Europe, North Asia, and North America. Adults are bivoltine in at least parts of their range, flying from late April through September. The species is recognized by its characteristic wing pattern featuring a prominent white transverse band. Larvae feed specifically on rosebay willowherb (Chamaenerion angustifolium and related species).
Sparganothis
Sparganothis fruitworm
Sparganothis is a genus of tortricid moths in the subfamily Tortricinae. Several species are significant agricultural pests, particularly of cranberries, blueberries, and grapes. The genus includes the economically important Sparganothis sulfureana, a major cranberry pest in North America, and S. pilleriana, a grape leaf-roller in European vineyards. Species exhibit bivoltine life cycles with larvae that feed on fruit and foliage, causing direct yield losses in commercial production systems.
Sparganothis sulfureana
sparganothis fruitworm moth, blueberry leafroller
Sparganothis sulfureana is a tortricid moth and major agricultural pest of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in North America. Larvae cause economic damage through two distinct feeding behaviors: spring feeding on new foliar growth reduces photosynthetic capacity, while second-generation larvae bore into enlarging berries, with each larva destroying 3–5 berries. The species is bivoltine, overwintering as first-instar larvae, and has been documented on multiple host plants including blueberry, apple, alfalfa, celery, and pine. Management relies on integrated pest management strategies including degree-day models for timing insecticide applications, flooding, and developing pheromone-based mating disruption.
Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
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anomalella
rose leaf miner
Stigmella anomalella is a microlepidopteran moth in the family Nepticulidae, commonly known as the rose leaf miner. Adults are active from May to August with two generations per year. The larvae are leaf miners that feed on various Rosa species and related plants in the Rosaceae family, creating distinctive corridor mines with hairpin turns in host leaves.
Stigmella betulicola
Stigmella betulicola is a minute leaf-mining moth in the family Nepticulidae, with a wingspan of 3.4–4.6 mm. It is widely distributed across Europe and extends eastward into the Palearctic realm. The species produces two generations annually, with adults active in May and August. Larvae are specialized miners of birch leaves, feeding on several Betula species. Identification from similar Stigmella species requires examination of genitalia under microscopy.
Stigmella intermedia
pygmy leaf-mining moth
Stigmella intermedia is a minute pygmy moth in the family Nepticulidae, characterized by a wingspan of only 3–3.5 mm. The species is known from the Nearctic region, with records from Ohio, Arkansas, Kentucky, Ontario, and Vermont. It is a specialist leafminer whose larvae feed on sumac species (Rhus typhina and Rhus aromatica), creating distinctive linear mines with broad blackish frass lines. The species typically produces two generations per year, with larvae maturing in July and overwintering, though occasionally a third generation occurs.
Stigmella ostryaefoliella
Stigmella ostryaefoliella is a pygmy moth in the family Nepticulidae. The species is known from the eastern United States and Ontario, Canada. Larvae are leaf miners that feed on several hardwood genera. Adults have two generations per year.
Stigmella tiliella
Stigmella tiliella is a pygmy moth in the family Nepticulidae, known for its extremely small size and leaf-mining larval behavior. The species is restricted to the eastern United States, specifically Ohio and Kentucky. Its larvae are specialized feeders on Tilia americana (American basswood), creating distinctive mines in the leaves. Adults exhibit bivoltine phenology with two generations per year.
Swammerdamia caesiella
Birch Ermel
Swammerdamia caesiella is a small ermine moth in the family Yponomeutidae, commonly known as the Birch Ermel. It has a broad distribution across Europe, Asia, and North America, where it may have been introduced. The species is bivoltine, with adults active in spring and late summer. Larvae specialize on birch foliage.
Tachina
Tachina is a genus of large tachinid flies comprising approximately 600 species worldwide. Adults are typically 9–14 mm in length with conspicuous spiky bristles. The genus is notable for its larval parasitoid lifestyle, with most species targeting lepidopteran caterpillars as hosts. Tachina fera, the best-studied species, has a chromosome-level genome assembly representing the first high-quality genomic resource for the family Tachinidae.
Tebenna silphiella
rosinweed moth
Tebenna silphiella is a small moth in the family Choreutidae, commonly known as the rosinweed moth. It is restricted to prairie habitats in the central United States, where its larvae feed exclusively on Silphium integrifolium (rosinweed). The species has two generations per year, with adults active in May and larvae present from May through June.
Tipula oleracea
marsh crane fly, common crane fly
Tipula oleracea is a crane fly species native to the Palaearctic region that has been introduced to parts of the Nearctic and Neotropics. Adults are typically greyish with wings 18–28 mm long, and are active in two flight periods: early summer (April–June, peaking May–June) and late summer (August–October). The species is notable for its larval 'leatherjackets' which can reach densities of up to 400 per square meter in agricultural soils, causing damage to crops such as cabbage by feeding on roots and, at night, above-ground plant parts.
Urola nivalis
Snowy Urola Moth
Urola nivalis, commonly known as the snowy urola moth, is a small crambid moth found across eastern and central North America. Adults are active from May through September, producing two generations annually. The species has a wingspan of 15–23 mm. Larvae feed on grasses and have been recorded as pests of Ligustrum species.
Xestia dolosa
Greater Black-letter Dart, Woodland Spotted Cutworm, Spotted Cutworm
Xestia dolosa is a noctuid moth native to North America with three common names reflecting its appearance and larval habit: greater black-letter dart, woodland spotted cutworm, and spotted cutworm. Adults are medium-sized with a wingspan near 40 mm. The species exhibits bivoltine phenology in southern populations and univoltine patterns in the north. Larvae are agricultural pests feeding on diverse crop plants and woody vegetation.
Xyleborus celsus
Hickory Timber Beetle
Xyleborus celsus, commonly known as the hickory timber beetle, is a bivoltine ambrosia beetle native to North America. It specializes in colonizing stressed or dying black hickory trees (Carya texana) and other hickory species. The species overwinters as adults and completes development from egg to adult in approximately 35 days. Unlike some invasive congenerics, it appears to be a native primary colonizer of weakened trees rather than an aggressive killer of healthy hosts.