Macadamia-pest
Guides
Grapholitini
Grapholitine moths, Leafroller moth tribe
Grapholitini is a tribe of tortricid moths comprising approximately 1200 described species. The tribe contains numerous economically significant agricultural pests that damage fruits and seeds. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have resolved the tribe into two major lineages—a Dichrorampha clade and a Cydia clade—with the genus Grapholita found to be polyphyletic. The tribe likely originated in the Nearctic, Afrotropical and Neotropical regions during the middle Eocene (ca. 44.3 Ma).
Gymnandrosoma
Gymnandrosoma is a genus of tortricid moths in the tribe Grapholitini. The genus includes at least eight described species distributed primarily in the Americas. Gymnandrosoma aurantianum, the most economically significant species, is a major agricultural pest known as the citrus fruit borer in Brazil and the macadamia nut borer in Central America. Other species in the genus have been described from North and South America, with limited biological information available.
Hypothenemus obscurus
apple twig beetle, tropical nut borer
Hypothenemus obscurus is a small scolytine bark beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is known by two common names: "apple twig beetle" in North America and "tropical nut borer" in tropical regions. The species attacks several crops including macadamia nut and coffee, and has been documented developing on artificial diets of both macadamia and coffee. Its life cycle from egg to adult has been estimated at approximately 28.5 days under laboratory conditions. The species is native to tropical regions and has been introduced to North America.