Polystyrene-degradation
Guides
Tenebrio obscurus
Dark Mealworm, Mini Mealworm
Tenebrio obscurus, commonly known as the dark mealworm or mini mealworm, is a darkling beetle species whose larvae are smaller than those of the closely related yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). Adults are small, black to dull brown beetles measuring 12–18 mm. The species is a pest of stored grain products and has been studied for its ability to biodegrade polystyrene waste. Larvae are commercially used as feeder insects for reptiles, amphibians, birds, and zoo animals.
Zophobas
blind click-beetles
Zophobas is a genus of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) native to the Americas. The genus contains several species, with Zophobas morio (also known as Z. atratus) being the most widely recognized due to its commercial importance. Larvae of this species, commonly called "superworms," are larger and more nutritious than yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and are extensively used as feeder insects for reptiles, birds, and other pets. Research has demonstrated that Z. morio larvae can degrade polystyrene and other plastics through gut microbiome activity, with potential applications in waste management and as a protein source for animal feed and human consumption.
Zophobas atratus
superworm, kingworm, barley worm, morio worm, giant mealworm beetle
Zophobas atratus is a darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae) whose larvae, known as superworms, are widely used as feed for captive reptiles, amphibians, birds, and fish. The species is notable for its larger size compared to the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), with larvae reaching 50–60 mm in length. Adults measure up to 57 mm. The species has gained attention for its ability to biodegrade polystyrene plastics through mechanical shredding and bacterial gut enzyme activity. It is native to tropical regions of Central and South America but has been introduced globally through the pet trade. The name Zophobas morio is a junior synonym.