Agrotis ipsilon

(Hufnagel, 1766)

dark sword-grass, ipsilon dart, black cutworm, greasy cutworm, floodplain cutworm

is a globally distributed whose , known as , are serious agricultural pests. are -sized with distinctive black Y-shaped or epsilon-shaped markings on . The exhibits seasonal , traveling north in spring and south in fall to avoid temperature extremes. Larvae feed on a wide range of vegetable and grains, cutting plants at or below the soil surface and causing significant .

Dark Sword Grass (Agrotis ipsilon), Baltasound - geograph.org.uk - 4155480 by Mike Pennington . Used under a CC BY-SA 2.0 license.

Agrotis ipsilon (36900001726) by Ben Sale from UK. Used under a CC BY 2.0 license.

Agrotis ipsilon (4672624284) by Patrick Clement from West Midlands, England. Used under a CC BY 2.0 license.

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Agrotis ipsilon: /əˈɡroʊtɪs ˈɪpsɪˌlɒn/

These audio files are automatically generated. While they are not always 100% accurate, they are a good starting point.

Identification

distinguished from similar Agrotis by the distinctive black Y-shaped or epsilon-shaped marking on . Forewings also show first and second edged with dark fuscous, with spot followed by short black dash. Subterminal line obscure, usually preceded in middle by two fine black marks. lack (present in some related ); coloration highly variable but body covered with and with dark spots. Fourth and later become light-sensitive and hide underground during daylight, distinguishing from surface-feeding cutworms.

Images

Habitat

Agricultural fields, pastures, and disturbed areas with . attracted to deciduous trees and shrubs including linden, wild plum, crabapple, and lilac. found in soil or at soil surface, particularly in fields with weeds or debris. Prefers areas with fencerow debris for early in season, later shifting to low, dense plants with multiple stems and leaves.

Distribution

Worldwide distribution including southern Canada, 48 United States plus Hawaii, Mexico, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Rim, North Africa, Europe, and Asia. Absent from some tropical regions and colder areas; more widespread in Northern than Southern Hemisphere. in Azores (Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico).

Seasonality

Seasonal migrant: travels north in spring, south in fall. In Canada, 1–2 per year; in United States, 2–4 generations. Abundant in warmer regions (e.g., Arkansas) during late spring (May–June) and early fall (September–October); in cooler regions (e.g., New York), more abundant during summer (June–July). Complete generation lasts 35–60 days.

Diet

feed on weeds including bluegrass, curled dock, lambsquarters, rocket, and redroot pigweed before attacking . Favored crops: most vegetable plants, alfalfa, clover, cotton, rice, sorghum, , sugarbeet, , and occasionally grains and grasses. Each larva consumes over 400 cm² of foliage during development; after fourth , cuts plants at or below soil surface. feed on flower nectar; also of fetterbush lyonia.

Host Associations

Zea mays - pestSerious pest of corn, especially at one-leaf stage
Gossypium hirsutum - pestCotton damaged by larval feeding
Nicotiana tabacum - pest is favored
Beta vulgaris - pestSugarbeet damaged by activity
Solanum lycopersicum - pestTomatoes among vegetable
Helianthus annuus - pestSunflower damaged by
Oryza sativa - pestRice is important grain
Sorghum bicolor - pestSorghum damaged by feeding
Medicago sativa - pestAlfalfa is favored
Trifolium - pestClover is favored
Fragaria - pest is favored
Lyonia lucida - pollinate fetterbush
Tilia - food source attracted to linden
Prunus americana - food source attracted to wild plum
Malus - food source attracted to crabapple
Syringa - food source attracted to lilac

Life Cycle

. stage: 3–6 days; females oviposit in clusters on low-lying leaves or dead material, not on bare soil, with 1200–1900 eggs possible per female. Larval stage: 20–40 days, 5–9 ; development optimized at 27°C, instars 1–5 most successful at higher humidities; by 4th instar becomes light-sensitive and . Pupal stage: 12–20 days, in soil 3–12 mm below surface. preoviposition period: 7–10 days. Total time: 35–60 days. ceases in fall before southward ; resumes in spring before northward migration.

Behavior

activity in . Seasonal : northward in spring, southward in fall, triggered by thermoperiod and changes. Female calling : releases to attract males, with calling increasing in first three days after then decreasing with age; older females call earlier to compensate for reduced production. cannibalistic. Fourth and later larvae hide underground during daylight, emerging at night to feed.

Ecological Role

function as and agricultural pests, consuming significant and cutting seedlings. serve as , particularly of fetterbush lyonia. for diverse including (Meteorus leviventris), (Archytas cirphis, Bonnetia comta, Gonia sequax, Eucelatoria armigera, Sisyropa eudryae), , and (Lasius neoniger). for nematode Hexamermis arvalis, which infects up to 60% of larvae in central United States and is lethal.

Human Relevance

Major agricultural pest causing significant worldwide. sever young plants at ground level, reducing stands; each larva consumes over 400 cm² of foliage. Particularly damaging to corn at one-leaf stage, also affects cotton, , sugarbeet, tomato, sunflower, rice, sorghum, alfalfa, clover, , and potato. Management includes soil (pre-, planting-time, or rescue treatments), cultural controls (weed destruction, seedbed preparation), and for damaged plants. Subject of research on -based control and .

Similar Taxa

Agrotis munda , similar larval damage pattern but differs in markings and distribution
Euxoa auxiliaris, also Agrotis-related pest with different and climbing larval
Peridroma saucia, similar damage but with distinct coloration and larval stripes

More Details

Pheromone Biology

production and release in females, and male responsiveness, are regulated by (JH) and biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (). JH acts on both and pheromone production through independent neuroendocrine systems. This hormonal control has been extensively studied for potential pest management applications.

Olfactory System

Possesses sensitive olfactory system with odorant binding (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), odorant receptors (ORs), ionotropic receptors (IRs), and proteins (SNMPs) expressed in , enabling of and volatiles.

Climate Change Research

Used as model for studying photoperiodic time measurement and seasonal in , with research on how physiological state and are modulated at transcriptional and translational levels to facilitate adaptability to changing environments.