Scorpions

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Scorpiones: //skɔrˈpi.o.neːs//

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Summary

Scorpiones is an order of predatory arachnids commonly known as scorpions. They are characterized by their eight limbs, grasping pincers, and a segmented tail equipped with a venomous stinger. Scorpions are found in various habitats across the globe, mainly in warm regions, and play a key role in the ecosystem as predators. Despite a reputation for being deadly, most species are harmless to humans.

Physical Characteristics

Adults range from 9 mm (Typhlochactas mitchelli, Mexico) to over 210 mm (Hadogenes troglodytes, South Africa). Scorpions have two large pedipalps which end in a chela (hand or 'pincer'), and a long five-segmented metasoma (tail) with an additional telson that bears the stinger/aculeus.

Identification Tips

Look for a pair of grasping pincers and a narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a characteristic forward curve over the back. Scorpions typically have eight legs and their central eyes are amongst the most light sensitive in the animal kingdom.

Habitat

Scorpions are found in a wide range of habitats, including deserts, coastal sand dunes, mountains, and even caves. They may be found under rocks, in road cuts, and in trees, and can burrow to depths of 20 feet in arroyos.

Distribution

Scorpions are distributed worldwide, except Antarctica. They are most abundant in the semiarid regions and diversity increases dramatically west of the 100 degree meridian in the United States. They do not occur naturally in the Great Lakes states (except extreme SW Illinois) or New England, or Alaska.

Diet

Primarily carnivorous, feeding on soft-bodied insects and other arachnids, including other scorpions. Some larger species may prey on small vertebrates such as lizards, snakes, and small mammals.

Life Cycle

Scorpions live from two years to as long as 25 years in captivity. Most species mature within a year or two, going through multiple instars during their development.

Reproduction

Scorpions are viviparous and give live birth. Mating involves a complex courtship ritual known as 'promenade à deux', and the female cares for the young until their exoskeletons harden.

Predators

Scorpions may be preyed upon by frogs, lizards, snakes, birds, mammal species like meerkats, and are also attacked by arthropods such as ants and spiders.

Ecosystem Role

As predators, scorpions play a significant role in controlling the populations of insects and other small invertebrates within their ecosystem.

Cultural Significance

Scorpions appear in art, folklore, mythology, and commercial brands. They have historical significance in various cultures, including their depiction in ancient Egyptian beliefs and zodiac symbolism.

Health Concerns

The stings of most scorpions cause only localized pain and swelling, but around 25 species have venom capable of causing serious harm or death. The Arizona Bark Scorpion is one such species.

Collecting Methods

• Hand collecting
• UV light to locate scorpions at night

Preservation Methods

• Ethanol
• Dry preservation with desiccants

Evolution

Scorpions have an evolutionary history dating back 435 million years. They are among the oldest terrestrial arthropods and have adapted to various environmental conditions.

Similar Taxa

• Pseudoscorpiones
• Spiders (Order Araneae)

Misconceptions

While scorpions are often associated with danger, the vast majority of species do not seriously threaten humans, and healthy adults usually do not require medical treatment after a sting.

Tags

• scorpions
• arachnids
• predators
• evolution
• ecosystem role
• cultural significance