South-america
Guides
Leucophenga maculosa
Leucophenga maculosa is a small fruit fly in the family Drosophilidae, originally described as Drosophila maculosa by Coquillett in 1895. The species belongs to the subfamily Steganinae and is part of a genus characterized by distinctive spotted or patterned body markings. It has been documented in multiple regions including the eastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Brazil.
Lineodes fontella
Eastern Lineodes Moth
Lineodes fontella, commonly known as the eastern lineodes moth, is a small crambid moth described by Walsingham in 1913. It is widely distributed across the southeastern United States, the Caribbean, and parts of Central and South America. The species is notable for its specialized larval association with Physalis fruits.
Liodessus
Liodessus is a genus of small diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, tribe Bidessini. Species occur across the Americas from North America through the Andes to southern South America, with notable diversity in high-altitude wetlands and páramo ecosystems. Many species inhabit shallow, exposed pools and temporary water bodies, showing phenotypic plasticity in body form correlated with habitat permanence. The genus contains numerous species, with several new species described from the high Andes of Peru and Colombia in recent years. Taxonomic resolution relies heavily on male genital morphology.
diving-beetleaquatic-insecthigh-altitudepáramoAndesphenotypic-plasticityBidessiniHydroporinaeDytiscidaeColeopterawetlandtemporary-poolpeatlandsubantarctictaxonomymale-genitaliaCOI-barcodecryptic-speciesincipient-speciationhybridizationgeometric-morphometricsenvironmental-sentineldrought-indicatorSouth-AmericaNorth-AmericaFijiNavarino-IslandMagallanesPeruColombiaChileArgentinaBoliviaBogotáJunínCuscoHuánucoCundinamarcaSumapazPunasteppepeat-bogshallow-poolpuddlealtitude-3400-4900mL.-affinis-complexL.-bogotensis-complexL.-chilensisL.-affinisL.-obscurellusL.-noviaffinisL.-saratogaeL.-picinusL.-santarositaL.-alpinusL.-hauthiL.-rhigosL.-thespesiosGuignot-1939ZimmermannSharpLeConteSaySteinheilRégimbartBiströmMillerBalkeFranciscoloSanfilippoPederzaniNilssonYoungClarkHatchMannerheimCaseyAubéBalfour-BrowneBrinckPeschetSolierWhiteZootaxaZooKeysInsect-Systematics-&-EvolutionAnales-del-Instituto-de-la-PatagoniaPLoS-ONEGBIFiNaturalistCatalogue-of-LifeNCBI-TaxonomyBOLDBarcode-of-Life-Data-SystemCOImitochondrial-DNAphylogeographypopulation-structurerange-expansionlineagegenetic-structuresubspecieslectotypeneotypesynonymynew-speciesnew-subspeciesrevisionmorphometricsallometrybody-sizebody-shapeelytrapronotumstriaecolorationpunctationhabitusoccipital-linegenital-morphologyaedeagusparamerediagnosisidentification-keytype-localitytype-specimenetymologybionomicsnatural-historygeographic-distributiondistribution-mapNearcticNeotropicalPatagoniaCape-Horn-Biosphere-Reservedroughtclimate-changeenvironmental-changesentinel-speciesplasticityadaptationphenotypic-variationhydrological-landscapewater-permanencepoolbogAltiplanoAndeanhigh-elevationmontanealpineaquaticfreshwaterlenticloticinsectbeetleAdephagaLiodessusLiorhyssus hyalinus
Hyaline Grass Bug
Liorhyssus hyalinus is a small scentless plant bug in the family Rhopalidae, widely distributed across multiple continents. Adults measure 6.5–7.5 mm and are active year-round in suitable climates. The species is a documented pest of quinoa cultivation in South America, particularly at lower elevations outside the crop's Andean origin, and has been recorded feeding on developing grains of maize and sorghum. Laboratory studies indicate optimal development and reproduction occur at 30°C, with five nymphal instars and thermal requirements of 68.6 degree-days for egg development and 114.8 degree-days for nymphal development.
Lipaphis
Crucifer Aphids
Lipaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, commonly known as crucifer aphids. Species in this genus are specialized feeders on plants in the family Brassicaceae, with some species showing broader host ranges within dicotyledons. The genus includes economically significant pests such as Lipaphis erysimi (mustard aphid) and Lipaphis pseudobrassicae, which cause substantial yield losses in rapeseed, mustard, kale, and other cruciferous crops across multiple continents.
Listroderes
vegetable weevils
Listroderes is a genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Cyclominae. The genus includes at least 170 described species, though some sources suggest a smaller core group. Several species, particularly Listroderes costirostris (vegetable weevil), are significant agricultural pests with broad host ranges. The genus is characterized by distinctive body vestiture of subcircular to suboval scales. Species are native to southern South America, with some introduced widely through human activity.
Lomachaeta
Lomachaeta is a genus of velvet ants (Mutillidae) established by Mickel in 1936. The genus includes species distributed across western North America, Mexico, Central America, and South America. A 2004 revision described six new species and consolidated several previously described species under L. hicksi. Host data have been recorded for at least some species, indicating parasitoid relationships with other insects.
Longitarsus varicornis
Banded Heliotrope Longitarsus
Longitarsus varicornis is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first described by Suffrian in 1868. It belongs to the tribe Alticini, a group characterized by enlarged hind femora adapted for jumping. The species has a broad geographic distribution spanning the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America. As with other members of the genus Longitarsus, it is likely associated with herbaceous vegetation, though specific host plant records for this species remain limited.
Lucilia mexicana
green bottle fly
Lucilia mexicana is a green bottle blow fly in the family Calliphoridae, first described by Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart in 1843 or 1844. Adults measure 6–9 mm and exhibit metallic blue-green thoraxes with purple tints. The species is distributed from the southwestern United States through Mexico and Central America to Brazil, inhabiting wooded and urban environments. It holds potential forensic significance for determining postmortem intervals and stored-product contamination cases, though more research is needed for reliable application in criminal investigations.
Macrosiagon excavata
Macrosiagon excavata is a species of wedge-shaped beetle in the family Ripiphoridae. It is native to South America, with specimens documented in museum collections from that region. The species was described by Klug in 1825. Like other members of the genus Macrosiagon, it is likely associated with the nests of solitary wasps, though specific host records for this species are not well documented.
Malacopterus tenellus
Malacopterus tenellus is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1801. The species is distributed across parts of South America and the Caribbean, with records from Brazil, Bolivia, and other regions. As a member of the tribe Oemini within the subfamily Cerambycinae, it represents a lineage of wood-boring beetles. The original description placed it in the genus Callidium, but it was later transferred to Malacopterus.
Malagoniella astyanax
Malagoniella astyanax is a dung beetle species in the family Scarabaeidae, formerly placed in the tribe Canthonini. It is distributed across South America, with documented occurrences in Colombia and other countries. The species comprises five recognized subspecies showing geographic variation across its range.
Mallodon
hardwood stump borer
Mallodon is a genus of prionine longhorned beetles in the family Cerambycidae. The genus contains approximately eight described species distributed across the Americas, with M. dasystomus being the most widely studied and geographically extensive. Species in this genus are characterized by large body size, prominent mandibles, and association with hardwood hosts. The genus was established by Lacordaire in 1830.
Megamelus
Water Hyacinth Planthopper (for M. scutellaris)
Megamelus is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, comprising at least 30 described species. The genus is widely distributed and primarily associated with freshwater aquatic environments. Several species, particularly M. scutellaris, have been extensively studied as biological control agents for invasive aquatic weeds such as water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes). The genus exhibits wing dimorphism influenced by population density and host plant quality. Recent phylogenetic studies have clarified interspecific relationships and supported the monophyly of the genus.
Megastigmus transvaalensis
Peppertree Seed Chalcid
Megastigmus transvaalensis is a minute chalcid wasp native to South Africa that has become invasive in Mexico, Brazil, and Chile. Adults are yellowish-brown with pronounced sexual dimorphism in size. The species is a seed parasite that targets drupes of Rhus species in its native range and has shifted to Schinus species in South America, with significant implications for biological control and native plant conservation.
Melanis
Melanis is a genus of butterflies in the family Riodinidae, restricted to the Neotropical realm. The genus was established by Hübner in 1819 and contains approximately 30 described species distributed across Central and South America, with highest diversity in Brazil. Species within this genus exhibit variation in wing patterns and are typically found in tropical and subtropical forest habitats.
Melyridae
Soft-winged Flower Beetles, Soft-wing Flower Beetles
Melyridae is a family of beetles in the superfamily Cleroidea, containing over 100 genera worldwide with approximately 520 species in 48 genera in North America. Members are commonly found on flowers, with most adults and larvae being predaceous. The family includes three recognized subfamilies: Dasytinae, Malachiinae, and Melyrinae. Some species, notably in the genus Choresine, have been found to contain potent batrachotoxins, potentially serving as a dietary source for toxic birds and poison-dart frogs.
Meriola
Meriola is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Trachelidae, established by Nathan Banks in 1895. The genus contains approximately 24 species distributed primarily in South America, with some species extending into North America. Several species have been introduced to the United States, notably Meriola arcifera in California and Hawaii. The genus is taxonomically distinct from a homonymous genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae.
Merothrips
Merothrips is a genus of thrips comprising approximately 19 described species in the family Merothripidae. The genus includes both extant species found in subtropical regions and fossil species preserved in amber. Merothrips species have been documented in South America, particularly Brazil, where multiple species occur in sympatry. A fossil species, Merothrips aithiopicus, was described from Miocene-aged Ethiopian amber.
Metaltella
Metaltella is a genus of South American spiders in the family Desidae (formerly Amphinectidae), first described by Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão in 1931. The genus contains six species distributed across Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay. One species, Metaltella simoni, has been introduced to North America and is now established in the southeastern United States and Canada. Members of this genus are hacklemesh weavers that construct webs with retreats. The genus is notable for its intertidal ecology in its native range and its successful establishment as an introduced species in North America.
Metaltella simoni
South American Toothed Hacklemesh Weaver
Metaltella simoni is a small hacklemesh weaver spider native to South America (Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil), introduced to North America through human commerce. First recorded in Louisiana in 1944, it has become established in the southeastern United States and coastal southern California, with subsequent records in Canada. The species builds sheet webs with a retreat and exhibits distinctive behaviors including leaving the retreat when threatened, which increases vulnerability to predation.
Methia
Methia is a genus of longhorned beetles in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Cerambycinae, and tribe Methiini. The genus was established by Newman in 1842 and contains approximately 40 described species distributed primarily in North and Central America, with some species extending into South America. Species within this genus are typically small to medium-sized cerambycids. Adult Methia have been documented as attracted to ultraviolet and mercury vapor lights, suggesting nocturnal or crepuscular activity patterns.
Micrathena mitrata
white micrathena
Micrathena mitrata is a small orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae, commonly known as the white micrathena. Females range from 4 to 9 mm in body length, while males are smaller at 3 to 4 mm. The species is characterized by a shiny black abdomen and spiky, yellowish-brown legs. It constructs circular orb webs to capture flying insects and is found from the United States south to Brazil. Despite its spiny appearance, it poses no danger to humans.
Microterys
Microterys is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea), with its center of distribution in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Species are important natural enemies of various scale insects (Coccoidea), including soft scales (Coccidae), wax scales (Ceroplastes), and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus has been extensively studied for biological control applications, particularly for managing pest scale insects on citrus and other crops. Several species have been introduced to new regions as biocontrol agents, including Microterys flavus in California.
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latipes
Small Mocis Moth, Striped Grass Looper
Mocis latipes is a moth in the family Erebidae, commonly known as the Small Mocis Moth or Striped Grass Looper. It has a broad distribution across the Americas, from southern Canada through the United States and into Central and South America. The species is notable for its grass-feeding larval stage, which can include agricultural crops such as rice and corn.
Nathalis
Nathalis is a small genus of butterflies in the family Pieridae, containing two recognized species. The genus is notable for including the dainty sulphur (Nathalis iole), one of the smallest butterflies in North America. Species in this genus occur from North America through Central America to northern South America. The genus has been subject to behavioral study, with research documenting courtship displays in N. iole.
Neivamyrmex swainsonii
Swainson's Legionary Ant
Neivamyrmex swainsonii is a species of legionary ant in the family Formicidae, native to South America. It belongs to the genus Neivamyrmex, which comprises nomadic army ants known for raiding the nests of other ant species. The species exhibits the typical legionary ant lifestyle: colonies are nomadic during active periods, with workers foraging nocturnally in groups to prey on larvae and pupae of other ants. Like other Neivamyrmex species, N. swainsonii is associated with specialized myrmecophilous beetles, particularly clown beetles in the subfamily Hetaeriinae that live as guests within ant colonies.
Neotermes castaneus
Florida dampwood termite, southern damp-wood termite
Neotermes castaneus is a dampwood termite species in the family Kalotermitidae, commonly known as the Florida dampwood termite or southern damp-wood termite. It is distributed across the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, and South America. As a member of the Kalotermitidae family, it is a drywood-type termite that does not require contact with soil moisture, distinguishing it from subterranean termites.
Nepheloleuca
Nepheloleuca is a genus of geometrid moths erected by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1883. The genus comprises twelve species characterized by similar wing patterns with variations in ground color and minor marking differences. Species are distributed across the Caribbean islands of Haiti, Cuba, and Jamaica, as well as mainland South America.
Odontolytes denominatus
Odontolytes denominatus is a small aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is distributed across the Neotropical and southern Nearctic regions, with records from the Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America, as well as Florida in the United States. As a member of the tribe Eupariini, it is associated with decomposing organic matter.
Odontomachus haematodus
two-spined trapjaw ant
Odontomachus haematodus is a large, aggressive species of trap-jaw ant native to South America that has established introduced populations across the southeastern United States, particularly along the Gulf Coast. The species is notable for its powerful, spring-loaded mandibles capable of rapid snapping movements used in prey capture and defense. Workers are active both diurnally and nocturnally, foraging in and around rotting wood and occasionally nesting within plants such as Aechmea aquilega. Research has documented this species as a predator of Thoropa taophora tadpoles and has identified unique queen pheromones involving dialkyltetrahydrofurans, compounds previously unknown in eusocial insects.
Oebalus
rice stink bug
Oebalus is a genus of stink bugs (Pentatomidae) containing several species that are significant agricultural pests, particularly of rice and sorghum. The most extensively studied species, Oebalus pugnax (rice stink bug), is a serious pest of rice in the southeastern United States and Caribbean. Other species including O. insularis, O. ornatus, and O. poecilus also develop on rice and are distributed across the Americas. All life stages feed on developing grain kernels, causing direct damage and facilitating fungal infection.
Olcella
frit flies
Olcella is a genus of small frit flies in the family Chloropidae, subfamily Oscinellinae. The genus contains approximately 11 described species with highest diversity in South America, particularly Argentina. Several Nearctic species have been documented engaging in kleptoparasitism, feeding on prey fluids from insects captured by predators such as spiders, assassin bugs, and mantids. Species in this genus possess a long geniculate (elbowed) proboscis that facilitates feeding on exposed fluids without disturbing the predator.
Ommatospila
Ommatospila is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Spilomelinae. It was established by Julius Lederer in 1863 and contains three described species distributed across the Americas. The genus belongs to a diverse group of pyraloid moths commonly known as grass moths or snout moths.
Oncometopia
sharpshooters
Oncometopia is a genus of sharpshooters (leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae) found in North and South America, erected by Carl Stål in 1869. Species range from 9.4 to 15.0 mm in length and are characterized by distinctive morphological features including a moderately produced head, coriaceous forewings with apical membranes, and specialized hindleg tarsomere proportions. Several species are economically important as vectors of plant pathogens, particularly Xylella fastidiosa, which causes diseases such as phony peach disease and citrus variegated chlorosis.
Opisthacidius
Opisthacidius is a genus of assassin bugs in the family Reduviidae, subfamily Reduviinae. It was established by Berg in 1879 and is native to South America. The genus comprises predatory true bugs that hunt other insects using raptorial forelegs and a piercing-sucking proboscis.
Orchestia grillus
beach hopper, saltmarsh amphipod
Orchestia grillus is a saltmarsh amphipod in the family Talitridae, found in South America. It is notable for its role in studies of parasite-manipulated behavior, specifically involving infection by the trematode Levinseniella byrdi. Infected individuals display bright orange coloration and altered habitat use compared to uninfected individuals. The species is currently recognized as a synonym of Speziorchestia grillus in some taxonomic databases.
Orphulella punctata
Orphulella punctata is a slant-faced grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is distributed across South America, with confirmed records from Argentina, Bolivia, and multiple regions of Brazil. The species belongs to a genus characterized by slanted facial profiles and grass-feeding habits. Detailed biological studies for this species are limited; most ecological knowledge comes from congeneric species in North America.
Orthotomicus
Orthotomicus is a genus of bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, containing approximately nine described species. The genus is primarily associated with coniferous trees, particularly pines (Pinus spp.) and cedars (Cedrus spp.). Several species, notably Orthotomicus erosus (Mediterranean pine engraver) and O. laricis, have become significant forest pests through native population outbreaks and invasive range expansions. Species in this genus are known for their associations with ophiostomatoid fungi, which they vector and which contribute to tree decline.
Oxelytrum
carrion beetles
Oxelytrum is a genus of carrion beetles in the family Silphidae, containing approximately 10 described species distributed primarily in South America. Members are characterized by three distinct ridges on each elytron, a hairless pronotal disk, and 3-segmented antennal clubs. Most species are nocturnal and associated with decomposing animal remains. The genus has forensic significance due to predictable colonization patterns on carcasses.
Pachydrus
Pachydrus is a genus of diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, established by Sharp in 1882. The genus belongs to the tribe Pachydrini within the subfamily Hydroporinae. It contains nine described species distributed primarily in South America, with records from Colombia and surrounding regions. As with other dytiscids, members are aquatic predators inhabiting freshwater environments.
Paraceresa
Paraceresa is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, subfamily Smiliinae, established by Kopp & Yonke in 1979. The genus contains 11 described species distributed primarily in South America. Species have been recorded from Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. The genus belongs to the tribe Ceresini within the diverse treehopper radiation.
Parochodaeus
Parochodaeus is a genus of scarab beetles in the family Ochodaeidae, established by Nikolajev in 1995. The genus contains more than 20 described species distributed primarily in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Members are commonly referred to as sand-loving scarab beetles, reflecting their association with sandy substrates. Species occur in western South America, with records from Peru, Argentina, and Chile, where they have been documented traversing Andean distributional corridors.
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
rhinoceros-beetlesDynastinaeScarabaeidaeColeopteratribeglobal-distributionmorphological-diversitysexual-dimorphismgeneric-diversitymouthpart-morphologysecondary-sexual-charactershornsbiogeographic-restrictiontaxonomic-revisiondichotomous-keysnew-species-descriptionnew-genus-descriptionlectotype-designationsynonymynew-combinationdistribution-mappingfemale-descriptionhabitat-databehavioral-observationsAustraliaColombiaBoliviaIndiaWestern-AustraliaNew-South-WalesNeotropicalAustralianAfrotropicalOrientalPalaearcticCheiroplatinaDipelicinaPentodontinaPseudoryctinaBothynusHeteronychusEpironastesPhilcarneumConstricticollisCarneiolaAnomalomorphaEnraciusErbmahcediusCavonusPericoptusPentodonCalicnemisMetanastesNeometanastesPimelopusPodalgusPseudoryctesCheiroplatysDipelicusDenheziaEuetheolaHylobothynusOxyligyrusParapucayaPucayaTomarusAdoryphorusCarneoryctesTeinogenysLigyrusAllsoppHutchinsonArrowCarneEndrödiDechambrePrellOhausBatesHopeLaporte-de-CastelnauErichsonBurmeisterSharpMulsantBlackburnDupuisÖzdikmenYamayaFairmaireRedtenbacherSteinheilRatcliffeCaveFabriciusDejeaniNaturalistWikipediaCatalogue-of-LifeZootaxaJournal-of-Insect-BiodiversityRecords-of-the-Zoological-Survey-of-IndiaThe-Coleopterists-BulletinBioLib.czWikimedia-CommonsDOI10.11646/zootaxa.4048.4.110.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.210.11646/zootaxa.5351.3.210.26515/rzsi/v125/i2s/2025/17296410.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.710.11646/zootaxa.5072.5.210.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.310.12976/jib/2024.54.2.210.1649/1186.1new-synonymylectotypedistribution-maphabitat-descriptionkey-to-specieskey-to-generamale-genitaliaexternal-morphologyaedeagushabitusphotographsillustrationsspecimen-recordsnatural-historybiogeographyendemicrestricted-distributioncoastalsouthwesternsoutheasternnorthernAraniCochabambaKununurraMenziesNew-ZealandSouth-Americafirst-recordmisidentificationerroneous-recordinvisible-taxonformal-nomenclaturecephalic-hornsthoracic-hornsclaw-modificationantennal-clubmouthpartsmandiblesmaxillaelabiumclypeuspronotumelytrapygidiumtarsimetatarsitibiaefemoraprosternal-processmesosternal-processmetasternal-processabdominal-sternitesparameresphallobaseinternal-sacspermathecaovipositorlarvapupaadultinstarthird-instarC-shapedscarabaeiformsoil-dwellingnocturnalcrepuscularflightaggregationmatingovipositionfeedingroot-feedingdetritivorysaprophagyherbivoryfrugivorypollen-feedingnectar-feedingdecaydecompositionnutrient-cyclingsoil-aerationpestagricultural-pestpasture-pestsugarcane-pestroot-damageturf-damagebiological-controlindicator-speciesconservationbiodiversityendemismcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeometric-morphometricsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingCOI16S28S18SITSbiogeographic-regionbiogeographic-realmNeotropicsAfrotropicsAustralasiaIndomalayaPalearcticNearcticMadagascaroceanic-islandscontinentalinsularmontanelowlandtropicalsubtropicaltemperatearidsemi-aridhumidrainforestsavannagrasslandwoodlandforestcoastal-duneriparianwetlandagriculturalpastureplantationurbandisturbedprimary-habitatsecondary-habitatseasonal-activityrainy-seasondry-seasonmonsoonaltitudeelevationlatitudelongitudegeographic-rangerange-extensionrange-contractiondisjunct-distributionvicariancedispersalcolonizationinvasionintroducednativecosmopolitanwidespreadrestrictedrarecommonabundantscarcedata-deficientIUCNCITESprotectedthreatenedvulnerableendangeredcritically-endangeredextinctfossilsubfossilquaternaryholocenepleistocenemuseum-specimencollectionvouchertype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypeparalectotypeneotypetopotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptiondiagnosisemended-diagnosiskeydichotomous-keyillustrated-keyinteractive-keydigital-keymobile-apponline-databaseGBIFBOLDGenBankMorphBankZooBankLSIDORCIDopen-accesspaywallsupplementary-materialsupporting-informationdata-availabilitycode-availabilityethical-statementconflict-of-interestfundingacknowledgmentsauthor-contributionpeer-revieweditorial-processpublication-datejournalvolumeissuepagesarticle-numberISSNeISSNISBNpublisheracademic-pressscientific-presssocietyassociationinstitutionuniversitymuseumherbariumarchiverepositorydatabaseindexcataloguechecklistinventorymonographrevisionreviewsynthesismeta-analysissystematic-reviewrapid-assessmentlong-term-studyfield-worklaboratory-workmolecular-workmorphological-workanatomical-workhistological-workdevelopmental-workbehavioral-workecological-workphysiological-workbiochemical-workgenetic-workgenomic-worktranscriptomic-workproteomic-workmetabolomic-workimagingphotographymicroscopyelectron-microscopyscanning-electron-microscopySEMtransmission-electron-microscopyTEMconfocal-microscopylight-microscopystereomicroscopymacrophotographystacked-photography3D-imagingmicro-CTCT-scanningMRINMRspectroscopyspectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingSanger-sequencingnext-generation-sequencingNGSIlluminaPacBioOxford-NanoporeSangercapillary-electrophoresisDNA-extractionPCRamplificationprimermarkergenelocusalignmentphylogenytreenetworkhaplotypehaplogrouppopulation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-flowgenetic-dive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hconnectivity-conservationcorridorbuffer-zoneprotected-areanational-parknature-reservewildlife-refugewilderness-areaworld-heritage-sitebiosphere-reserveRamsar-siteImportant-Bird-AreaKey-Biodiversity-AreaAlliance-for-Zero-Extinction-siteconservation-priorityhotspotcrisis-ecoregionglobal-200last-of-the-wildhuman-footprintcumulative-impactthreat-indexvulnerability-indexadaptive-capacityexposuresensitivityresilienceresistancerecoveryrestorationrehabilitationreintroductiontranslocationex-situin-situcaptive-breedingbotanic-gardenzoogene-bankseed-banktissue-banksperm-bankoocyte-bankembryo-bankDNA-bankfrozen-zooarkinsurancesafety-netde-extinctiongenetic-rescuegenetic-restorationgenetic-augmentationgenetic-managementpopulation-managementmetapopulationsource-sinkpatchmatrixlandscapeseascapeecosystembiomeecoregionprovincezoneregiondistrictsitelocalityhabitatmicrohabitatnicheecological-nichefundamental-nicherealized-nichetrophic-nichespatial-nichetemporal-nichebiotic-nicheabiotic-nichemultidimensional-nichen-dimensional-nicheHutchinsonian-nicheGrinnellian-nicheEltonian-nicheresourcerequirementlimitationstressdisturbanceperturbationfluctuationvariabilityheterogeneitycomplexitydiversityredundancystabilitypersistenceadaptationacclimationplasticityevolvabilityheritabilityselectiondriftflowmutationrecombinationspeciationcoalescencedivergenceconvergenceparallelismhomoplasyanalogyhomologysynapomorphysymplesiomorphyautapomorphyapomorphyplesiomorphyderivedancestralprimitiveadvancedbasalcrownstemnodebranchcladegradesubfamilyfamilysuperfamilyinfraordersuborderordersuperorderinfraclasssubclassclasssuperclasssubphylumphylumsuperphylumkingdomdomainlifeorganismindividualetc.Perithemis domitia
slough amberwing
Perithemis domitia, commonly known as the slough amberwing, is a small skimmer dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is distributed across a broad geographic range including the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America. The species is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN with a stable population.
Phlugis
Phlugis is a genus of small katydids in the family Tettigoniidae, subfamily Meconematinae. These insects belong to the tribe Phlugidini, which shares the genus name. The genus occurs primarily in South American tropical and subtropical regions. Members are generally diminutive compared to many other katydids, reflecting adaptations to their specific ecological niches.
Piezocera
Piezocera is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the tribe Piezocerini, established by Audinet-Serville in 1834. The genus contains at least fifteen described species, with three new species described in 2025 from Brazil and Bolivia. South America exhibits the highest species richness for the genus, with potential distribution modeling indicating suitability across most of the continent except the Andes region and most of Argentina.
Platytomus longulus
Platytomus longulus is a small aphodiine dung beetle described by Cartwright in 1948. It belongs to the tribe Psammodiini, a group often associated with sandy or loose substrates rather than dense dung. The species occurs across a broad geographic range spanning the southeastern United States and much of South America.
Pnirontis infirma
Pnirontis infirma is a species of assassin bug in the family Reduviidae, first described by Stål in 1859. It has a broad geographic distribution spanning the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America. As a member of the subfamily Stenopodainae, it belongs to a group of reduviids commonly known as feather-legged bugs.
Polistes dominula
European Paper Wasp
Polistes dominula is a highly successful invasive social wasp native to Eurasia that has established populations across North America, South America, New Zealand, South Africa, and other regions. First detected in North America near Boston in 1978, it has become one of the most abundant wasps on the continent. The species builds small, exposed paper nests in protected locations and preys primarily on live insects, particularly caterpillars. Unlike yellowjackets, it does not scavenge for meat or sugar. Its rapid spread has been attributed to ecological flexibility, superior competitive ability, and tolerance of human-altered environments.
invasive-speciessocial-wasppaper-wasppredatorpollinatorurban-ecologyeusocialnest-constructionbiological-controlthermal-biologyspatial-learningvibrational-communicationaposematismhonest-signaloverwinteringdiapausePolistesVespidaeHymenopteraNorth-AmericaEuropeNew-ZealandSouth-AfricaSouth-Americamonarch-butterflycaterpillar-predationnest-architecturegynefoundressdominance-hierarchyclimate-change-impactenergeticsmetabolic-ratemicroclimatesuburban-habitatanthropogenicornamental-pestvineyard-pestfruit-damagestinging-insectvenompoison-glandwarning-colorationZahavian-signalStrepsipteraparasitoidXenosbehavioral-plasticityforaginglearningmemorythermoregulationectothermyendothermysolar-radiationnest-temperaturebrood-developmentcolony-survivalmultiple-foundingsingle-foundingseason-lengthlatitudetemperateMediterraneanhibernacleoverwintering-costsclimate-warmingrange-expansioncompetitionnative-species-displacementbiodiversity-impactconservationmanagementcontrolintegrated-pest-managementIPMidentificationantennae-colorfacial-markingscastereproductionmalefemalesexual-dimorphismantennaeabdomenwingmandiblesalivapapercombcellpediceltrophallaxislarvapupaadultworkerqueensubordinatedominantaggressiondefensethreat-displaystingtoxicitybrightnesscolorationpredator-avoidancepreycaterpillarLepidopterabutterflymothgardenagriculturevineyardorchardurbansuburbanruralforesthabitat-preferencetemperaturemetabolismquiescencetorporsurvivalfitnesscolonynestpopulationabundancedistributionrangeexpansioninvasionestablishmentintroductionbiotic-interactiontrophic-cascadeherbivory-suppressionplant-fitnessmilkweedDanaus-plexippusmonarchNelsonTasmanecosystem-impactconservation-managementbiological-invasionecologybehaviorphysiologymorphologytaxonomysystematicsnomenclaturegender-agreementLatinChrist1791Vespa-dominulabasionymcatalogue-of-lifeGBIFiNaturalistobservationcitizen-sciencephotographyillustrationfield-guideorangeblackyellowredcolor-patternsizewing-lengthbodycompactlegsshortfacesquaretriangulardarkcurledstraightelbowedbluntpointedtipZahaviancostly-signalhuntforagenectarhoneydewaphidscale-insectflowergrapeumbelliferfennellovageinsectmeatballfeedemergechewcaphexagonalwood-fiberbarkexposedopenumbrellastalkantrepellentsubstancecoatprotectlocationeaveattictreebranchvineshrubcavitybird-boxbee-hiveshedgrave-lanternoverwintershelterprotectedthermalclimatecoldwinterspringsummerautumnfallseasonmonthdayactivitydefendthreatdisplayraisetiptoesocialdominancehierarchyreproductiveegglayfoundcooperatecompeteselfishpassive-aggressiveindividualrecognitionfacial-markingcognitionmushroom-bodybrainintelligentartistarchitectnavigationplasticityspatialrelocatingfoodresourcedishbaittrainingexperiencevibrationcommunicationsignalsubstrate-borneabdominalwaggingoscillationsecretionmodulationperceivereactmovementattentionfeedinginspectionbody-temperatureambientsolarradiationmetaboliccostenergeticexpenditureefficiencywarmingchangeimpactincreaseinvasivespreadsuccesscompetitiveabilityflexibilityadaptationreactionresponseconditionyearvariationproductivityfoundingsinglemultipleratebenefitcooperationpredationparasitismvesparumstylopidstylopizationparasitehostinfestationmiteAcariwaspflyeffectcommunitydeclineDanausplexippusmortalityinstarearlylatelargersmallervulnerableresistantdiscoverychancecontactdirectrecruitmentnestmatesitecascadingtrophiccascadeherbivorysuppressionplantgrowthproductionAsclepiasnetexclusionexperimentoutcomesuggestionstrongdetrimentalecosystemstrategymethoddevelopmentprotectionbiodiversityregionfirst2016recentestablishedexoticcongenerchinensislongercomparisonhigherlowergreatestareabuiltstructurenativeunsuccessfultranslocateunablethrivewarmerorigincontributorfactorresearchthesisinsightbehaviourknowledgedirectionaideffectivejournalpublicationDOI10.26686wgtn14538585v1UniversityWellingtonVictoriaMScstudentdissertationstudyinvestigationanalysisdatafieldresidentreportlocalindirectinteractionlevelfunctionserviceprovisionnaturalpestbiocontrolornamentaldecorativecropdamagefruitcherrywesternColoradoatleastripeningchoicepreferenceheightgroundstratamicrositeenvironmentclosedhabitatdensevegetationsurroundingbushPatagoniaArgentinaChileNWdetected2003sympatriccoexistenceoverlapminimalfacilitationbehavioralprocessinterspecificsemi-urbanpoorlystudiedspeciesHypodyneruslabiatusnewlightfindingcontributionunderstandingcollectinganthropizedhighlightimportanceconsiderationEthology10.1111eth13505abstractonlylimiteddetailfulltextrequiredcomprehensivesynthesisvibrationalwidespreadregulatecrucialconspicuousoscillatorywagstrictlyassociatedpresencesuggestedinvolvementadult-larvahypothesisshort-termtrophallacticexchangemodulatesalivarydecreaseamountpreparereceivestimulatereleaseelectro-magneticshakerassesstimerecordmeasureimmediatelyafterplaybackresultshowproducepossiblyorderattractduringneithernorsupportallegedrolelong-lastingExperimentalBiology10.1242jeb186247flexiblesystemexpandingNorthAmericacausestirfastuponexplanationpresentliteraturegoodinvadernorthernriselittleknownnestingCentralinvesti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