South-america
Guides
Cyclosa caroli
Cyclosa caroli is a species of orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae. It is found in the United States and ranges from the Caribbean Sea to Bolivia. As a member of the genus Cyclosa, it is a trashline orb weaver that incorporates debris into its web architecture. The species was described by Hentz in 1850.
Cymaenes tripunctus
Three-spotted Skipper, Dingy Dotted Skipper
Cymaenes tripunctus is a grass skipper (Hesperiidae) distributed across the Caribbean, Central America, Florida, and South America. It is a small butterfly with a wingspan of 29–35 mm. The species is distinguished by three tiny transparent white spots on the leading edge of the forewing upperside near the tip. Two recognized subspecies exist: C. t. tripunctus and C. t. theogenis.
Cyphonotida rostrata
A longhorn beetle species in the subfamily Lepturinae, characterized by an elongated rostrum. The species occurs across South America with records from Bolivia, Brazil, and Colombia, with a recent first record from Peru in seasonally dry forest habitat. The subspecies C. rostrata rostrata has been documented in disturbed localities.
Cyphonotida rostrata borealis
Cyphonotida rostrata borealis is a subspecies of longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) described by Linsley & Chemsak in 1976. It belongs to the subfamily Lepturinae, a group commonly known as flower longhorns. The subspecies is distinguished from the nominate form by its more northerly distribution. Records indicate presence in Bolivia, Brazil, and Colombia, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
Dermestes peruvianus
Peruvian larder beetle
Dermestes peruvianus is a larder beetle in the family Dermestidae, found in North America, Europe, and South America. It closely resembles Dermestes haemorrhoidalis but can be distinguished by specific morphological traits including pale yellow, short, fine, recumbent pubescence on the elytra that does not extend beyond the lateral margins. It has been collected from carrion in forensic studies and is known from Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, and Brazil.
Desidae
intertidal spiders, desid spiders
Desidae is a family of spiders with remarkable ecological diversity, ranging from truly marine intertidal species to inland web-builders. The family was historically defined by intertidal members of the genus Desis, which construct air-filled silk retreats in barnacle shells or kelp holdfasts to survive tidal submersion. Modern circumscription includes inland genera such as Badumna and Phryganoporus. The family contains 63 genera and over 320 species, with the majority native to Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia. Some species have become invasive synanthropes, establishing populations in North and South America, Europe, and Asia.
Desmopachria convexa
Desmopachria convexa is a species of predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae, first described by Aubé in 1838. It belongs to the subfamily Hydroporinae and tribe Hyphydrini. The species has a broad distribution spanning North and South America. Like other members of the genus Desmopachria, it is adapted to aquatic habitats and exhibits the compact, convex body form characteristic of this group of small diving beetles.
Dichelotarsus cavicollis cavicollis
Dichelotarsus cavicollis cavicollis is a subspecies of soldier beetle in the family Cantharidae. It belongs to a genus distributed primarily in the Southern Hemisphere, with most species recorded from South America. The nominate subspecies represents the typical form of the species. Like other cantharids, adults are likely active on vegetation and possess soft, flexible elytra.
Disclisioprocta
Disclisioprocta is a genus of geometrid moths in the subfamily Larentiinae, established by Wallengren in 1861. The genus contains at least three species: D. stellata (type species), D. natalata, and D. edmondsii (transferred from Xanthorhoe in 2023). Species are characterized by distinctive male and female genitalia morphology, including bifid uncus, costal sclerotised band, stout sacculus projection, and plate-like cornutus. Molecular phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of the genus, though genetic distances between species are higher than typical for congenerics, suggesting possible undescribed diversity.
Dynamine
Dynamine is a genus of nymphalid butterflies comprising approximately 38 described species distributed across South America. The genus was established by Hübner in 1819 and is classified within the subfamily Biblidinae. Species within this genus exhibit considerable diversity in wing pattern and coloration.
Ectomis
Ectomis is a genus of skipper butterflies in the family Hesperiidae, subfamily Eudaminae. The genus was established by Mabille in 1878 and contains approximately 30 recognized species distributed across the Neotropical and southern Nearctic regions. Species within Ectomis exhibit considerable variation in wing pattern and distribution, with many restricted to specific regions of Central and South America. The genus is divided into two subgeneric groupings: Ectomis (Ectomis) and Ectomis (Asina).
Eilica
Eilica is a genus of ground spiders in the family Gnaphosidae, established by Eugen von Keyserling in 1891. The genus comprises 28 species with worldwide distribution, though South America hosts 10 species including several with meridional distributions. Members are small to medium-sized spiders ranging from 2.2–7.8 mm in length. They are distinguished by distinctive cheliceral morphology including two or three translucent laminae on the cheliceral retromargin and anteriorly produced chelicerae with convergent endites.
Elasmus polistis
Elasmus polistis is a minute parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Burks in 1971. It is an ectoparasitoid specializing on the brood of paper wasps in the genus Polistes. The species has been documented attacking prepupae and pupae inside host nests, entering despite defensive behaviors by adult wasps. It has been recorded from the United States and Brazil, with confirmed host associations including multiple Polistes species.
Electrostrymon guzanta
Electrostrymon guzanta is a neotropical hairstreak butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. The species occurs in Central and northern South America, where adults inhabit forested environments. Like other members of the genus, it exhibits the characteristic tail-like hindwing extensions typical of hairstreaks. The species was originally described by William Chapman Hewitson in 1877 under the genus Thecla.
Empicoris orthoneuron
thread-legged bug
Empicoris orthoneuron is a thread-legged assassin bug in the family Reduviidae, characterized by its elongated, slender body form adapted for predation. The species has been recorded across a broad geographic range spanning Central America, North America, and South America. It is one of many small, nocturnal predatory insects attracted to ultraviolet light sources. The species is currently treated as a synonym of Empicoris errabundus in some taxonomic databases.
Enchenopa sericea
Enchenopa sericea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Walker in 1851. Like other members of its genus, it possesses the characteristic enlarged pronotum that distinguishes treehoppers from related Hemiptera. The species epithet 'sericea' (silky) likely refers to surface texture or sheen. Distribution records indicate presence in Central and South America including Panama (Chiriquí, Colón), Colombia (Córdoba), Mexico (Guerrero), and Brazil (Minas Gerais). As with most Neotropical Enchenopa species, detailed biological information remains limited due to incomplete taxonomic study of tropical Membracidae.
Ephippiphora lunatana
Ephippiphora lunatana is a species of tortrix moth in the family Tortricidae. The genus Ephippiphora is small and poorly documented, with limited published research on its biology and ecology. This species was described in the early 20th century based on morphological characteristics. Available information derives primarily from taxonomic descriptions and museum specimens rather than field studies.
Essostrutha
Essostrutha is a genus of longhorn beetles in the subfamily Lamiinae, tribe Hemilophini. It contains two described species: E. binotata (Bates, 1881) and E. laeta (Newman, 1840). The genus was established by Thomson in 1868. Members of this genus are characterized by features typical of the Hemilophini tribe, which includes many brightly colored or patterned species.
Eubule spartocerana
Eubule spartocerana is a leaf-footed bug in the family Coreidae, first described by Brailovsky in 1992. It belongs to the tribe Spartocerini within the subfamily Coreinae. The species is known from northern South America, with documented records from Suriname and Venezuela. Like other coreids, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts characteristic of true bugs.
Euptoieta hegesia
Mexican Fritillary
Euptoieta hegesia, commonly known as the Mexican Fritillary, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae found throughout North and South America. It is characterized by bright orange upper wings with black spotting and yellow-orange undersides lacking submarginal spots. The species has a wingspan of 2.5 to 3 inches and is active year-round in Mexico, with seasonal flight periods in the southern United States. Larvae feed on passionflowers and other host plants, displaying distinctive red coloration with silver spots and black spines.
Euschistus crenator
Euschistus crenator is a phytophagous stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) recognized as a key pest in soybean cultivation, causing direct damage to developing grains. The species occurs across the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America, with confirmed populations in northern Brazil (Roraima and Pará states). Second-instar nymphs exhibit high susceptibility to entomopathogenic fungi, and the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi has been confirmed to parasitize its eggs. The species is frequently misidentified with Euschistus heros due to morphological similarities.
Eustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
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htperchroostnestdenburrowtunneldigexcavateminequarryextractremoveeliminateeradicateexterminatedestroydemolishruinwreckdamageharminjurehurtwoundmaimcripplelamedisableincapacitateparalyzestunshockastonishamazeastoundstaggerstupefydazebewilderconfusepuzzleperplexbafflemystifyenigmaEvaniella
Evaniella is a genus of ensign wasps (family Evaniidae) established by Bradley in 1905. The genus contains more than 70 described species, making it one of the larger genera within its family. Members of this genus share the characteristic ensign wasp body plan, including the distinctive laterally compressed abdomen that gives the family its common name.
Falconina gracilis
Falconina gracilis is a species of true spider in the family Corinnidae, a group commonly known as ground spiders or ant-mimicking spiders. It is native to South America, with established populations in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. The species has been introduced to the United States and Cuba, where it occurs as a non-native species. Records from GBIF also indicate presence in Peru, Bolivia, and Uruguay.
Fernandocrambus
Fernandocrambus is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Crambinae, erected by Aurivillius in 1922. The genus contains approximately 50 described species, many of which were described by J. F. G. Clarke in 1965 and Bleszynski in 1967. Species are distributed primarily in southern South America, including Chile, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands. The genus name honors Chilean entomologist Carlos Stuardo Fernández.
Geocoris flavilineus
bigeyed bug
Geocoris flavilineus is a species of bigeyed bug in the family Geocoridae, first described by Stål in 1874. Like other members of the genus Geocoris, it is a predatory true bug with notably large eyes. The species has been recorded from Central and South America including Guatemala, Panama, and Colombia. Bigeyed bugs in this genus are recognized as beneficial predators in agricultural systems, feeding on various small arthropod pests.
Geraeus patagoniensis
Geraeus patagoniensis is a species of weevil in the family Curculionidae, one of the most diverse families of beetles. The genus Geraeus comprises small, compact weevils distributed primarily in the Americas. This species is distinguished by its specific epithet referencing Patagonia, indicating a southern South American distribution. Based on genus-level characteristics, members of Geraeus possess a rounded body form and relatively short rostrum compared to many other weevils.
Glaphyria decisa
Glaphyria decisa is a species of snout moth in the family Crambidae, subfamily Glaphyriinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1866. The species occurs across Central America, the Caribbean, and into South America.
Grammonota
Grammonota is a genus of dwarf spiders in the family Linyphiidae, first described by James Henry Emerton in 1882. The genus contains approximately 40-41 species distributed across the Americas, from Alaska in the north to Colombia in the south. Species occur in diverse habitats including the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. The genus is part of the sheet-web weaving spiders, though specific web-building behaviors vary among species.
Gymnandrosoma
Gymnandrosoma is a genus of tortricid moths in the tribe Grapholitini. The genus includes at least eight described species distributed primarily in the Americas. Gymnandrosoma aurantianum, the most economically significant species, is a major agricultural pest known as the citrus fruit borer in Brazil and the macadamia nut borer in Central America. Other species in the genus have been described from North and South America, with limited biological information available.
Gypona
Gypona is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, established by Germar in 1821. It is the largest genus within the tribe Gyponini. Species of this genus are found in South America, with documented records from Brazil. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, including synonymization of Gypona validana under Gypona nigronervosa.
Gyropsylla
paraguay tea ampul, ampola da erva-mate
Gyropsylla is a genus of psyllids in the family Aphalaridae, containing species that are significant agricultural pests of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis). The genus includes G. spegazziniana, commonly known as 'paraguay tea ampul' or 'ampola da erva-mate', which is a major pest in southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina where yerba mate is cultivated. These insects are phloem feeders that damage the economically important native crop. No registered insecticides exist for this pest in Brazil, making biological control research particularly important.
Heilus
Heilus is a genus of weevils (Curculionidae: Molytinae: Molytini) established by Kuschel in 1955. The genus contains fourteen described South American species, with eleven species redescribed in a 2020 taxonomic review based primarily on Brazilian specimens. Species identification relies on integument texture and patterns of maculation. The type species is Heilus inaequalis (Boheman, 1836). Some species are associated with economically important plants, including avocado and cacao.
Heterelmis obscura
Heterelmis obscura is a species of riffle beetle in the family Elmidae, first described by Sharp in 1882. It inhabits freshwater environments in Central and South America. Like other elmid beetles, it is fully aquatic throughout its life cycle, with adults possessing a plastron—a layer of air trapped by body hairs that enables underwater respiration.
Hexacladia
Hexacladia is a genus of gregarious endoparasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, subfamily Encyrtinae. Species develop as endoparasitoids within adult heteropteran bugs, primarily in the family Pentatomidae (stink bugs), with some records from Coreidae and Scutelleridae. Multiple parasitoid individuals typically emerge from a single host. The genus has been documented as a biological control agent of agricultural pest stink bugs in South America, including species that attack soybean and rice crops. Seven species are recorded from South America, with H. smithii being the most widely reported.
Homaledra
palm-leaf skeletonizer
Homaledra is a genus of small moths in the family Pterolonchidae, native to North and South America. The genus includes at least four species, with H. sabalella and H. heptathalama known as pests of palms in the southeastern United States. Larvae are specialist herbivores of palms, feeding colonially on frond undersides beneath protective silk cover.
Homoeoneuria
brushleg mayflies
Homoeoneuria is a genus of brushleg mayflies in the family Oligoneuriidae, established by Eaton in 1881. The genus contains at least five described species, with confirmed records in North America (including the type species H. salviniae) and South America (Brazil, Peru, Argentina, and Colombia). A new species, H. (H.) watu, was described from Southeastern Brazil based on distinctive adult and nymphal morphological characters. The genus is poorly documented in northern South America, with recent confirmations extending its known range.
Hoplisoides semipunctatus
sand wasp
Hoplisoides semipunctatus is a species of sand wasp in the family Crabronidae. It is native to South America, with records from Brazil (Bahia and Santa Catarina). The genus Hoplisoides comprises approximately 18 species in North America and is distributed globally except Australia. Members of this genus are solitary wasps that typically hunt treehoppers (Membracidae) as prey for their larvae.
Hoterodes ausonia
Hoterodes ausonia is a small crambid moth described by Pieter Cramer in 1777. It is distributed across the Caribbean and mainland Neotropics, ranging from Florida through Central America to northern South America. The species is characterized by a wingspan of approximately 32 mm. It belongs to the subfamily Spilomelinae, a diverse group of grass moths.
Hyalella
Hyalella is a genus of freshwater amphipods found in the Americas, with species distributed across North, Central, and South America. The genus contains numerous endemic species, particularly in South America, and includes the widely studied H. azteca, which serves as a standard test organism in aquatic toxicology. Members occupy benthic habitats in lakes, streams, and springs, where they function as important components of freshwater food webs.
Hyalorista taeniolalis
Hyalorista taeniolalis is a moth in the family Crambidae, subfamily Pyraustinae. It was described by Achille Guenée in 1854 based on specimens from South America. The species is recorded from French Guiana, Brazil, and Colombia. It belongs to a genus of small to medium-sized crambid moths.
Icelia triquetra
Icelia triquetra is a species of bristle fly in the family Tachinidae. It belongs to the tribe Iceliini within the subfamily Tachininae. The species was described by Olivier in 1811. It is known from a limited number of observations and records.
Ichnea
checkered beetles
Ichnea is a genus of checkered beetles in the family Cleridae, established by Laporte in 1838. The genus contains at least four described species distributed across North and South America. Ichnea belongs to the subfamily Korynetinae, a group of clerid beetles characterized by elongated body forms. The genus remains poorly studied, with limited ecological and behavioral data available.
Itaballia
Itaballia is a genus of butterflies in the family Pieridae, comprising three described species distributed across Central and South America. The genus was established by Kaye in 1904. Species within this genus include the crossbarred white (I. demophile), I. marana, and the brown-bordered white (I. pandosia), the latter noted as a mimic of Pisonis.
Lema confusa
Lema confusa is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first described by Chevrolat in 1835. It has a broad geographic distribution spanning the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America. As a member of the genus Lema, it belongs to a group of leaf beetles commonly associated with plants in the family Solanaceae.
Leptoglossus
leaf-footed bugs
Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.
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nchanmoss-bugarchaeorrhynchanfulgoromorphancicadomorphanmembracoidtreehopperleafhopperplanthopperpsyllidjumping-plant-lousewhiteflyaleyrodidscale-insectcoccoidmealybugaphidadelgidphylloxeransternorrhynchanthysanopteranthripspsocopteranbarklousebooklousephthirapteranlousesucking-lousechewing-lousemallophagananoplurandermapteranearwigblattodeancockroachtermiteisopteranmantodeanmantidphasmidstick-insectleaf-insectorthopterangrasshopperlocustkatydidcricketmole-cricketpygmy-mole-cricketcamel-cricketcave-cricketwetaensiferancaeliferangryllotalpidmyrmecophilidtettigoniidgryllidacrididpamphagidpneumoridlentulidtristirideumastacidproscopiidtridactylidtetrigidgrouse-locustpygmy-grasshopperplecopteranstoneflyembiopteranwebspinnerzorapteranangel-insectdictyopteranLeptomeraporus
Leptomeraporus is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Pteromalidae. A Brazilian study documented Leptomeraporus sp. as a parasitoid of the soybean stem miner fly Melanagromyza sojae, marking the first record of this genus in South America. The specimens were identified as likely representing an undescribed species. Members of this genus are known or suspected to act as primary parasitoids of dipteran larvae and may exhibit secondary parasitism on other Hymenoptera.
Leptotarsus
Leptotarsus is a genus of true crane flies (Tipulidae) established by Guerin-Meneville in 1831. The genus is taxonomically complex, containing numerous subgenera (including Aldrovandia, Araucomyia, Aurotipula, Chlorotipula, Habromastix, Leptotipula, Longurio, Macromastix, Maoritipula, Pehlkea, Phymatopsis, Tanypremna, and others) that reflect morphological diversity across multiple biogeographic regions. Species are distributed across the Southern Hemisphere, with significant representation in Australia, New Zealand, South America, and various Pacific and Atlantic islands. The genus is characterized by elongated body proportions typical of crane flies, with substantial variation in size, coloration, and leg morphology among constituent species.
Leptotes cassius
Cassius blue, tropical striped blue
Leptotes cassius is a small, strikingly blue butterfly in the family Lycaenidae, distributed across the southern United States, Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and South America. The species exhibits facultative myrmecophily, with larvae tended by Camponotus ants, though ant presence does not significantly influence oviposition decisions. Caterpillars are florivorous, developing inside flower buds of leguminous host plants. Multiple subspecies are recognized, with L. c. theonus serving as the type species of the genus Leptotes.
Leucochrysa pavida
Lichen-carrying Green Lacewing
Leucochrysa pavida is a green lacewing species in the family Chrysopidae, distributed across North America, Central America, and South America. Its larvae are notable for carrying lichen and other debris as camouflage, a behavior that distinguishes them from many other chrysopid larvae. The species was first described by Hagen in 1861 and has been studied for its distinctive defensive behaviors.