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Sexual-dimorphism

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Dynastini
True Rhinoceros Beetles
Dynastini is a tribe of large scarab beetles commonly known as true rhinoceros beetles. The group includes some of the largest and most iconic beetles in the world, with males typically bearing prominent horns on the head and pronotum used in combat. Notable genera include Dynastes (Hercules beetles), Megasoma, and Golofa. Members are primarily tropical and subtropical in distribution, with some species reaching temperate regions of North America.
scarabaeidae dynastinae rhinoceros-beetles horned-beetles large-beetles sap-feeders wood-decomposers sexual-dimorphism combat-behavior tropical-beetles nearctic neotropical
Dysdercus concinnus
pale red bug, Turk's cap red bug
Dysdercus concinnus is a red bug in the family Pyrrhocoridae, commonly known as the pale red bug or Turk's cap red bug. It is a significant pest of cotton, feeding on developing bolls and deteriorating seed and fiber quality. The species exhibits notable sexual dimorphism in flight capability: males retain flight throughout life and become facultative migrants using hunger as a migration signal, while females undergo wing muscle histolysis at the reproductive stage, becoming permanently flightless. The species has been extensively studied in the context of transgenic crop impacts, showing that diet (transgenic vs. non-transgenic cotton) and sex influence gut microbial diversity and community structure.
agricultural-pest cotton-pest fiber-stainer-bug sexual-dimorphism flightlessness gut-microbiota transgenic-crops GM-crop-impact non-target-organism plant-insect-microbe-interactions
Dysmerus
Dysmerus is a genus of small beetles in the family Laemophloeidae, comprising 15 species distributed across the New World from the southeastern United States to Bolivia and the West Indies. The genus remained monotypic for over a century until a 2025 revision resurrected two synonymized species and described 12 new species. Males possess a grotesquely modified antennal scape of unknown function, a diagnostic feature of the genus. These beetles are rarely encountered, though adults occasionally come to light at night.
Laemophloeidae New-World bark-beetle-associates sexual-dimorphism rarely-collected 2025-revision predatory-larvae-suspected
Eacles imperialis
Imperial Moth
Eacles imperialis is a large saturniid moth with the widest geographic range in its genus, extending from southern Canada to Argentina. Adults display substantial color variation, with yellow base coloration and variable red, brown, and purple markings. The species has experienced regional decline in the northeastern United States, with some New England populations extirpated, while remaining common in the Mid-Atlantic, Appalachia, and Deep South.
Saturniidae giant-silk-moth polyphagous univoltine soil-pupating declining sexual-dimorphism color-polymorphism
Ectrichodiinae
Millipede Assassin Bugs
Ectrichodiinae are a large subfamily of assassin bugs comprising more than 600 species in approximately 115 genera. They are specialized predators of millipedes, capable of circumventing the noxious chemical defenses of their prey. The subfamily exhibits notable diversity in coloration, with both cryptic and aposematic patterns, including bright metallic blue, red, or yellow and black combinations. Females frequently show wing reduction and extreme sexual dimorphism.
assassin-bugs millipede-predators aposematic-coloration nocturnal chemical-defense-circumvention sexual-dimorphism wing-reduction gregarious-feeding
Efferia
Hammertails
Efferia is one of the most species-rich genera of robber flies (family Asilidae), comprising approximately 241 recognized species distributed primarily across the Neotropical and Nearctic regions. These medium to large predatory flies (10–40 mm) exhibit exceptional diversity in arid and semi-arid ecosystems of the New World, with particularly high abundance in desert and grassland habitats. The genus is distinguished by pronounced sexual dimorphism in abdominal morphology and is notable for the males' distinctive 'helicopter tail' genital structure.
robber-fly ambush-predator sexual-dimorphism arid-ecosystems behavioral-thermoregulation cannibalism acoustic-signaling
Elachista freyerella
Elachista freyerella is a small moth in the family Elachistidae, described by Hübner in 1825. The species is widespread across Europe (excluding the Balkan Peninsula) and occurs in North America. It is a grass-mining species whose larvae develop within the leaves of various Poaceae hosts.
leaf-miner grassland Poaceae sexual-dimorphism palearctic nearctic
Elophila occidentalis
Elophila occidentalis is a small crambid moth described by William Harry Lange in 1956. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in wing size, with females notably larger than males. Adults are active during summer months with multiple generations per year. Larvae are aquatic and feed on submerged aquatic plants.
aquatic-moth crambid freshwater herbivore sexual-dimorphism western-United-States
Embiidina
webspinners, footspinners
Embiidina is a small order of cryptic, soft-bodied insects known as webspinners or footspinners, characterized by their unique ability to produce silk from specialized glands located in their swollen foretarsi. They construct extensive silk galleries or tunnels under bark, in leaf litter, or within soil crevices, which serve as protective shelters and foraging sites. The order exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: females are wingless and neotenic, remaining in galleries throughout their lives, while males of most species develop wings and disperse to locate mates. Webspinners are primarily tropical in distribution and display facultatively communal behavior with maternal care of eggs and young.
silk-production sexual-dimorphism maternal-care tropical-insects cryptic-insects biomimicry neoteny gregarious-behavior Edward-S.-Ross footspinners nanofiber-silk water-repellent-silk introduced-species decomposers
Embolemidae
Embolemidae is a small family of solitary parasitoid wasps in the superfamily Chrysidoidea, comprising approximately 70 extant species in 2 genera (Embolemus and Ampulicomorpha, the latter sometimes treated as a junior synonym). The family exhibits striking sexual dimorphism: females are wingless and ant-mimicking, while males possess wings. Known biology is limited, but documented hosts include planthopper nymphs in the families Achilidae and Cixiidae. The family has a global distribution with fossil records extending to the Early Cretaceous.
parasitoid sexual-dimorphism ant-mimicry planthopper-parasite wingless-female Chrysidoidea fossil-record Cretaceous Eocene
Emerita analoga
Pacific sand crab, Pacific mole crab, coldwater mole crab
Emerita analoga is a small sand-burrowing decapod crustacean inhabiting exposed sandy beaches along temperate Pacific coasts of North and South America. The species exhibits strong sexual dimorphism, with females nearly twice the size of males. It is a suspension feeder that captures plankton using specialized antennae extended into retreating waves. The species has been widely studied as an indicator organism for coastal pollution and harmful algal blooms.
decapod crustacean intertidal suspension-feeder indicator-species sexual-dimorphism planktonic-larvae swash-zone Pacific-coast bait-fishery
Empis
dance fly
Empis is a genus of dance flies in the family Empididae, established by Linnaeus in 1758. The genus contains numerous species across several subgenera, including Enolempis. Males of some species exhibit distinctive morphological modifications, such as enlarged teeth on the hind leg femora, which are sexually dimorphic and not present in females. The genus is notable for complex mating behaviors including swarming and nuptial gift exchange.
Empididae dance-fly nuptial-gift swarming sexual-dimorphism Palaearctic
Empis leptogastra
dance fly
Empis leptogastra is a species of dance fly in the family Empididae, first described by Loew in 1863. It belongs to the genus Empis, one of the largest genera within the family. The species has been documented through a limited number of observations, with 19 records in iNaturalist. Dance flies in this genus are known for distinctive courtship behaviors involving swarming and prey presentation by males to females.
Diptera Empididae dance-fly sexual-dimorphism courtship-behavior
Empis spectabilis
dance fly
Empis spectabilis is a species of dance fly in the family Empididae, described by Loew in 1862. The species is part of the large genus Empis, which contains over 50 species in the subgenus Enolempis alone. Dance flies are predatory flies known for their distinctive mating swarms and elaborate courtship behaviors. Males of some Empis species are notable for possessing modified hind legs with enlarged structures used in courtship displays.
Diptera Empididae dance-flies predatory-flies sexual-dimorphism courtship-behavior
Enallagma annexum
Northern Bluet
Enallagma annexum, the northern bluet, is a small damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It was formerly considered conspecific with Enallagma cyathigerum but is now recognized as a distinct species. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration, with males displaying blue thoracic and abdominal coloration and females showing greenish-yellow to brown tones.
damselfly odonata zygoptera coenagrionidae north-america sexual-dimorphism species-complex
Encoptolophus sordidus
clouded grasshopper, dusky grasshopper, dusky locust
Encoptolophus sordidus is a medium-sized band-winged grasshopper native to North American grasslands. Adults are sexually dimorphic in body size, with females substantially larger than males. The species exhibits strong dietary specialization for native grasses and sedges, with documented ontogenetic shifts in food preferences between nymphal instars and adults. It is primarily a rangeland species, occasionally reaching dominant population status in favorable habitats. The species possesses long wings enabling dispersal flight, and has been observed migrating from depleted rangeland into adjacent crop areas.
grasshopper Oedipodinae prairie rangeland grass-feeder North-America sexual-dimorphism ontogenetic-dietary-shift geophilus intermediate-development
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
parasitoid biological-control gall-associated leafminer-parasitoid Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera Eulophidae Entedoninae tropical-forest agricultural-pest-control sawfly-parasitoid thrips-parasitoid ant-associated rice-pest Cecidomyiidae Tenthredinidae Pontania Closterocerus Ceranisus Afronympha Ametallon Chrysonotomyia Omphale-genus-group canopy understorey ecological-plasticity Bangladesh Panama Africa New-Zealand Europe Senegal South-Africa Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo Uganda endoparasitoid larval-parasitoid egg-parasitoid host-specificity forest-habitat degraded-habitat mid-altitude-rainforest lowland-rainforest tropical-America classical-biological-control augmentative-biological-control integrated-pest-management rice-hispa Dicladispa-armigera gall-wasp sawfly-gall leafminer ant-symbiosis Formicidae Khaya-senegalensis Ochna-pulchra morphological-taxonomy molecular-taxonomy 28S-rDNA COI CytB new-species-description generic-revision host-range parasitoid-complex food-web ecosystem-service natural-enemy pest-management entomophagous hyperparasitoid inquiline curculionid Apion-minimum Phyllocolpa-leucosticta Chrysocharis Entedon Asecodes Pleurotroppopsis Afrotroppopsis Zaommomentedon Apleurotropis Kratoysma Platocharis Schizocharis Parahorismenus Atullya Tropicharis Chrysochuris cruy mirabilis oryzamyntor eminpashai carinatum dussiae longicaudata machaeriae unimaculata claviger gorgonaense auripunctata galbina laeviscuta phenacapsia cecvora elongata pontaniae heyeri risbeci milletiae newbyi Förster-1856 Chalcidoidea-phylogeny biodiversity species-richness cryptic-species molecular-diagnostics host-plant-association habitat-specificity canopy-fauna understorey-fauna forest-stratification tropical-biodiversity Afrotropical Neotropical Palaearctic Nearctic Oriental Australasian Pacific Holarctic biogeography taxonomic-revision annotated-key catalogue type-specimen museum-collection slide-mounted-specimens morphometrics genitalia wing-venation antennae clypeus mandibles malar-space scape pedicel flagellum gaster vertex suture color-pattern pale-femora dark-gaster sexual-dimorphism male female ovipositor emergence rearing quarantine field-collection foreign-exploration augmentative-release pesticide-resistance sustainable-agriculture food-security rice-production cereal-pest vegetable-pest fruit-pest ornamental-pest forest-pest urban-pest invasive-species native-range introduced-range establishment spread impact non-target-effects host-specificity risk-assessment environmental-safety regulatory-approval research-symposium proceedings peer-reviewed Zootaxa ZooKeys Insect-Systematics-&-Evolution Australian-Journal-of-Entomology Far-Eastern-Entomologist Russian-Entomological-Journal Belgian-Journal-of-Entomology Florida-Entomologist Pan-Pacific-Entomologist Entomological-News Proceedings-of-the-Hawaiian-Entomological-Society Transactions-of-the-American-Entomological-Society Journal-of-Natural-History 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sustainable-intensification agroecology conservation-biological-control habitat-management floral-resources refuge buffer-zone landscape-complexity connectivity spillover natural-enemy-diversity food-web-structure trophic-interactions multitrophic indirect-effects trait-mediated density-dependent inverse-density-dependent functional-response numerical-response searching-efficiency handling-time oviposition-behavior host-selection host-acceptance host-suitability host-quality host-stage-preference egg-load progeny-allocation sex-ratio local-mate-competition sib-mating inbreeding fitness longevity fecundity development-time thermal-requirements degree-days phenology synchrony asynchrony seasonal-adaptation diapause quiescence cold-hardiness heat-tolerance desiccation-resistance starvation-resistance dispersal flight walking foraging patch-use area-restricted-search oviposition-marking host-marking superparasitism multiparasitism intraguild-predation hyperparasitism autoparasitism heteronomous-hyperparasitism facultative-hyperparasitism obligate-hyperparasitism primary-parasitoid secondary-parasitoid tertiary-parasitoid mummy aphid-mummy scale-mummy pupal-parasitoid egg-larval-parasitoid larval-pupal-parasitoid idiobiont koinobiont ectoparasitoid solitary gregarious polyembryony thelytoky arrhenotoky diploid haplodiploid chromosome-number genome-size transcriptome proteome metabolome morphome phenome extended-phenotype niche-construction ecosystem-engineering keystone-species ecosystem-service-provider functional-group guild trophic-level energy-flow nutrient-cycling decomposition predation herbivory parasitism mutualism commensalism competition apparent-competition exploitative-competition interference-competition scramble-competition contest-competition resource-partitioning niche-differentiation character-displacement co-evolution arms-race Red-Queen geographic-mosaic local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity genetic-adaptation epigenetics transgenerational-effects maternal-effects paternal-effects parental-care mating-system sexual-selection sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice mate-choice lek territory aggression alarm defense venom allomone kairomone synomone semiochemical pheromone trail-pheromone alarm-pheromone aggregation-pheromone sex-pheromone marking-pheromone oviposition-deterrent host-marking-pheromone plant-volatile induced-plant-defense systemic-acquired-resistance induced-systemic-resistance priming volatile-organic-compound green-leaf-volatile terpenoid phenylpropanoid jasmonic-acid salicylic-acid ethylene abscisic-acid gibberellin auxin cytokinin brassinosteroid strigolactone nitric-oxide reactive-oxygen-species hypersensitive-response programmed-cell-death autophagy apoptosis necrosis pathogen-associated-molecular-pattern damage-associated-molecular-pattern pattern-recognition-receptor effector-triggered-immunity gene-for-gene avirulence virulence effector toxin phytotoxin mycotoxin bacterial-toxin viral-toxin insecticidal-protein cry-protein vip-protein cyt-protein spore conidium appressorium haustorium mycelium sclerotium fruiting-body basidiocarp ascocarp perithecium cleistothecium pycnidium acervulus sporodochium symptom sign disease-triangle disease-cycle epidemic endemic pandemic outbreak eradication containment management control prevention forecasting warning-system decision-support-system expert-system model simulation economic-threshold economic-injury-level action-threshold treatment-threshold damage-threshold aesthetic-injury-level cultural-control physical-control mechanical-control chemical-control genetic-control sterile-insect-technique incompatible-insect-technique precision-agriculture site-specific-management variable-rate-application remote-sensing geographic-information-system global-positioning-system unmanned-aerial-vehicle drone sensor imaging spectroscopy machine-learning artificial-intelligence deep-learning neural-network computer-vision image-analysis 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sticky-trap pheromone-trap synthetic-pheromone natural-pheromone kairomone-trap food-bait protein-bait sugar-bait fermentation-bait alcohol-bait vinegar-bait molasses-bait fruit-bait meat-bait fish-bait dung-bait carrion-bait decoy lure attractant repellent deterrent antifeedant oviposition-stimulant arrestant suppressant toxicant stomach-poison contact-poison fumigant systemic translaminar residual persistent non-persistent broad-spectrum narrow-spectrum selective non-selective target-specific host-specific mode-of-action nerve-poison acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor GABA-antagonist sodium-channel-modulator nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor-agonist ryanodine-receptor-modulator chitin-synthesis-inhibitor juvenile-hormone-mimic ecdysone-agonist microbial-pesticide entomopathogenic-nematode entomopathogenic-fungus entomopathogenic-bacterium entomopathogenic-virus entomopathogenic-protozoa Bacillus-thuringiensis Bt Bacillus-sphaericus Paenibacillus-popilliae Serratia-entomophila 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Enteucha basidactyla
Enteucha basidactyla is a minute moth in the family Nepticulidae, one of the smallest families of moths. It occurs in the Neotropical and Nearctic regions, with records from southwestern Florida, Dominica, Belize, and Ecuador. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in size, with females notably larger than males. It is a leaf-mining specialist on seagrape (Coccoloba uvifera) in Caribbean populations.
Nepticulidae leaf-miner Coccoloba-uvifera microlepidoptera sexual-dimorphism Caribbean Florida
Entomobrya atrocincta
Dimorphic Springtail
Entomobrya atrocincta is a slender springtail species distinguished by its unusual sexual dimorphism in coloration, a trait rare among springtails. Males are vivid orange, sometimes with white or black bands, while females are dull tan. The species is commonly known as the Dimorphic Springtail.
springtail Collembola sexual-dimorphism North-America
Entylia carinata
keeled treehopper
Entylia carinata is a small treehopper in the family Membracidae, notable for its pronounced saddle-shaped pronotal keel. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with females larger and more prominently keeled than males. It engages in mutualistic relationships with several ant species and demonstrates parental care behavior. Adults overwinter in leaf litter and emerge in spring to reproduce on host plants.
treehopper Membracidae Smiliinae ant-mutualism myrmecophile sexual-dimorphism parental-care Asteraceae phloem-feeder bacterial-symbiont
Ephyriades brunnea
Florida Duskywing, Florida duskywing skipper
Ephyriades brunnea is a skipper butterfly endemic to South Florida, restricted to pine rockland habitats. The species has experienced noticeable population declines in recent years and is listed as a Species of Greatest Conservation Need in Florida. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 48 mm and exhibit sexual dimorphism in wing pattern. Larvae feed exclusively on Barbados cherry (Malpighia emarginata), while adults nectar on wild coffee and other flowering plants.
endemic conservation-concern specialist-herbivore pine-rockland parasitized sexual-dimorphism
Epicaridea
crustacean isopods
Epicaridea is a suborder of parasitic marine isopods now classified within Cymothoida. Members are obligate ectoparasites of other crustaceans, including ostracods, copepods, barnacles, and malacostracans. The group exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism, with females typically becoming asymmetrical and losing segmentation while males remain small and morphologically distinct. Development proceeds through regressive metamorphosis involving two or three larval stages, including the distinctive cryptoniscus stage. Approximately 704 species have been described globally, though the group remains less studied than other isopod lineages.
parasite marine crustacean-parasite sexual-dimorphism deep-sea fossil-record hyperparasite regressive-metamorphosis cryptoniscus bopyrid cryptoniscoid dajid podasconid
Epipaschia superatalis
Dimorphic Macalla Moth
Epipaschia superatalis, commonly known as the Dimorphic Macalla Moth, is a small pyralid moth native to eastern North America. The species is named for the sexual dimorphism observed in adult wing patterns. Adults are active from late spring through summer, with a flight period spanning May to August. The species has been documented as prey for the mason wasp Monobia quadridens, which hunts its caterpillars to provision nests.
Pyralidae Epipaschiinae North-America sexual-dimorphism prey-species
Epipaschiinae
snout moths
Epipaschiinae is a subfamily of Pyralidae (snout moths) containing over 720 described species. The group is predominantly tropical and subtropical in distribution, with notable absence from Europe as native fauna. Adult males exhibit distinctive morphological traits including an upturned third segment of the labial palpi, a ventrally curved phallobase extending beyond the ductus ejaculatorius, weakly sclerotized tegumen, and often a conspicuous scaled projection from the scape of the antennae. Larvae are leaf rollers, leaf tiers, and leaf miners; some species are minor crop pests on avocado, mahogany, and corn.
Lepidoptera Pyralidae tropical-moths leaf-rollers minor-crop-pests sexual-dimorphism male-genitalic-characters
Epiphelini
Epiphelini is a tribe of butterflies within the subfamily Biblidinae (Nymphalidae). Members of this tribe are Neotropical in distribution and are characterized by their medium to large size and often striking wing patterns. The tribe includes genera such as Epiphile and Catonephele, commonly known as the 'fire-winged' or 'banner' butterflies. These butterflies are primarily forest-dwelling and are often encountered along forest edges and streams.
Neotropical frugivorous forest-dwelling sexual-dimorphism mud-puddling
Epipleminae
Scoopwing Moths, Epiplemiine Moths
Epipleminae is the largest and most diverse subfamily of the family Uraniidae (Lepidoptera), comprising over 600 species in approximately 70 genera. These small, drab-colored nocturnal moths are distinguished by several unique morphological and behavioral traits, including a sexually dimorphic tympanal organ with structural details unlike any other lepidopteran group. The subfamily exhibits a primarily pantropical distribution with limited extension into temperate regions. Historically, Epipleminae were frequently misclassified within Geometridae or Drepanidae due to superficial phenetic similarities.
moths Uraniidae pantropical nocturnal sexual-dimorphism tympanal-organ wing-rolling cryptic-coloration
Erginulus
Erginulus is a genus of harvestmen in the family Cosmetidae, described by Roewer in 1912 with the type species Erginus serratipes. The genus comprises 29 described species distributed primarily in eastern Mexico and northern Central America, with a few outlying records. Species are medium to large-sized cosmetid harvestmen, with Erginulus clavotibialis in Belize reaching 6–7.5 mm adult body length. Males exhibit sexual dimorphism with two distinct morphotypes (α and β males), characterized by enlarged chelicerae and armed leg IV with protuberances or spines; females have smaller chelicerae and unarmed legs.
harvestman cosmetidae neotropical mite-host sexual-dimorphism grooming-behavior
Eris rufa
Eris rufa is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1846 as Plexippus rufus. The species was transferred to the genus Eris in 2004 when G. B. Edwards synonymized it with the previously described Eris pinea. It occurs in northeastern North America, with documented records from Canada and the United States. The specific epithet rufa refers to the reddish coloration of this small spider, with females measuring approximately 5.9 mm and males 5.7 mm in total body length.
jumping-spider Salticidae North-America northeastern-United-States sexual-dimorphism small-size
Eristalis arbustorum
Eurasian Drone Fly, European Drone Fly
Eristalis arbustorum is a sexually dimorphic hoverfly species in the family Syrphidae. Females closely mimic small, dark mining bees (Andrenidae), while males exhibit less specific mimicry of wasps and other yellow-black Hymenoptera. The species is abundant across the Northern Hemisphere and has been introduced to North America. Adults are important pollinators that visit diverse flowering plants, while larvae are aquatic filter-feeders known as 'rat-tailed maggots' due to their elongated posterior breathing siphon. The species is known to be migratory in Europe, with populations overwintering in sheltered locations such as cave entrances.
hoverfly syrphidae bee-mimic migratory pollinator rat-tailed-maggot sexual-dimorphism Batesian-mimicry introduced-species Palaearctic Nearctic wetland aquatic-larva
Erynnis horatius
Horace's duskywing
Erynnis horatius, commonly known as Horace's duskywing, is a skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is distributed across much of the eastern and central United States, with populations extending from Massachusetts to Florida and westward to the Great Plains and southwestern states. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in wing coloration and is closely associated with oak woodlands throughout its range. It is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut.
skipper oak-specialist eastern-US multivoltine sexual-dimorphism
Eubriinae
Eubriinae is a cosmopolitan subfamily of water penny beetles (Psephenidae) comprising approximately 15 genera and 144 species, with greatest diversity in Asia. Adults are distinguished by a convex dorsal body form, truncate or emarginate anterior pronotum with exposed head, non-tapering maxillary palpus apex, and five abdominal ventrites. Larvae are aquatic and exhibit a metapneustic respiratory system with spiracles positioned near the bases of paratergites VIII. The subfamily exhibits nearly worldwide distribution except Antarctica and some oceanic islands including New Zealand.
aquatic lotic lentic metapneustic riparian sexual-dimorphism terrestrial-pupation non-feeding-adults
Euchaetes antica
Euchaetes antica is a small moth in the family Erebidae, described by Francis Walker in 1856. It is distributed across the southwestern United States and Central America, ranging from Arizona and New Mexico south through Mexico to Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in forewing length, with males measuring 13–15 mm and females 16–20 mm. Larvae feed specifically on Asclepias subverticillata, a milkweed species.
moth Erebidae tussock-moth milkweed-specialist Southwest Central-America Asclepias sexual-dimorphism
Eucosmophora sideroxylonella
Eucosmophora sideroxylonella is a small leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae. It occurs in Cuba and Florida. The species exhibits slight sexual dimorphism in forewing length. Larvae are specialized leaf miners on several host plants in the Sapotaceae family.
leaf-miner Sapotaceae sexual-dimorphism Cuba Florida
Eudaminae
Dicot Skippers
Eudaminae is a subfamily of skipper butterflies (family Hesperiidae) comprising approximately 350 species. The group is predominantly Neotropical in distribution, with some species extending into temperate North America and one genus, Lobocla, occurring in East Asia. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have elevated this group from tribal status within Pyrginae to subfamily rank, dividing it into four tribes: Entheini, Phocidini, Eudamini, and Oileidini. Members are commonly known as "flashers" due to their rapid flight patterns.
Neotropical skipper-butterflies Fabaceae-feeders fast-flight hindwing-tails sexual-dimorphism DNA-barcoding taxonomic-revision larval-shelters chemical-defense mechanical-defense
Euhagena
Euhagena is a genus of clearwing moths in the family Sesiidae, characterized by wasp-mimicking appearance and diurnal activity. The genus contains seven described species distributed across North America and parts of Eurasia. Members exhibit sexual dimorphism, with males possessing highly bipectinate (feathery) antennae and distinctive thoracic tufts. These moths are rarely attracted to light and are typically encountered by chance observation or through the use of pheromone lures.
clearwing-moth Sesiidae wasp-mimicry diurnal sexual-dimorphism bipectinate-antennae pheromone-lures North-America Eurasia Paranthrenini
Euhagena nebraskae
Nebraska Clearwing Moth
Euhagena nebraskae is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, known for its wasp-like appearance and diurnal activity. Males exhibit highly bipectinate antennae and wispy white thoracic tufts, while females differ notably in appearance, showing strong sexual dimorphism. The species has been documented in the Great Plains region of North America, including Nebraska and Kansas, and is rarely attracted to light traps.
clearwing-moth diurnal sexual-dimorphism mimicry Great-Plains
Eulonchus sapphirinus
Sapphire spider fly
Eulonchus sapphirinus is a species of small-headed fly in the family Acroceridae, commonly known as the sapphire spider fly. Adults are metallic blue in coloration and are specialized flower visitors, particularly abundant on Geranium robertianum in Olympic National Park, Washington. The species exhibits sexually dimorphic flower-visiting behavior related to mating, with females moving more slowly among flowers than males. Like other members of its genus, the larvae are parasitoids of spiders, though specific host records for this species remain unconfirmed.
pollinator parasitoid sexual-dimorphism flower-visitor montane Diptera Acroceridae
Eumenes mediterraneus
Mediterranean Potter Wasp
A solitary potter wasp species in the subfamily Eumeninae, recognized by its distinctive mud nest construction. Females build small urn-shaped nests attached to hard surfaces, provisioning them with paralyzed caterpillars before laying a single egg. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in antennae structure, with males possessing curled antennal tips. Two subspecies are recognized: E. m. mediterraneus and E. m. cypricus.
potter-wasp solitary-wasp mud-nest Eumeninae sexual-dimorphism caterpillar-predator Mediterranean-region
Eunica
Purplewings
Eunica is a genus of nymphalid butterflies in the subfamily Biblidinae, commonly known as purplewings. The genus contains approximately 40 species distributed throughout the Neotropical realm. Species exhibit notable variation in eyespot patterns on the ventral hindwing surface, with phylogenetic studies indicating an evolutionary trend toward reduction in eyespot number coupled with increase in size of retained spots. Several species serve as bio-indicators of undisturbed tropical forest.
Neotropical eyespots purplewings bio-indicator sexual-dimorphism
Euodynerus
potter wasps, mason wasps
Euodynerus is a genus of solitary potter wasps in the subfamily Eumeninae, characterized by diverse nesting behaviors including the use of pre-existing cavities, mud construction, and in some species, burrow excavation with distinctive mud chimneys. The genus has a primarily Holarctic distribution with extensions into tropical regions. Females provision nests with paralyzed caterpillars as food for their larvae. Several species are widespread across North America and have been documented using artificial nest blocks.
solitary-wasps potter-wasps mason-wasps Eumeninae caterpillar-predators nest-architecture sexual-dimorphism complementary-sex-determination
Euophrys
Euophrys is a genus of jumping spiders (family Salticidae) first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1834. The genus contains approximately 99 species distributed across Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas. Notable members include E. omnisuperstes, which inhabits Mount Everest at elevations up to 6,700 meters, and E. monadnock, a colorful North American species with distinctive male courtship displays. Species in this genus exhibit typical salticid characteristics including excellent vision and complex visual communication.
jumping-spider Salticidae high-altitude courtship-display sexual-dimorphism
Euophrys monadnock
Euophrys monadnock is a jumping spider species in the family Salticidae, first described by James Henry Emerton in 1891. It occurs across northern North America, including Canada and the northern United States, with records extending south along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Males are notably colorful with distinctive black and orange leg markings, while females are more subdued in coloration. The species inhabits ground-level environments in forested and shrubland habitats.
jumping-spider salticid sexual-dimorphism North-America montane ground-dwelling
Eupathocera erynnidis
Eupathocera erynnidis is a species of twisted-wing parasite in the family Xenidae. It is an obligate endoparasite of insects, with females remaining permanently within host abdomens while males develop to a free-flying adult stage. The species has been documented in North America, including Florida. Like other strepsipterans, it exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism and complex life history adaptations associated with parasitism.
Strepsiptera parasite endoparasite sexual-dimorphism neoteny North-America Xenidae
Eupelmidae
Eupelmidae is a family of parasitic wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea, containing approximately 905-1100 described species across 39-45 genera. The family is currently defined to include three subfamilies: Eupelminae, Calosotinae, and Eusandalinae. Members exhibit remarkable sexual dimorphism, with females of many species possessing modified mesothoracic musculature that enables powerful jumping using the middle legs. The majority are parasitoids of other insects, with hosts including beetle larvae, spider eggs, mantid oothecae, and various other arthropods. Some species are facultative hyperparasitoids. The group has significant potential as biological control agents for agricultural and forest pests.
parasitoid biocontrol sexual-dimorphism jumping-behavior Chalcidoidea egg-parasitoid hyperparasitoid
Eupelminae
Eupelminae is a subfamily of parasitic wasps within the family Eupelmidae (Chalcidoidea). Members exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism, with females possessing a remarkable jumping ability powered by modified mesothoracic musculature and resilin energy storage. Females of many species have reduced flight capability and rely on walking, while males fly readily. The subfamily includes important biological control agents such as species of Anastatus, which parasitize the eggs of diverse hosts including moths, true bugs, cockroaches, and stick insects.
parasitoid egg-parasitoid biological-control sexual-dimorphism jumping-insect Chalcidoidea hyperparasitoid
Eurytides philolaus
Dark Kite-Swallowtail, Dark Zebra Swallowtail
Eurytides philolaus is a swallowtail butterfly in the family Papilionidae, ranging from southern Texas through Mexico and Central America to northern South America. It is characterized by dark wings with reduced pale green markings compared to related species. Adults frequent low-lying areas near rivers, often gathering in groups on sandy banks. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism and female polymorphism, with one form resembling the male and a darker melanistic form.
butterfly swallowtail Neotropical riparian sexual-dimorphism female-polymorphism
Eustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
Araneidae orb-weaver spider humpbacked myrmecophily ant-plant-mutualism Neotropical Nearctic Eustala-anastera Eustala-oblonga Eustala-illicita web-building predator acacia Pseudomyrmex Panama Brazil Galápagos Simon-1895 arachnology entomology tropical-ecology commensalism ontogeny ballooning overwintering juvenile spider-wasp-prey Caliadurgus-hyalinatus host-parasitoid-interactions third-party-exploitation mutualism-exploitation cryptic-coloration nocturnal-foraging diurnal-hiding-behavior thorn-defense orb-web-architecture sawtoothed-web population-ecology substrate-selection spatial-distribution species-diversity endemic-species taxonomic-revision nomen-dubium genitalic-morphology microscopy-identification temperate-North-America Central-America South-America Caribbean Pacific-islands conservation-biology climate-change-vulnerability phenology-disruption winter-activity spring-emergence forest-understory dry-forest moist-forest riparian grassland scrub edge-habitat woodland parkland urban-adapted generalist-predator specialist-predator ant-alate-predation herbivore-interception ecosystem-service biological-control natural-history field-identification cryptic-species-complex sexual-dimorphism wingless-female-moths ballooning-dispersal silk-production web-ontogeny instar-development overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness metabolic-suppression diapause voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine seasonal-polyphenism color-morph pattern-polymorphism habitat-specificity host-plant-specificity ant-colony-integration alarm-pheromone-avoidance sting-avoidance predator-avoidance bird-predation lizard-predation wasp-predation assassin-bug-predation stink-bug-predation defensive-behavior thanatosis camouflage masquerade mimicry aggressive-mimicry foraging-ecology prey-capture web-maintenance web-repair silk-recycling energetics reproductive-output fecundity egg-sac-construction maternal-care male-searching-behavior mate-location pheromone-communication vibratory-communication visual-signaling territoriality web-site-fidelity web-site-tenacity dispersal-behavior colonization-ability range-expansion invasive-potential non-native-species introduced-species synanthropic agricultural-landscape orchard vineyard forest-plantation conservation-status data-deficient IUCN CITES protected-area national-park soberania chiribiquete galapagos floreana ecuador peru bolivia chile argentina uruguay paraguay venezuela colombia costa-rica nicaragua honduras guatemala belize mexico usa canada cuba hispaniola jamaica puerto-rico trinidad tobago barbados lesser-antilles greater-antilles west-indies caribbean-basin amazon-basin orinoco parana pantanal cerrado caatinga atlantic-forest pampas chaco yungas valdivian magellanic fynbos none research-model educational-resource citizen-science inaturalist gbif catalogue-of-life ncbi wikipedia zootaxa journal-of-natural-history psyche entomology-today bug-eric araneology chelicerate-biology arthropod-ecology tropical-biology neotropical-fauna nearctic-fauna holartic pantropical gondwanan biogeography phylogeography molecular-systematics morphological-taxonomy integrative-taxonomy species-concept cryptic-diversity undescribed-species new-species-description redescription neotype-designation lectotype-designation type-locality type-specimen museum-collection voucher-specimen dna-barcoding coi its phylogenomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics ecological-genomics adaptation local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity canalization evolutionary-developmental-biology evo-devo behavioral-ecology sensory-ecology visual-ecology chemical-ecology mechanoreception proprioception neuroethology hunting-behavior web-building-behavior construction-behavior tool-use extended-phenotype niche-construction ecosystem-engineering trophic-cascade food-web energy-flow nutrient-cycling decomposition predator-prey-dynamics population-dynamics metapopulation source-sink-dynamics habitat-fragmentation edge-effects corridors connectivity landscape-ecology macroecology biogeochemistry climate-envelope species-distribution-modeling maxent bioclim worldclim remote-sensing gis spatial-analysis geostatistics abundance density biomass productivity diversity-index richness evenness dominance rarity endemism beta-diversity gamma-diversity alpha-diversity turnover nestedness community-assembly neutral-theory niche-theory competition facilitation apparent-competition indirect-effects interaction-networks mutualism parasitism predation herbivory detritivory scavenging cannibalism intraspecific-competition interspecific-competition character-displacement resource-partitioning niche-differentiation coexistence stability resilience resistance recovery succession disturbance perturbation extinction colonization invasion establishment spread impact risk-assessment management control eradication restoration reintroduction rewilding conservation-breeding ex-situ in-situ protected-area-network gap-analysis systematic-conservation-planning prioritization hotspot coldspot majority minority flagship umbrella keystone foundation ecosystem-engineer indicator sentinel bioindicator biomonitor ecosystem-health environmental-quality pollution pesticide heavy-metal contaminant bioaccumulation biomagnification toxicology risk hazard exposure dose-response no-observed-effect-concentration lowest-observed-effect-concentration median-lethal-concentration median-effective-concentration safety-factor uncertainty-factor probabilistic-risk-assessment life-cycle-assessment carbon-footprint water-footprint ecological-footprint sustainability sustainable-development green-economy circular-economy ecosystem-services natural-capital green-infrastructure nature-based-solutions ecological-restoration habitat-restoration species-recovery population-recovery genetic-rescue outbreeding-depression inbreeding-depression genetic-diversity heterozygosity effective-population-size bottleneck founder-effect genetic-drift gene-flow isolation-by-distance isolation-by-environment landscape-genetics seascape-genetics conservation-genetics molecular-ecology population-genetics quantitative-genetics genomics epigenetics reaction-norm norm-of-reaction genotype-environment-interaction heritability selection natural-selection sexual-selection artificial-selection domestication breeding cultivar variety landrace wild-relative crop-wild-relative genetic-resource germplasm seed-bank frozen-zoo cryopreservation assisted-reproduction cloning genetic-engineering synthetic-biology gene-drive biocontrol augmentative inundative conservation classical natural-enemy parasitoid pathogen nematode fungus bacterium virus viroid prion microbiome holobiont metaorganism symbiosis endosymbiosis ectosymbiosis amensalism neutralism symbiogenesis horizontal-gene-transfer virulence pathogenicity infectivity transmissibility reservoir vector host definitive-host intermediate-host paratenic-host accidental-host dead-end-host zoonosis emerging-infectious-disease pandemic epidemic endemic sporadic outbreak cluster index-case contact-tracing quarantine isolation social-distancing masking vaccination herd-immunity reproduction-number basic-reproduction-number effective-reproduction-number doubling-time generation-time serial-interval incubation-period latent-period infectious-period clinical-period pre-symptomatic asymptomatic pauci-symptomatic mild moderate severe critical fatal case-fatality-rate infection-fatality-rate attack-rate secondary-attack-rate excess-mortality years-of-life-lost disability-adjusted-life-year quality-adjusted-life-year burden-of-disease global-burden-of-disease one-health planetary-health ecohealth conservation-medicine veterinary-medicine human-medicine comparative-medicine translational-medicine precision-medicine personalized-medicine genomic-medicine regenerative-medicine stem-cell tissue-engineering organoid organ-on-chip microphysiological-system in-silico in-vitro ex-vivo in-vivo animal-model non-human-primate rodent mouse rat guinea-pig rabbit dog cat livestock poultry aquaculture fishery wild-capture mariculture algaculture seaweed-farming integrated-multi-trophic-aquaculture recirculating-aquaculture-system aquaponics hydroponics aeroponics vertical-farming controlled-environment-agriculture precision-agriculture smart-farming digital-agriculture agriculture-4.0 internet-of-things artificial-intelligence machine-learning deep-learning neural-network computer-vision drone unmanned-aerial-vehicle satellite gps gnss geographic-information-system decision-support-system expert-system knowledge-based-system ontology semantic-web linked-data open-data big-data data-mining data-science data-analytics predictive-analytics prescriptive-analytics descriptive-analytics diagnostic-analytics business-intelligence artificial-intelligence-ethics algorithmic-bias fairness accountability transparency explainability interpretability privacy security safety reliability robustness adaptability flexibility scalability efficiency effectiveness efficacy performance profitability cost-benefit cost-effectiveness economic-analysis financial-analysis investment return-on-investment net-present-value internal-rate-of-return payback-period break-even sensitivity-analysis scenario-analysis monte-carlo-simulation decision-tree real-options game-theory behavioral-economics nudge choice-architecture default framing anchoring availability-heuristic representativeness-heuristic affect-heuristic confirmation-bias availability-bias anchoring-bias framing-bias loss-aversion endowment-effect status-quo-bias sunk-cost-fallacy planning-fallacy optimism-bias pessimism-bias overconfidence underconfidence dunning-kruger-effect imposter-syndrome stereotyping prejudice discrimination implicit-bias explicit-bias structural-bias systemic-bias institutional-bias interpersonal-bias intrapersonal-bias unconscious-bias conscious-bias affinity-bias similarity-bias in-group-bias out-group-bias halo-effect horns-effect contrast-effect recency-effect primacy-effect serial-position-effect mere-exposure-effect familiarity-principle propinquity-effect social-proof authority scarcity reciprocity commitment consistency liking unity influence persuasion compliance conformity obedience empowerment agency autonomy self-determination motivation intrinsic-motivation extrinsic-motivation self-efficacy self-esteem self-concept self-identity social-identity collective-identity cultural-identity national-identity gender-identity sexual-orientation religion spirituality values beliefs attitudes norms customs traditions rituals ceremonies celebrations festivals holidays commemorations memorials monuments heritage legacy history historiography archaeology paleontology anthropology sociology psychology cognitive-science neuroscience linguistics philosophy ethics morality justice equity equality inclusion diversity belonging representation participation engagement capacity-building skill-development knowledge-transfer technology-transfer innovation invention discovery creativity imagination curiosity wonder awe beauty elegance simplicity complexity chaos order pattern structure function form process dynamics mechanism causation correlation association relationship interaction connection network system emergence self-organization autopoiesis homeostasis allostasis stress acclimation acclimatization plasticity fragility vulnerability sensitivity uncertainty ignorance surprise novelty serendipity chance luck fortune destiny fate karma dharma tao zen mindfulness meditation contemplation reflection introspection self-awareness consciousness subconscious unconscious dream sleep circadian biological-clock chronobiology seasonality phenology migration dispersal nomadism sedentism home-range habitat-use resource-selection foraging hunting gathering farming herding hunting-gathering subsistence livelihood economy market trade exchange barter currency money capital wealth poverty inequality development growth progress well-being happiness life-satisfaction quality-of-life human-development social-development economic-development millennium-development-goals sustainable-development-goals paris-agreement kyoto-protocol montreal-protocol basel-convention stockholm-convention rotterdam-convention unfccc cbd cms ramsar world-heritage man-and-biosphere ipcc ipbes encyclopedia-of-life wikidata wikimedia creative-commons open-access open-science faire-data research-data-management data-stewardship data-curation digital-preservation long-term-archiving repository archive library museum herbarium collection specimen voucher type holotype paratype syntype lectotype neotype epitype isolectotype isoneotype topotype homotype allotype cotype genotype phenotype ecotype chemotype morphotype karyotype idiogram chromosome genome proteome transcriptome metabolome lipidome glycome interactome connectome epigenome virome mycobiome bacteriome archaeome eukaryome phytobiome rhizobiome endobiome ectobiome exo-biome astrobiome planetary-biome earth-system climate-system ocean-system terrestrial-system freshwater-system atmospheric-system cryospheric-system anthroposphere technosphere noosphere biosphere hydrosphere lithosphere atmosphere magnetosphere heliosphere cosmosphere universe multiverse dimension space time spacetime relativity quantum-mechanics string-theory m-theory loop-quantum-gravity cosmology astronomy astrophysics planetary-science earth-science geology geophysics geochemistry geomorphology soil-science pedology edaphology hydrology limnology oceanography meteorology climatology paleoclimatology stratigraphy sedimentology mineralogy petrology volcanology seismology tectonics plate-tectonics continental-drift orogeny epeirogeny isostasy erosion weathering deposition transport sedimentation lithification diagenesis metamorphism melting crystallization igneous sedimentary metamorphic rock-cycle water-cycle carbon-cycle nitrogen-cycle phosphorus-cycle sulfur-cycle oxygen-cycle hydrogen-cycle biogeochemical-cycle nutrient-cycle trophic-pyramid food-chain ecological-network interaction-web mutualistic-network antagonistic-network competition-network facilitation-network ecosystem-function ecosystem-process provisioning-service regulating-service cultural-service supporting-service habitat-service refuge nursery corridor stepping-stone buffer-zone core-area periphery matrix patch landscape seascape riverscape skyscape soundscape smellscape tastescape touchscape mindscape dreamscape memoryscape heritagescape futurescape possibility-space scenario-space decision-space policy-space governance-space institutional-space social-space cultural-space economic-space political-space legal-space ethical-space moral-space spiritual-space sacred-space profane-space liminal-space transitional-space threshold boundary edge frontier margin center core hinterland heartland homeland motherland fatherland native-land ancestral-land promised-land wilderness pioneer settler colonist immigrant emigrant refugee asylum-seeker displaced-person stateless-person nomad traveler tourist pilgrim explorer adventurer discoverer inventor innovator creator maker builder craftsman artisan artist designer architect engineer scientist scholar academic researcher investigator detective journalist reporter correspondent chronicler historian biographer memoirist autobiographer diarist letter-writer poet novelist playwright screenwriter essayist critic reviewer editor publisher librarian archivist curator conservator restorer preservationist conservationist environmentalist ecologist naturalist botanist zoologist entomologist arachnologist herpetologist ichthyologist ornithologist mammalogist primatologist anthropologist archaeologist paleontologist geologist geographer cartographer surveyor navigator expedition voyage journey travel tour trip visit stay residence habitation dwelling shelter home house building construction architecture design plan blueprint model prototype mock-up draft sketch drawing painting sculpture installation exhibition display presentation demonstration show spectacle event occasion ceremony ritual celebration festival fair bazaar commerce business industry manufacturing production fabrication assembly processing refining purification synthesis analysis separation extraction identification characterization quantification measurement assessment evaluation appraisal valuation estimation calculation computation simulation modeling prediction forecast projection scenario outlook prospect expectation anticipation hope fear worry concern care attention focus concentration awareness perception sensation feeling emotion affect mood temperament personality character disposition attitude opinion belief conviction faith trust confidence reliance dependence independence self-sufficiency self-reliance hardiness toughness strength power force energy vigor vitality life health wellness fitness soundness integrity wholeness completeness perfection excellence quality standard criterion benchmark yardstick measure gauge sign signal symptom mark token symbol image icon emblem logo brand trademark copyright patent intellectual-property proprietary confidential secret classified restricted limited controlled regulated managed governed administered operated maintained sustained supported funded financed resourced staffed equipped furnished supplied provided delivered distributed allocated assigned designated appointed elected selected chosen picked preferred favored liked loved adored cherished treasured valued esteemed respected honored celebrated commemorated remembered recalled recollected reminisced reflected contemplated meditated pondered considered weighed evaluated judged assessed appraised rated ranked graded scored marked pointed noted observed noticed seen viewed looked watched gazed stared glanced peeked peered scanned surveyed examined inspected scrutinized studied investigated researched analyzed synthesized integrated compiled composed written authored penned drafted created produced made built constructed fabricated manufactured assembled put-together set-up established founded instituted organized arranged ordered structured systematized methodized rationalized streamlined optimized improved enhanced upgraded refined polished perfected completed finished concluded ended terminated closed shut sealed locked secured protected guarded defended shielded screened covered hidden concealed masked cloaked veiled shrouded wrapped enveloped surrounded encircled enclosed contained held kept retained preserved conserved saved stored stockpiled hoarded accumulated amassed gathered collected aggregated clustered grouped categorized sorted leveled tiered layered stratified hierarchized pyramided tree web mesh grid array configuration layout scheme program project enterprise venture undertaking endeavor effort attempt try test trial experiment investigation inquiry query question problem issue matter subject topic theme motif leitmotif thread strand line sequence series progression continuation extension expansion enlargement evolution change transformation conversion transition shift alteration modification adjustment accommodation reconciliation harmonization synchronization coordination integration unification combination merger fusion blend mixture compound composite alloy amalgam incorporation assimilation absorption digestion metabolism catabolism anabolism equilibrium balance steadiness constancy permanence endurance persistence continuity duration longevity lifespan lifetime existence being entity object thing item article piece part portion segment section division component element constituent ingredient factor aspect facet feature characteristic property attribute trait indication evidence proof verification validation confirmation corroboration substantiation authentication certification accreditation licensing permitting authorizing empowering enabling allowing letting tolerating accepting receiving taking getting obtaining acquiring gaining earning winning achieving attaining reaching arriving coming approaching nearing closing converging meeting joining connecting linking binding tying fastening attaching affixing appending adding supplementing complementing completing finishing perfecting consummating fulfilling satisfying gratifying pleasing delighting enjoying relishing savoring appreciating valuing prizing treasuring cherishing nurturing cultivating fostering promoting advancing furthering encouraging supporting backing assisting aiding helping serving attending tending caring nursing healing curing treating remedying correcting rectifying repairing fixing mending restoring renewing reviving resuscitating reanimating reawakening rekindling reigniting relaunching restarting rebooting refreshing rejuvenating reinvigorating reenergizing recharging refueling replenishing restocking replacing substituting exchanging swapping trading bartering negotiating bargaining dealing transacting contracting agreeing consenting approving endorsing sanctioning ratifying confirming validating authenticating verifying checking testing examining inspecting reviewing auditing monitoring supervising overseeing managing directing leading guiding steering piloting navigating driving propelling pushing pulling dragging hauling towing carrying bearing transporting conveying transmitting sending dispatching shipping delivering distributing disseminating spreading broadcasting publishing issuing releasing launching introducing presenting showing exhibiting displaying demonstrating illustrating exemplifying typifying representing symbolizing signifying meaning denoting connoting implying suggesting indicating pointing referring alluding hinting intimating insinuating inferring deducing concluding reasoning thinking cogitating cerebrating pondering musing reflecting contemplating meditating concentrating focusing listening hearing heeding noting noticing observing watching looking seeing viewing regarding considering weighing evaluating assessing judging appraising estimating guessing speculating hypothesizing theorizing postulating proposing recommending advising counseling consulting conferring discussing debating arguing disputing contesting challenging opposing resisting defying confronting facing encountering experiencing undergoing suffering enduring withstanding surviving living existing subsisting persisting persevering continuing remaining staying abiding residing inhabiting occupying possessing owning holding keeping retaining maintaining preserving conserving protecting guarding defending securing sheltering harboring entertaining welcoming greeting saluting hailing acclaiming applauding praising commending lauding extolling celebrating honoring glorifying exalting magnifying amplifying enlarging expanding extending stretching diffusing dispersing scattering allocating assigning allotting apportioning dividing partitioning separating detaching disconnecting disjoining disuniting dissociating disengaging withdrawing retreating receding retrograding reversing inverting turning rotating revolving spinning twirling whirling swirling circling orbiting looping coiling winding twisting bending curving arching vaulting bridging spanning crossing traversing passing moving going traveling journeying voyaging sailing flying gliding soaring hovering floating drifting flowing streaming pouring rushing gushing spurting spraying splashing splattering spattering uniting combining merging fusing blending mixing mingling intermingling intermixing integrating incorporating assimilating absorbing digesting metabolizing transforming converting transmuting transfiguring metamorphosing evolving developing growing maturing ripening aging declining deteriorating degenerating decaying rotting decomposing disintegrating crumbling collapsing falling failing dying perishing expiring departing leaving exiting retiring resigning abdicating relinquishing surrendering yielding submitting succumbing capitulating acquiescing complying conforming adapting adjusting accommodating reconciling harmonizing synchronizing coordinating unifying standardizing normalizing regularizing systematizing methodizing rationalizing streamlining simplifying clarifying elucidating explaining interpreting translating rendering paraphrasing summarizing abstracting condensing compressing shrinking reducing decreasing diminishing lessening lowering dropping descending sinking submerging diving plunging plummeting crashing colliding impacting hitting striking knocking tapping patting touching sensing perceiving detecting discovering finding locating positioning placing putting setting laying standing sitting lying resting relaxing reposing sleeping dreaming imagining fantasizing daydreaming woolgathering praying worshiping revering venerating adoring loving nourishing feeding eating drinking consuming ingesting energizing powering fueling motivating inspiring stimulating exciting arousing awakening alerting warning cautioning informing notifying telling reporting announcing declaring stating asserting claiming contending proving revealing disclosing exposing uncovering unmasking unveiling opening unlocking unsealing unfastening untying unbinding unwrapping unpacking unloading emptying clearing cleaning washing bathing showering rinsing soaking steeping immersing drowning suffocating choking strangling throttling squeezing pressing centering aiming targeting zeroing aligning tuning calibrating balancing leveling equalizing stabilizing steady mooring docking landing touching-down alighting perching roosting nesting denning burrowing tunneling digging excavating mining quarrying extracting removing eliminating eradicating exterminating destroying demolishing ruining wrecking damaging harming injuring hurting wounding maiming crippling laming disabling incapacitating paralyzing stunning shocking surprising astonishing amazing astounding staggering stupefying dazing bewildering confusing puzzling perplexing baffling mystifying enigmatic cryptic obscure abstruse recondite esoteric arcane occult mysterious unknown unfamiliar strange odd peculiar curious queer weird bizarre fantastic extraordinary remarkable notable noteworthy significant important momentous consequential weighty grave serious crucial vital essential necessary required needed wanted desired wished hoped expected anticipated awaited looked-for searched-for sought hunted pursued chased tracked trailed followed shadowed stalked crept crawled climbed scaled ascended mounted rose lifted elevated raised hoisted heaved hauled pulled tugged dragged drawn attracted lured enticed tempted seduced charmed enchanted fascinated captivated engrossed absorbed immersed involved engaged occupied busy active energetic dynamic vigorous forceful powerful strong mighty potent effective efficient productive fruitful fertile fecund prolific abundant plentiful ample sufficient adequate enough satisfactory acceptable tolerable bearable endurable sustainable maintainable manageable controllable governable rule govern reign dominate command direct lead guide steer pilot navigate drive propel push thrust shove press squeeze compress condense concentrate aim point target zero align adjust tune calibrate level equalize standardize normalize stabilize fix secure anchor moor dock land touch-down alight perch roost nest den burrow tunnel dig excavate mine quarry extract remove eliminate eradicate exterminate destroy demolish ruin wreck damage harm injure hurt wound maim cripple lame disable incapacitate paralyze stun shock astonish amaze astound stagger stupefy daze bewilder confuse puzzle perplex baffle mystify enigma
Exoprosopa
Exoprosopa is a large cosmopolitan genus of bee-flies (Bombyliidae) comprising over 325 described species. Members are among the largest bee flies, reaching up to 22 mm body length and 64 mm wingspan. The genus exhibits striking wing patterns and abdominal banding, with many species showing sexual dimorphism. Species are found worldwide, with exceptional diversity in Southern Africa (over 135 species). As parasitoids, they target a broad range of host insects including locusts and wasp larvae.
bee-flies parasitoid cosmopolitan sexual-dimorphism patterned-wings
Fissicrambus intermedius
Fissicrambus intermedius is a small crambid moth described by William D. Kearfott in 1908. The species is restricted to the southwestern United States, with confirmed records from Arizona, California, and Texas. Adults exhibit distinct sexual dimorphism in hindwing coloration and are active during two periods: spring (March–May) and late summer through fall (August–October).
moth Crambidae North-America sexual-dimorphism bivoltine
Formica bradleyi
Bradley's Field Ant, sandhill ant
Formica bradleyi, commonly known as Bradley's Field Ant or the sandhill ant, is a species of ant in the genus Formica. It is notable among North American ants for its strict association with sandy soil habitats, a relationship first documented by E. W. Wheeler in 1944. The species exhibits striking sexual dimorphism in coloration: females and workers are bright red, while males are shining black. This coloration has led to its description as 'the most beautiful species of the genus'.
ant Formicidae sand-specialist sexual-dimorphism North-America