Taxonomic-revision

Guides

• Doryodes bistrialis

  double-lined doryodes moth, Double-lined Doryodes

  A small erebid moth of eastern North America, distinguished by narrow forewing stripes and whitish hindwings. Adults fly from spring through fall, with year-round activity in Florida. Larvae feed on wiregrass (Aristida stricta) in pine-dominated ecosystems. Once synonymized with Doryodes grandipennis, it was later recognized as a valid species.

  erebid-mothpine-flatwoods-specialistwiregrass-feedersoutheastern-US-endemictaxonomic-revision

• Drepanidae

  Hooktip and False Owlet Moths, hook-tip moths

  Drepanidae is a family of moths comprising approximately 660 described species worldwide. The family is divided into three subfamilies—Drepaninae (hook-tips), Thyatirinae (false owlets), and Cyclidiinae—which share a distinctive type of hearing organ. Many species exhibit a characteristic hook-shaped apex on the forewing, the trait responsible for their common name. The larvae are notable for their tapered, pointed posterior and a resting posture with both head and tail elevated.

  mothsLepidopterahook-tipsfalse-owletsnocturnalarboreal-larvaecryptic-colorationtaxonomic-revision

• Eburiini

  Eburiini is a tribe of longhorn beetles in the subfamily Cerambycinae, comprising 24 genera and approximately 268 species. The tribe is restricted to the Americas, with distribution spanning North, Central (including Caribbean), and South America. Recent taxonomic revisions have clarified its boundaries, including the synonymy of Heteropsini with Eburiini and the resurrection of Dychophyiini for excluded genera. The tribe includes economically and taxonomically significant genera such as Eburia, Beraba, and Eburiola.

  longhorn-beetlesCerambycidaeNeotropicaltaxonomic-revisioncladistic-analysis

• Ectobiinae

  wood cockroaches

  Ectobiinae is a subfamily of small to medium-sized cockroaches within the family Ectobiidae, characterized by morphological diversity and taxonomic complexity. The subfamily includes numerous genera distributed across Europe, North Africa, and the Mediterranean region, with several groups showing recent northward range expansion. Taxonomic revisions have revealed extensive cryptic diversity, with new genera such as Planuncus and multiple subgenera established based on detailed morphological analysis. Some species exhibit unusual reproductive strategies including geographic parthenogenesis.

  cockroachesBlattodeaMediterranean-faunataxonomic-revisionparthenogenesisrange-expansionmorphological-phylogeneticsDNA-barcodinginvasive-potentialEuropean-insects

• Ecyrus dasycerus

  Rough-coated Longhorned Beetle

  Ecyrus dasycerus is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1827. It is known from North America, with records from the United States and Mexico. The species exhibits two recognized subspecies: the nominate E. d. dasycerus and E. d. floridanus described by Linsley in 1935. Like other members of the subfamily Lamiinae, it is a wood-associated beetle whose larvae develop in dead or dying woody plants.

  CerambycidaeLamiinaelonghorn-beetlewood-boring-beetleNorth-Americanocturnalblacklight-attractedEcyrusPogonocherini1827SayLinsleysubspeciesdasycerusfloridanusTexasMexicoCaliforniaFloridaoak-associatedcanyon-habitatMay-activityultraviolet-light-trapbeetle-collectingentomologyColeopteraPolyphagaCucujiformiaChrysomeloideaEcyrus-dasycerusRough-coated-Longhorned-BeetleiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBIWikipediabeetle-taxonomycerambycidlamiinewood-boringxylophagousnocturnal-beetlelight-attracted-beetleNorth-American-beetleMexican-beetleTexan-beetleFloridian-beetlesubspecies-differentiationclassical-taxonomy19th-century-descriptionearly-20th-century-subspeciesbeetle-diversityinsect-collectingfield-entomologyblacklightingUV-light-trappingcanyon-entomologyoak-woodland-beetleriparian-beetlewestern-Texas-faunaVal-Verde-CountyGold-Mine-CanyonDevils-RiverBig-Bend-regionChihuahuan-DesertChisos-MountainsTrans-Pecos-Texasbeetle-phenologyspring-activityMay-emergenceadult-beetlelarval-developmentwood-inhabiting-beetledead-wood-beetlesaproxylic-beetleforest-insectwoodland-insecthardwood-forest-beetleriparian-forest-beetlecanyon-oak-beetlemesquite-associatedjuniper-associatedcactus-associateddesert-riparian-beetlexeric-woodland-beetlesemi-arid-beetlesubtropical-beetletemperate-beetleNearctic-beetlebeetle-biogeographybeetle-distributionbeetle-ecologybeetle-behaviorbeetle-systematicsbeetle-identificationbeetle-natural-historybeetle-conservationbeetle-monitoringbeetle-inventorybeetle-surveybeetle-photographybeetle-observationcitizen-scienceiNaturalist-observationsGBIF-occurrencesmuseum-specimenstype-specimensoriginal-descriptionsubspecies-descriptiontaxonomic-revisionnomenclatural-historybeetle-namescommon-namesscientific-namesauthor-citationsSay-1827Linsley-1935Thomas-SayE.-G.-Linsleyclassical-entomologistsAmerican-entomologyNorth-American-beetle-faunabeetle-diversity-hotspotbeetle-endemismbeetle-regional-variationbeetle-morphological-variationbeetle-geographic-variationbeetle-subspecies-differentiationbeetle-population-structurebeetle-geneticsbeetle-phylogeneticsbeetle-evolutionbeetle-adaptationbeetle-habitat-specificitybeetle-host-specificitybeetle-resource-usebeetle-trophic-ecologybeetle-community-ecologybeetle-ecosystem-functionbeetle-decompositionbeetle-nutrient-cyclingbeetle-food-webbeetle-predator-preybeetle-parasitismbeetle-mutualismbeetle-competitionbeetle-dispersalbeetle-colonizationbeetle-successionbeetle-disturbance-ecologybeetle-climate-responsebeetle-phenology-shiftbeetle-range-shiftbeetle-conservation-statusbeetle-threat-assessmentbeetle-habitat-lossbeetle-fragmentationbeetle-invasive-potentialbeetle-quarantinebeetle-pest-statusbeetle-beneficial-statusbeetle-economic-importancebeetle-cultural-importancebeetle-aesthetic-valuebeetle-educational-valuebeetle-scientific-valuebeetle-research-importancebeetle-model-organismbeetle-indicator-speciesbeetle-flagship-speciesbeetle-umbrella-speciesbeetle-keystone-speciesbeetle-ecosystem-engineerbeetle-foundation-speciesbeetle-functional-groupbeetle-guildbeetle-life-historybeetle-developmentbeetle-metamorphosisbeetle-reproductionbeetle-fecunditybeetle-longevitybeetle-survivalbeetle-mortalitybeetle-population-dynamicsbeetle-demographybeetle-metapopulationbeetle-source-sinkbeetle-landscape-ecologybeetle-spatial-ecologybeetle-temporal-ecologybeetle-diel-activitybeetle-seasonal-activitybeetle-annual-activitybeetle-multi-year-cyclesbeetle-irruptionbeetle-outbreakbeetle-mass-emergencebeetle-swarmingbeetle-matingbeetle-courtshipbeetle-ovipositionbeetle-eggbeetle-larvabeetle-pupabeetle-adultbeetle-instarbeetle-stadiumbeetle-growthbeetle-development-ratebeetle-temperature-responsebeetle-moisture-responsebeetle-photoperiod-responsebeetle-circadian-rhythmbeetle-orientationbeetle-navigationbeetle-movementbeetle-flightbeetle-walkingbeetle-swimmingbeetle-burrowingbeetle-climbingbeetle-jumpingbeetle-sound-productionbeetle-vibrationbeetle-chemical-communicationbeetle-pheromonebeetle-kairomonebeetle-allomonebeetle-synomonebeetle-semichemicalbeetle-visual-signalbeetle-tactile-signalbeetle-auditory-signalbeetle-sensory-ecologybeetle-antennal-functionbeetle-eye-functionbeetle-mechanoreceptionbeetle-chemoreceptionbeetle-thermoreceptionbeetle-hygroreceptionbeetle-photoreceptionbeetle-magnetoreceptionbeetle-sensory-plasticitybeetle-learningbeetle-memorybeetle-cognitionbeetle-decision-makingbeetle-foragingbeetle-feedingbeetle-diet-breadthbeetle-trophic-levelbeetle-herbivorybeetle-xylophagybeetle-saprophagybeetle-mycophagybeetle-predationbeetle-scavengingbeetle-coprophagybeetle-necrophagybeetle-cannibalismbeetle-omnivorybeetle-specialized-feedingbeetle-generalist-feedingbeetle-plant-associationbeetle-host-plantbeetle-host-treebeetle-host-shrubbeetle-host-vinebeetle-host-herbbeetle-host-fungusbeetle-host-woodbeetle-host-tissuebeetle-host-chemistrybeetle-host-phenologybeetle-host-distributionbeetle-host-availabilitybeetle-host-qualitybeetle-host-defensebeetle-host-resistancebeetle-host-susceptibilitybee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• Eidophelus

  Eidophelus is a genus of minute bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. The genus was established by Eichhoff in 1876 and contains species formerly classified within the tribe Cryphalini. Based on recent taxonomic revision, Eidophelus has been reassigned from the former Cryphalini to one of three newly erected tribes. Species are extremely small, comparable in size to a grain of wheat.

  bark-beetleScolytinaeCurculionidaeColeopterataxonomic-revisionCryphalinipygmy-borerminute-beetle

• Elacatis immaculatus

  Elacatis immaculatus is a small beetle in the family Salpingidae, first recorded from north of Mexico in a 2018 taxonomic revision of Nearctic Elacatis species. The species was originally described by Champion from Central America. The revision recognizes seven Nearctic species in the genus, with E. immaculatus representing one of two species newly documented from the region. No specific biological or ecological information is available for this species in published literature.

  ColeopteraSalpingidaeOthniinaeElacatistaxonomic-revisionNearcticCentral-American-originfirst-record2018Zootaxa

• Elachistidae

  Grass-miner moths, Grass Miner Moths

  Elachistidae is a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea, commonly known as grass-miner moths. The family has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with modern circumscriptions restricting it to essentially the subfamily Elachistinae. Members are small to very small moths with wingspans usually around 1 cm, characterized by feather-like wings with fine hair covering the fringes and often reduced hindwings. The family contains approximately 805 valid species placed in 10 genera, with Elachista being the largest genus. Larvae are typically leaf miners or stem miners on Poales (grasses and related plants).

  LepidopteraGelechioideamicrolepidopteraleaf-minersgrass-minerstaxonomic-revisionDNA-barcodingElachistaPoales

• Entedoninae

  Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.

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• Ephydrini

  Ephydrini is a tribe of shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) comprising nine genera and 33 species in the Neotropical region. The tribe includes both temperate Northern Hemisphere genera (Setacera, Cirrula, Dimecoenia, Paracoenia, Ephydra) and exclusively Neotropical genera (Austrocoenia, Notiocoenia, Paraephydra, Neoephydra). Species-level identification relies heavily on male terminalia characters due to morphological similarity among species.

  shore-fliesNeotropicaltaxonomic-revisionmale-terminalianew-generanew-species

• Epiblema strenuana

  ragweed borer, stem-galling moth

  Epiblema strenuana is a tortricid moth native to North America that has been widely introduced as a biological control agent against invasive Asteraceae weeds. Its larvae form stem galls on host plants, functioning as nutrient sinks that place the plant under metabolic stress. The species has established populations in Australia and China, but was rejected for release in India and South Africa due to non-target risks to the oil-seed crop Guizotia abyssinica. Taxonomic confusion with the closely related E. minutana has complicated host range assessments.

  biological-controlstem-gallinvasive-weed-managementParthenium-hysterophorustortricidtaxonomic-revision

• Epyrinae

  Epyrinae is a subfamily of parasitoid wasps within the family Bethylidae (Hymenoptera). The subfamily contains the tribe Sclerodermini, which has been subject to recent taxonomic revision due to phylogenetic analyses revealing paraphyly and polyphyly in several genera. Members of this subfamily are characterized by specific morphological traits used in cladistic analyses, with 72 female characters documented for Sclerodermini alone. The group has a worldwide distribution with 13 genera currently recognized in Sclerodermini, though generic boundaries remain under investigation.

  parasitoidtaxonomic-revisionphylogeneticsSclerodermini

• Eriophyes cerasicrumena

  Black Cherry Leaf Gall Mite

  Eriophyes cerasicrumena is a gall mite in the family Eriophyidae that induces distinctive spindle-shaped galls on black cherry (Prunus serotina) leaves. The species was formerly classified under the genus Phytoptus. The galls serve as a food source for caterpillars of the cherry gall azure butterfly (Celastrina serotina), which consume both gall tissue and the mites themselves. The species is documented across eastern North America with over 8,600 observations.

  gall-miteeriophyidPrunus-serotinaCelastrina-serotinaleaf-gallparasitismmutualism?North-Americamicroscopictaxonomic-revision

• Erythroneurini

  Erythroneurini is a diverse tribe of leafhoppers in the subfamily Typhlocybinae, comprising over 180 genera. The tribe has been extensively studied in the New World and southwestern China, with major taxonomic revisions published for genera including Erythroneura, Erasmoneura, Zyginama, Eratoneura, and Erythridula. Species within this tribe exhibit complex synonymies and are associated with woody deciduous vegetation.

  leafhopperTyphlocybinaeCicadellidaeHemipteraAuchenorrhynchataxonomic-revisionNew-WorldChinakarstwoody-plantsdeciduous-treeshigh-diversityextensive-synonymies

• Eucanthus

  earth-boring scarab beetles

  Eucanthus is a genus of earth-boring scarab beetles comprising approximately eight described species. These beetles belong to the family Bolboceratidae (formerly placed in Geotrupidae), a group characterized by fossorial (burrowing) habits. The genus was taxonomically revised by Henry F. Howden in 1955 as part of a comprehensive treatment of North American Geotrupinae. Species are distributed across North America, with representatives occurring from the United States through Mexico and into South America.

  ColeopteraScarabaeoideaBolboceratidaeGeotrupidaeearth-boring-scarabfossorial-beetlesNorth-AmericaHenry-Howden1955-revisiontaxonomic-revision

• Eucnecosum brachypterum

  Eucnecosum brachypterum is a small rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) with a Holarctic distribution, occurring across boreal and temperate regions of North America and Eurasia. The species was originally described in the genus Arpedium and later transferred to Eucnecosum, a generic placement confirmed by taxonomic revision. It is one of three holarctic Eucnecosum species recognized in North America. The species name refers to its short-winged (brachypterous) condition.

  rove-beetleOmaliinaeHolarcticborealbrachypteroustaxonomic-revision

• Eudaminae

  Dicot Skippers

  Eudaminae is a subfamily of skipper butterflies (family Hesperiidae) comprising approximately 350 species. The group is predominantly Neotropical in distribution, with some species extending into temperate North America and one genus, Lobocla, occurring in East Asia. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have elevated this group from tribal status within Pyrginae to subfamily rank, dividing it into four tribes: Entheini, Phocidini, Eudamini, and Oileidini. Members are commonly known as "flashers" due to their rapid flight patterns.

  Neotropicalskipper-butterfliesFabaceae-feedersfast-flighthindwing-tailssexual-dimorphismDNA-barcodingtaxonomic-revisionlarval-shelterschemical-defensemechanical-defense

• Eugnoriste

  black fungus gnat

  Eugnoriste is a genus of black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) established by Coquillett in 1896. In the Nearctic region, the genus includes seven species, four of which were described as new to science in a 2017 taxonomic revision: E. brachycostalis, E. florea, E. hirsuta, and E. ptilosis. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features that separate it from other sciarid genera, though detailed ecological and life history information remains limited.

  Sciaridaeblack-fungus-gnatsNearcticNorth-AmericaDipterafungus-gnatstaxonomic-revision2017

• Eulithosia discistriga

  Eulithosia discistriga is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, described by Smith in 1903. It belongs to the subfamily Stiriinae, a group of small to medium-sized moths often associated with rocky or arid habitats. The species has been documented in citizen science platforms with approximately 70 observations. Its taxonomic placement has been subject to revision, with some sources listing it under the genus Antaplaga.

  NoctuidaeStiriinaeNorth-Americataxonomic-revisionowlet-moth

• Eunota gabbii

  Western Tidal Flat Tiger Beetle

  Eunota gabbii, the western tidal flat tiger beetle, is a species of flashy tiger beetle in the family Cicindelidae. It was formerly classified under the genera Cicindela and Habroscelimorpha before being moved to Eunota. The species is associated with tidal flat and saline habitats in western North America.

  tiger-beetleflashy-tiger-beetletidal-flatsaline-habitatwestern-North-Americataxonomic-revision

• Eupleurus subterraneus

  Eupleurus subterraneus is a scarab beetle species originally described by Linnaeus in 1758. Formerly classified in the genus Aphodius, it was reassigned to Eupleurus based on taxonomic revision. The species has been recorded across Europe, Asia, and North America, with two recognized subspecies: the nominate E. s. subterraneus and E. s. krasnojarskicus described from Russia in 1986. As a member of the dung beetle subfamily Aphodiinae, it likely participates in nutrient cycling through association with decomposing organic matter.

  scarab-beetledung-beetleAphodiinaetaxonomic-revisionPalearcticNearctic

• Eurygarka

  moth-flies

  Eurygarka is a genus of moth-flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) containing three Nearctic species. The genus was established by Quate in 1959 and includes E. helicis (Dyar) and two recently described species from the southeastern United States: E. cyphostylus and E. nelderi. Adults of both sexes are known for all three species.

  DipteraPsychodidaeNearcticmoth-fliestaxonomic-revision

• Euschistus tristigmus luridus

  Euschistus tristigmus luridus is a subspecies of the brown stink bug Euschistus tristigmus, first described by Dallas in 1851. A 2022 taxonomic revision corroborated Uhler's 1861 proposal to synonymize this subspecies under Euschistus tristigmus tristigmus, based on morphological overlap between subspecies and their sympatric distribution. The taxon was included in a study formalizing the ictericus group within the subgenus Euschistus (Euschistus), though E. tristigmus itself was excluded from this group.

  stink-bugPentatomidaeEuschistussubspeciestaxonomic-revisionsynonymyictericus-group

• Eustala

  humpbacked orb-weavers

  Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.

  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htperchroostnestdenburrowtunneldigexcavateminequarryextractremoveeliminateeradicateexterminatedestroydemolishruinwreckdamageharminjurehurtwoundmaimcripplelamedisableincapacitateparalyzestunshockastonishamazeastoundstaggerstupefydazebewilderconfusepuzzleperplexbafflemystifyenigma

• Eutrichosomatinae

  Eutrichosomatinae is a subfamily of chalcidoid wasps established by Peck in 1951. The group has undergone significant taxonomic revision, having been placed in Eutrichosomatidae by some authorities and in Pteromalidae by others. Members are small parasitoid wasps within the superfamily Chalcidoidea. The subfamily contains relatively few described species and remains poorly known biologically.

  chalcidoidparasitoidtaxonomic-revision

• Euxoa excogita

  Euxoa excogita is a noctuid moth described by Smith in 1900. It was formerly treated as a subspecies of Euxoa brunneigera. The species is known from western North America, with records from British Columbia south to California and east to Colorado. Like other Euxoa species, it likely has a typical noctuid life cycle with nocturnal adults and soil-dwelling larvae.

  noctuidaewestern-north-americataxonomic-revision

• Exapion ulicis

  Gorse Seed Weevil

  Exapion ulicis is a small seed-feeding weevil specialized on gorse (Ulex europaeus). Adults are light gray with a prominent snout roughly half the body length. The species is native to western Europe and has been introduced to New Zealand, California, Hawaii, and other regions as a biological control agent targeting invasive gorse populations. Larval feeding destroys seeds within pods, reducing plant spread, while adult feeding on stems and spines causes minor damage.

  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-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set

• Exomella

  pill beetles

  Exomella is a genus of pill beetles in the family Byrrhidae, established by Casey in 1914. The genus contains at least two described species: E. merickeli (Johnson, 1985) and E. pleuralis (Casey, 1908). Members of this genus belong to the tribe Exomellini within the subfamily Byrrhinae. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision and study, with E. pleuralis recently rediscovered and re-evaluated.

  pill-beetlesByrrhidaeExomellinirarely-encounteredtaxonomic-revision

• Ferrisia

  mealybugs

  Ferrisia is a genus of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) established by David T. Fullaway in 1923 with F. virgata as the type species. The genus underwent taxonomic revision in 2012, resulting in recognition of 18 species including eight newly described species, and the transfer of F. floridana to the new genus Pseudoferrisia. Species of Ferrisia are characterized by distinctive morphological features including enlarged dorsal tubular ducts with associated discoidal pores, and ventral oral-collar tubular ducts of varying sizes. The genus is native to the Americas but includes species now found worldwide, with F. virgata being a particularly widespread and economically significant pest.

  mealybugPseudococcidaeagricultural-pestphloem-feederinvasive-speciesvirus-vectortaxonomic-revisionAmerica-nativecosmopolitan-pestquarantine-pest

• Fidicinoides

  Monk Cicadas

  A genus of Neotropical cicadas distinguished by a partially exposed timbal not completely covered by the meta-scutellar plate, contrasting with the fully covered timbal of the related genus Fidicina. The genus exhibits extensive geographic distribution across Central and South America, with particularly high species diversity in Brazil. Several species have been documented in association with cultivated plants, including coffee plantations. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with multiple species transferred from Fidicina and some subsequently moved to Dorisiana.

  cicadaNeotropicaltimbal-morphologycoffee-associatedtaxonomic-revision

• Geodromicus

  Geodromicus is a genus of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Omaliinae: Anthophagini) established by Redtenbacher in 1857. The genus is distributed across the Palaearctic region, with species occurring from Western Europe through Central Asia to East Asia. Taxonomic research has organized species into multiple species groups including the bodemeyeri, convexicollis, brevicollis, plagiatus, major, lestevoides, crassipalpis, aokii, and sinuatus groups. The genus has been subject to extensive revision, with numerous synonymies established and several new species described in recent years.

  rove-beetlesStaphylinidaeOmaliinaePalaearctictaxonomic-revisionspecies-groupsground-beetlessoil-fauna

• Gesneria

  Gesneria is a genus of approximately 50–62 species of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, native primarily to Caribbean islands with rare South American exceptions. The genus is distinguished by woody shrub or subshrub habit and alternate leaf arrangement—unusual in the family where decussate leaves are typical. Gesneria is classified in tribe Gesnerieae alongside Bellonia, Pheidonocarpa, and Rhytidophyllum. The genus exhibits high endemism in Caribbean biodiversity hotspots, with many species restricted to single mountain ranges or islands.

  GesneriaceaeCaribbeanendemicbiodiversity-hotspotalternate-leaveswoody-shrubshummingbird-pollinationconservationHaitiPuerto-RicoDominican-RepublicMassif-de-la-Hottetaxonomic-revisionspecies-delimitationmixed-mating-systemslithophyticsaxicolous

• Gnathidiini

  Gnathidiini is a tribe of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) in the subfamily Diaperinae, established by Gebien in 1921. The tribe includes the genus Micropeneta, which was recently recorded from China for the first time with the description of Micropeneta qilin. Members of this tribe have been documented from Borneo, Taiwan, Australia, and the South Pacific region. As a tribe within Diaperinae, Gnathidiini represents a distinct lineage of tenebrionid beetles with a disjunct distribution across the Indo-Pacific.

  darkling-beetlesDiaperinaeIndo-Pacifictaxonomic-revision

• Gondysia consobrina

  Consobrina's Darkwing, Consobrina Darkwing Moth

  Gondysia consobrina is a noctuid moth of the family Erebidae, first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. The species was transferred from the genus Dysgonia to Gondysia based on morphological and molecular evidence. It occurs in the southeastern United States, where it produces multiple generations annually. The larval host plant remains unknown.

  NoctuidaeErebidaeErebinaeNorth-Americasoutheastern-United-StatesmultivoltineHodges-8724taxonomic-revisionunknown-host-plant

• Graemeloweus glimmei

  A small scorpion species in the family Vaejovidae, originally described as Vaejovis glimmei in 1972 and later transferred to the genus Graemeloweus. The genus Graemeloweus was established in 2016 to accommodate several vaejovid species previously placed in Vaejovis. This species is known from a limited number of observations and specimens, primarily from western North America.

  scorpionvaejovidaenorth-americaarachnidvenomouscryptic-speciestaxonomic-revision

• Gymnochthebius

  minute moss beetles

  Gymnochthebius is a genus of minute moss beetles in the family Hydraenidae, containing more than 60 described species. The genus is particularly diverse in Australia and Papua New Guinea, where 36 species have been documented. These small water beetles inhabit marginal zones of aquatic habitats and show microhabitat specialization correlated with morphological adaptations.

  water-beetlesaquatic-insectsmicrohabitat-specializationAustralian-endemismtaxonomic-revision

• Gyponini

  Gyponini is a tribe of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) in the subfamily Iassinae, comprising approximately 60 genera and over 1,300 described species. Formerly treated as a subfamily, it is now classified within Iassinae. The tribe is restricted to the Americas, with species distributed from North America through Central America to South America. Gyponini is taxonomically diverse and has been the subject of extensive revisionary work, including numerous new species descriptions and generic reclassifications.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeIassinaeNeotropicalAmericastaxonomic-revision

• Hadenini

  cutworm moths, dart moths

  Hadenini is a tribe of moths within the family Noctuidae, commonly known as cutworms or dart moths. The tribe comprises over 140 genera and approximately 1,000 described species distributed worldwide. Hadenini was historically classified within the subfamily Hadeninae, but following taxonomic revision, both were transferred to Noctuinae. The tribe includes economically significant species whose larvae are climbing cutworms that feed on woody shrubs and herbaceous plants.

  LepidopteraNoctuidaeNoctuinaecutwormsdart-mothsagricultural-pestsglobal-distributiontaxonomic-revision

• Harpalus cordatus

  Harpalus cordatus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in the United States, with records primarily from North America. The species has been historically placed in the genus Ophonus as O. (Metophonus) cordatus based on Duftschmid's 1812 description, but modern taxonomy recognizes it under Harpalus. Information on its biology and ecology is sparse, reflecting limited study of this particular species.

  Carabidaeground-beetleHarpalinaeNorth-AmericaUnited-Statestaxonomic-revisiondata-deficient

• Heliothis

  Heliothis is a genus of noctuid moths established by Ochsenheimer in 1816. The genus has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with several economically important species formerly placed here now reclassified to Helicoverpa and Chloridea. Larvae of remaining Heliothis species are agricultural pests on crops including tobacco, cotton, soybean, and pigeon pea. The genus is characterized by specific morphological features including porrect palpi with long hair on the second joint, a short third palpal joint, and distinctive venation patterns in the forewing.

  agricultural-pestnoctuid-mothcrop-pesttaxonomic-revision

• Hemiglyptus

  Hemiglyptus is a genus of flea beetles (Chrysomelidae) established by Horn in 1889. The genus currently contains a single recognized species, Hemiglyptus basalis, following the transfer of four Chilean species to the genus Psilapha. The sole remaining species is known from the Nearctic region.

  monotypicflea-beetleNearctictaxonomic-revision

• Hippuriphila

  A genus of flea beetles in the family Chrysomelidae containing three described species distributed across the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions. The genus was established by Foudras in 1859. American specimens were historically misidentified as the Eurasian species H. adonidis until taxonomic revision established H. americana as a distinct species based on aedeagus morphology.

  Chrysomelidaeflea-beetleColeopteraleaf-beetleNearcticPalaearcticHippuriphilaHippuriphila-americanaHippuriphila-canadensisHippuriphila-equisetiHippuriphila-modeeriHippuriphila-adonidisEntomoscelistaxonomic-revisionaedeagus-morphology

• Hirotophora

  Hirotophora is a genus of scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) established in 2015. The genus was originally monotypic but now contains three species following taxonomic revision: the type species, Hirotophora chilensis sp. nov. from Chile, and two species transferred from Chaetopleurophora (C. dividua and C. flavimarginata). Females exhibit greater structural divergence than males, which show minimal differences in terminalia—an unusual pattern for Phorinae that suggests distinctive but currently unknown life history traits.

  DipteraPhoridaePhorinaescuttle-fliestaxonomic-revisionfemale-biased-morphological-divergence

• Hirtodrosophila duncani

  A North American fruit fly in the genus Hirtodrosophila, distinguished by unusual male genitalia that complicated its taxonomic placement for decades. Molecular evidence now places it near the New World Sophophora clade. Like other members of its genus, it is associated with fungal substrates.

  fungus-breedingmale-genitaliamolecular-phylogeneticstaxonomic-revisionNorth-America

• Homaledra heptathalama

  exclamation moth, palm leaf housemaker

  Homaledra heptathalama is a small moth species in the family Pterolonchidae, known by the common names exclamation moth and palm leaf housemaker. It was described by August Busck in 1900 from specimens collected in Palm Beach, Florida. The species has undergone multiple taxonomic reclassifications, most recently placed in Pterolonchidae based on 2014 cladistic analysis. It is found in the southeastern United States.

  mothLepidopteraPterolonchidaesoutheastern-United-Statestaxonomic-revision

• Hormoschista

  double-lined brown moth

  Hormoschista is a monotypic moth genus in the family Erebidae, established by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1890. It contains a single species, Hormoschista latipalpis, commonly known as the double-lined brown moth. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, previously placed in Noctuidae (subfamily Acontiinae) or Phytometrinae within Erebidae.

  monotypicNoctuoideataxonomic-revision

• Hydroporus subpubescens

  Hydroporus subpubescens is a predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae, described by LeConte in 1852. The species was transferred from the subpubescens-group to the nigellus-group based on extreme morphological similarity to H. tenebrosus, resulting in the elimination of the subpubescens-group as a formal grouping. It is known from North America.

  DytiscidaeHydroporuspredaceous-diving-beetleNorth-Americanigellus-grouptaxonomic-revision

• Hylis terminalis

  Hylis terminalis is a Nearctic species of false click beetle (family Eucnemidae, subfamily Melasinae). It is one of six Hylis species recorded from the Nearctic region and was included in a 2024 taxonomic revision that provided imaging and diagnostic characters to distinguish it from congeners including H. frontosus, H. olexai, and the newly described H. delicatus. The species is known from eastern and central Canada and the United States.

  ColeopteraEucnemidaeMelasinaefalse-click-beetleNearcticNorth-AmericaCanadaUnited-StatesLeConte-1866Otto-Bédard-Muona-2024adventive-species-comparisontaxonomic-revisionidentification-key

• Hymenorus

  comb-clawed beetle

  Hymenorus is a genus of comb-clawed beetles in the subfamily Alleculinae, family Tenebrionidae. These beetles were formerly classified in their own family Alleculidae before being subsumed into Tenebrionidae. They do not resemble 'classic' darkling beetles and represent one of several groups that complicate identification of this family. The 'sp-two-eastern' designation suggests an undescribed or provisionally identified species found in eastern North America.

  ColeopteraTenebrionidaeAlleculinaecomb-clawed-beetleundescribed-specieseastern-North-Americataxonomic-revisionformer-family-Alleculidae

• Hypera quadricollis

  hibiscus flea beetle

  Hypera quadricollis is a minute weevil species in the family Curculionidae, historically classified under flea beetle genera Chaetocnema and Crepidodera due to morphological similarities. The species is strongly associated with rosemallow (Hibiscus spp.), particularly Hibiscus lasiocarpus, where adults feed gregariously on foliage. First described from Florida in 1878, it has since been recorded across eastern and central North America including Missouri and Alberta. The species was synonymized under Chaetocnema quadricollis by White (1996) in his revision of North American Chaetocnema, though current taxonomic databases list it under Hypera.

  CurculionidaeHyperinaeHibiscusrosemallowminute-weevilgregarious-feedertaxonomic-revisionNorth-America