Taxonomic-revision
Guides
Aulacothorax
Aulacothorax is a genus of leaf beetles comprising 51 described species distributed worldwide, with the highest diversity in the Indomalayan realm. The genus was historically misclassified among flea beetles (Alticini) due to superficially similar enlarged hind femora, but lacks the metafemoral spring that enables jumping. A 2023 phylogenetic study established its placement in the distinct tribe Serraticollini. The genus name dates to 1858, though the original type species was later reassigned, resulting in the synonymy of Orthaltica with Aulacothorax in 2017.
Aulacothorax copalina
Copal Flea Beetle
Aulacothorax copalina, commonly known as the Copal Flea Beetle, is a small leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. The species was formerly classified under the genus Orthaltica but has been reassigned to Aulacothorax based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. It is endemic to North America and has been documented in 131 iNaturalist observations.
Autosticha
Autosticha is a genus of small gelechioid moths in the family Autostichidae (sometimes placed in Oecophoridae). It is the type genus of the subfamily Autostichinae and family Autostichidae. The genus has a complex taxonomic history, with several formerly independent genera now synonymized under it, and some species historically assigned to unrelated gelechioid families such as Lecithoceridae and Xyloryctidae. The genus was originally described as Automola in 1886, but this name was preoccupied by a dipteran genus.
Autostichidae
Autostichidae is a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea, comprising approximately 600 described species worldwide. The family is divided into six subfamilies: Autostichinae, Deocloninae, Glyphidocerinae, Holcopogoninae, Oegoconiinae, and Symmocinae. Species-level taxonomy has been extensively studied in Asia, particularly for the genus Meleonoma in China, where over 70 new species have been described in recent years. The family exhibits considerable morphological diversity in genitalia structure, which serves as a primary diagnostic feature for species identification.
Beeria
Beeria is a monotypic genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) established by Hatch in 1957. Its sole species, Beeria nematocera, occurs in the Nearctic region. The genus exhibits morphological characteristics intermediate between tribes Staphylinini and Quediini, with prothoracic features supporting its placement in Quediini. The type species was originally described as Philonthus nematocerus by Casey in 1915.
Beeria nematocera
Beeria nematocera is a species of rove beetle (family Staphylinidae) originally described as Philonthus nematocerus by Casey in 1915, later transferred to the monotypic genus Beeria by Hatch in 1957. The genus combines morphological characteristics of both Staphylinini and Quediini tribes, though its prothorax morphology supports placement in Quediini. The species is known from western North America.
Bembidiina
A large subtribe of ground beetles (Carabidae) comprising over 120 genera and more than 3,100 described species. Members are generally small to minute beetles with diverse morphologies across numerous subgenera. The subtribe has a cosmopolitan distribution with major centers of diversity in the Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions. Taxonomic revisions continue to refine species boundaries, synonymies, and subgeneric placements based on male genitalia and elytral microsculpture.
Bibio brunnipes
Bibio brunnipes is a march fly in the family Bibionidae with a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern regions of both the Old and New Worlds. The species has been subject to taxonomic revision, with several previously described species now synonymized under B. brunnipes. Like other members of the genus, adults are typically active in spring and may occur in large aggregations. Larval stages develop in soil and contribute to decomposition processes.
Billbrownia rupestris
Billbrownia rupestris is a grasshopper species in the subfamily Gomphocerinae, tribe Eritettigini. It is associated with rocky habitats, as indicated by its species epithet 'rupestris' (meaning 'of rocks'). The genus Billbrownia was established to accommodate species previously placed in Bruneria, reflecting taxonomic revisions based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence.
Blaptini
Blaptini is a tribe of darkling beetles within the subfamily Blaptinae (Tenebrionidae). The tribe contains more than 30 genera and was moved from Tenebrioninae to the resurrected subfamily Blaptinae in 2021, representing a major taxonomic reclassification. Members are primarily distributed in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia, with notable diversity on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau and in the Mediterranean basin. The tribe includes flightless species adapted to high-elevation and xeric environments.
Blepharida
Blepharida is a genus of flea beetles in the subfamily Galerucinae, tribe Alticini, comprising approximately 73 described species. The genus is notable for its specialized coevolutionary relationship with plants in the genus Bursera. New World and Afrotropical species form distinct clades, and the supraspecific taxonomy has undergone extensive revision with multiple subgenera and related genera proposed and reorganized over the past century.
Brachylinga pavida
stiletto fly
Brachylinga pavida is a species of stiletto fly in the family Therevidae, originally described by Coquillett in 1893. The species underwent taxonomic revision in 2006, when B. pilosa (Kröber) was synonymized under B. pavida. It belongs to a genus of 24 species distributed in the New World. As a member of the Therevidae, it possesses the characteristic elongated, piercing mouthparts that give stiletto flies their common name.
Brachypnoea lecontei
Texas Live Oak Leaf Beetle
Brachypnoea lecontei is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. The species was described in 2003 following taxonomic revision of LeConte's original 1858 specimen, which had been synonymized with Brachypnoea puncticollis until genetic and morphological study of type material confirmed its distinct status. It is found in the Great Plains of the United States and has a documented association with Texas live oak.
Brachyserphus
Brachyserphus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Proctotrupidae, established by Hellén in 1941. The genus occurs in both the Palearctic and Nearctic regions. A 2019 taxonomic revision documented North American species, recording B. acuticaudatus in Canada for the first time and excluding B. parvulus from the Nearctic fauna. Species-level identification requires examination of subtle morphological characters.
Bryodemina
Bryodemina is a genus of bee flies (Diptera: Bombyliidae) in the subfamily Lomatiinae, established by Hull in 1973. The genus occurs in the Neotropical region and was recently revised with two new species described from Brazil and Venezuela. A taxonomic revision synonymized the genus Brachydemia with Bryodemina. Species in this genus are distinguished by morphological features of the adult external anatomy and terminalia.
Bryophacis smetanai
Bryophacis smetanai is a small rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Mycetoporinae) described by Campbell in 1993 as part of a comprehensive taxonomic revision of North American Bryophacis. It belongs to the tribe Bolitobiini, a group of mycophagous staphylinids associated with fungal substrates. The species was established based on morphological examination of specimens from across northern North America.
Bryoporus
Bryoporus is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae: Bolitobiini) established by Kraatz in 1857. The genus has an almost cosmopolitan distribution with records from Europe, North America, and other regions. Taxonomic revisions have clarified its relationship to related genera Bryophacis, Bolitopunctus, and Neobolitobius, particularly for North American species. The genus includes multiple species, with Bryoporus cernuus (Gravenhorst, 1806) being a representative species.
Cardiophorus convexus
Convex Click Beetle
Cardiophorus convexus is a click beetle species (Elateridae) found in eastern North America. It was originally described by Thomas Say in 1823, and a neotype was designated after the original type specimen was destroyed. The species has undergone taxonomic revision, with C. floridae and C. angustatus synonymized under it. It is one of eleven Cardiophorus species recognized in eastern Canada and the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.
Cecrita lunata
Cecrita lunata is a moth species in the family Notodontidae, the prominents. It was first described by Henry Edwards in 1884 and is found in the western United States and Mexico. The species was transferred from the genus Heterocampa to Cecrita in 2021 based on published research. It has been assigned Hodges number 7993 in the North American moth numbering system.
Cenophengus
glowworm beetles
Cenophengus is a genus of glowworm beetles (family Phengodidae) comprising 30 valid species distributed across the Nearctic and Neotropical regions from the southwestern United States through Central America. Males are the only known life stage; females and immature stages remain undiscovered for all species. The genus was revised taxonomically in 2021, with new species described and geographic records expanded to include Belize and Honduras for the first time.
Cephalospargeta
Cephalospargeta is a monotypic moth genus in the family Nolidae, established by Möschler in 1890. It contains a single species, Cephalospargeta elongata, which occurs in the southern United States (Texas) and Caribbean islands (Puerto Rico, Jamaica). The genus was historically classified in Noctuidae but has been reassigned to Nolidae based on phylogenetic revisions.
Cephennium
Cephennium is a genus of minute rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Scydmaeninae, first described by Müller and Kunze in 1822. The genus is predominantly western European in distribution but has been recorded across Europe, Northern America, the Middle East, and as far east as Kyrgyzstan. Recent taxonomic work has revealed substantial undescribed diversity, particularly in Turkey where 25 named species are now recognized. The genus has been introduced to North America via port cities, with C. gallicum documented from Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Ceratagallia agricola
American Clover Leafhopper
Ceratagallia agricola is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as the American Clover Leafhopper. The species is known from limited observations, with records primarily from North America. As a member of the tribe Agalliini, it is associated with herbaceous vegetation. The genus Ceratagallia was historically treated as a subgenus of Aceratagallia, and this species is still listed under the synonym Aceratagallia agricola in some databases.
Cheiracanthiidae
Long-legged Sac Spiders
Cheiracanthiidae is a family of araneomorph spiders established by Wagner in 1887, with priority over the synonym Eutichuridae. The family contains approximately 15 genera and 385 species as of 2026, with Cheiracanthium being the largest and most species-rich genus. Members are commonly known as long-legged sac spiders. The family's phylogenetic placement has been historically contested, having been assigned to Clubionidae, Miturgidae, and Eutichuridae before recognition as a distinct family. Molecular analyses indicate Cheiracanthium is paraphyletic, with divergence estimated at 67 million years ago.
Chloridea
Chloridea is a genus of owlet moths in the family Noctuidae, subfamily Heliothinae. The genus was reinstated as valid in 2013 based on molecular and morphological research, having previously been considered a synonym of Heliothis. It contains at least three described species, including the agriculturally significant Chloridea virescens (tobacco budworm moth). The taxonomic status of Chloridea remains contested, with some sources continuing to treat it as a synonym of Heliothis.
Cilea
Cilea is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae: Vatesini) established by Jacquelin du Val in 1856. The genus has been taxonomically confused with Leucoparyphus Kraatz, and its priority over that name has been established. In North America north of Mexico, only Cilea silphoides (Linnaeus) is present. The genus is distinguished from the related genus Coproporus by morphological characters including male genitalia structure.
Cilea silphoides
Cilea silphoides is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae) originally described by Linnaeus in 1767 as Staphylinus silphoides. It is the sole species of the genus Cilea treated in the 1975 North American revision by Campbell and Davies, which provided detailed morphological descriptions, distribution mapping, and male genitalia illustrations. The species has been taxonomically confused with related genera, and its name has undergone clarification regarding generic priority. It is distinguished from the related genus Coproporus by structural features of the male genitalia and external morphology.
Cleonymidae
Cleonymidae is a family of parasitic wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea, elevated from subfamily status within Pteromalidae based on morphological and phylogenetic studies. The family contains approximately 190 documented observations and includes seven recognized genera: Agrilocida, Callocleonymus, Cleonymus, Dasycleonymus, Notanisus, and Zolotarewskya. Members are small parasitoids, though specific biological details for the family remain poorly documented in published literature.
Cliniodes
Cliniodes is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Odontiinae. First described by Achille Guenée in 1854, the genus was long synonymized with Idessa Walker but restored to validity through taxonomic revision. The genus contains approximately 30 described species arranged into multiple subgenera and species groups, with distribution centered in the Neotropical region. Recent taxonomic work has clarified relationships with related genera including Metrea, Basonga, and Sobanga.
Coleosoma
Coleosoma is a genus of comb-footed spiders in the family Theridiidae, established by O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1882. The genus comprises ten currently recognized species with a cosmopolitan distribution. Taxonomic revision has been ongoing, with several species transferred to other genera and numerous synonymies established. The genus includes both native and introduced species, with C. octomaculatum documented as established in New Zealand through anthropogenic introduction.
Coniceromyia
Coniceromyia is a genus of scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) primarily distributed in the Neotropical region. The genus exhibits substantial morphological diversity, with recent taxonomic work describing 41 new species and highlighting complex male secondary sexual characteristics. Species identification relies heavily on male genitalic structures and leg modifications. The true diversity of the genus remains poorly understood due to high rates of singleton and doubleton specimens in collections.
Copablepharon pictum
Pictured grasshopper, Barber pole grasshopper
Copablepharon pictum is a moth species in the family Noctuidae, described by Fauske and Lafontaine in 2004. The species was previously treated as a grasshopper under the name Dactylotum bicolor pictum, but taxonomic revision moved it to the moth genus Copablepharon. It is known from North America with limited observational records.
Corynoptera
fungus gnats
Corynoptera is a genus of fungus gnats in the family Sciaridae, comprising approximately 123 described species in the Holarctic region. The genus has undergone extensive taxonomic revision, with 50 new species described in a 2010 review and numerous nomenclatural changes including restored valid species and new synonymies. Species occur across Europe, Asia, and North America, with records extending to Nepal, Morocco, and Sri Lanka.
Cosmocomoidea morrilli
Cosmocomoidea morrilli is a species of fairyfly wasp in the family Mymaridae, originally described by Howard in 1908. The species has undergone taxonomic revision, having been previously classified under the genus Gonatocerus. Like other members of Mymaridae, it is an egg parasitoid, though specific host associations for this species remain incompletely documented. The genus Cosmocomoidea was established to accommodate species formerly placed in Gonatocerus that share distinct morphological characteristics.
Cossinae
carpenter moths, goat moths
Cossinae is the nominate subfamily of Cossidae, comprising carpenter or goat moths. Larvae of several species are significant wood-boring pests, including the carpenterworm (Prionoxystus robiniae) and goat moth (Cossus cossus). In Chile, caterpillars of Chilecomadia moorei are commercially harvested as fishing bait and terrarium pet food under the trade name 'butterworms'. The subfamily has undergone recent taxonomic revision, with Cossulinae separated from Cossinae, though this was not universally accepted initially.
Cratocentrinae
Cratocentrinae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps (Chalcididae) established by Steffan in 1951. The group was historically recognized by specific morphological characters that have been subject to recent reappraisal. West Palaearctic species were reviewed in 2018, with first European records documented and two new species described. The subfamily includes genera such as Cratocentrus and Philocentrus.
Cryphalini
pygmy borers
Cryphalini is a tribe of minute bark beetles (Scolytinae) comprising extremely small species, many under 2 mm in length. The tribe has undergone major taxonomic revision, with former members now distributed across three tribes based on molecular and morphological evidence. Members of this group are among the most abundant bark beetles globally and include significant agricultural pests.
Curicaberis abnormis
Curicaberis abnormis is a species of huntsman spider (Sparassidae) native to North America. Originally described by Keyserling in 1884 as Olios abnormis, it was transferred to the newly established genus Curicaberis in 2015 based on morphological revision. The species is one of nine former Olios species reclassified into Curicaberis, a genus endemic to North and Central America. Like other sparassids, it is characterized by laterigrade legs and flattened body form adapted for living in narrow spaces.
Curicaberis ferrugineus
Curicaberis ferrugineus is a species of huntsman spider (family Sparassidae) native to North and Central America. It was originally described by C. L. Koch in 1836 under the genus Olios and later designated as the type species of the newly erected genus Curicaberis in 2015. The male was described and illustrated for the first time in the 2015 taxonomic revision. The species is one of nine transferred from Olios to Curicaberis, part of a broader reorganization of Sparassidae systematics in the Americas.
Curtonotum prolixum
Curtonotum prolixum is a species of fly in the family Curtonotidae, described by Lindsay in 2019 from Central America and Mexico. It belongs to the Curtonotum murinum species complex, a group of five newly described species from the region. The species was formally described with photographic images as part of a taxonomic revision.
Deltochilini
Deltochilini is a large tribe of dung beetles in the subfamily Scarabaeinae, comprising approximately 800 species across 120 genera. Members exhibit substantial variation in size (2–33 mm) and body form. The tribe has undergone taxonomic revision, with Deltochilini restored as the valid name over the junior synonym Canthonini. Despite historical classification based on morphological traits such as reduced tibial dentition, these characteristics have limited phylogenetic support.
Dendrometrinae
Dendrometrinae is a large subfamily of click beetles (Elateridae) containing at least 10 tribes worldwide, including Athoini, Crepidomenini, Denticollini, Dimini, Oxynopterini, Prosternini, Semiotini, and Senodoniini. The subfamily has undergone substantial taxonomic revision, with several formerly recognized subfamilies (Athoinae, Crepidomeninae, Denticollinae, Oxynopterinae, Prosterninae, Semiotinae) reduced to tribal rank. Species diversity is concentrated in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, with some representation in the Nearctic.
Diaphorus
Diaphorus is a genus of long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae) established by Meigen in 1824. The genus has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with many former species transferred to related genera including Chrysotus, Asyndetus, and Trigonocera. Recent taxonomic work has described new species from China and clarified species boundaries. The genus is placed in the subfamily Diaphorinae.
Dienerella
Dienerella is a genus of minute brown scavenger beetles (family Latridiidae) comprising 41 described taxa across two subgenera: Cartoderema (19 species) and Dienerella (22 species). The genus was established by Reitter in 1911. Species are globally distributed with 15 currently recognized as endemic. The group is characterized by taxonomic complexity, with species distinguished primarily by subtle morphological features including aedeagus structure.
Diplonevra
A genus of scuttle flies in the family Phoridae, established by Lioy in 1864. The genus contains at least eight described species, with recent taxonomic work in South Korea recognizing eight species including three new to science. Species have been recorded across Europe, Asia, and North America.
Dirhagini
Dirhagini is a tribe of false click beetles within the family Eucnemidae, subfamily Melasinae. The tribe is distributed across the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. Recent taxonomic work has clarified nomenclature and species boundaries, including descriptions of new species from the Russian Far East and redescriptions of poorly known taxa. Members of this tribe are characterized by specific larval morphological traits that distinguish them from other Eucnemidae.
Disholcaspis prehensa
clasping twig gall wasp
Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.
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disteniid longhorn beetles
Disteniinae is a subfamily of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) comprising approximately 400 described species, primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. Adults are characterized by their elongated, slender bodies, long filiform antennae that often exceed body length, and frequently metallic coloration. The group has undergone significant taxonomic revision, having been treated historically as a tribe within Lepturinae or Cerambycinae, as a separate subfamily, and even as a distinct family (Disteniidae) before current consensus places it as a subfamily within Cerambycidae. The North American fauna is depauperate, with Elytrimitatrix undata being the sole representative in the United States.
Dolerini
Dolerini is a tribe of sawflies in the subfamily Selandriinae, comprising two genera: Dolerus Panzer and Prionourgus Goulet. Dolerus, the dominant genus, contains 72 Nearctic species organized into seven subgenera and one species group, while Prionourgus is monotypic. Members are distinguished by structural characters used in cladistic analyses to reconstruct species relationships. The tribe has undergone extensive taxonomic revision, with numerous new species and subgenera described from across the Nearctic region.
Doratura
Doratura is a genus of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the tribe Chiasmini, distributed across the Palearctic and Nearctic realms. The genus contains 23 valid species following recent taxonomic revision, including four species described in 2021–2022. Species exhibit wing reduction polymorphism (brachyptery) as a dispersal strategy. The genus has been subject to detailed taxonomic study focusing on genital morphology, species group relationships, and distribution patterns.