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Cryptotermes
drywood termites
Cryptotermes is a genus of drywood termites in the family Kalotermitidae, comprising approximately 70 described species with significant economic importance as structural pests. Unlike subterranean termites, species in this genus do not require soil contact and infest dry, seasoned wood directly. The genus has a global distribution spanning tropical and subtropical regions, with notable pest species including C. brevis (West Indian drywood termite) and C. dudleyi. Some species exhibit distinctive morphological adaptations, such as the recently described C. mobydicki with its elongated, whale-like soldier head.
drywood-termite structural-pest kalotermitid wood-boring invasive-species phragmotic-soldier
Cryptotermes brevis
West Indian drywood termite, powderpost termite
Cryptotermes brevis is a drywood termite in the family Kalotermitidae. Unlike subterranean termites, it does not require soil contact and can complete its entire life cycle within dry wood. The species is a significant invasive pest, having been anthropogenically dispersed from its probable Neotropical origin to tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It infests structural timbers, furniture, and wooden objects, causing substantial economic damage. Colonies remain entirely within infested wood pieces, making detection difficult until damage is advanced.
drywood-termite structural-pest invasive-species wood-feeding kalotermitidae urban-pest
Ctenarytaina
eucalyptus psyllids, blue gum psyllids
Ctenarytaina is a genus of jumping plant lice (psyllids) in the family Aphalaridae, native to Australia and associated primarily with Myrtaceae. The genus includes economically significant pest species that have been introduced to multiple continents, particularly Ctenarytaina eucalypti, which threatens eucalyptus forestry and ornamental foliage industries. Several species have established adventive populations outside their native ranges, with documented impacts in Ireland, Chile, Colombia, and other regions. The genus exhibits strong host plant associations, with most species being monophagous or narrowly oligophagous on Eucalyptus, Syzygium, and other Myrtaceae.
psyllid Myrtaceae-pest biological-control invasive-species forestry-pest adventive-species honeydew-producer Sternorrhyncha
Ctenarytaina eucalypti
Bluegum psyllid, Eucalyptus psyllid
Ctenarytaina eucalypti is a small psyllid (jumping plant louse) native to Australia that has become an invasive pest of Eucalyptus trees worldwide. It feeds on phloem sap, causing damage to young foliage and producing honeydew that promotes sooty mold growth. The species has established populations in Europe, North America, South America, and elsewhere, often threatening ornamental and commercial Eucalyptus plantations. Its life cycle includes multiple overlapping generations per year with complex overwintering strategies involving eggs and nymphs in temperate climates.
psyllid Eucalyptus-pest invasive-species biological-control ornamental-foliage-pest hemipteran Sternorrhyncha
Ctenarytaina spatulata
Rose Gum Psyllid
Ctenarytaina spatulata is a psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae, described by Taylor in 1997. It is associated with Eucalyptus hosts and has been introduced to multiple continents beyond its native Australian range. The species has established populations in Europe, North America, South America, and Oceania. It is one of numerous exotic insects linked to global forestry trade, particularly involving eucalyptus plantations.
psyllid eucalyptus invasive-species forestry-pest Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha
Culex
typical mosquitoes
Culex is a diverse genus of mosquitoes comprising over 1,000 species across more than 20 subgenera. Several species serve as important disease vectors, transmitting arboviruses including West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, and St. Louis encephalitis, as well as filariasis and avian malaria. The genus occurs worldwide except for extreme northern temperate regions and is the most commonly encountered mosquito in many major U.S. cities. While most Culex species exhibit characteristic raft-forming egg-laying behavior, at least one species, Culex antillummagnorum, has been documented with unique aerial and "barrage" oviposition strategies.
vector mosquito disease-vector arbovirus West-Nile-virus urban-pest freshwater-breeder holometabolous diapause invasive-species
Culex coronator
Culex coronator is a highly invasive Neotropical mosquito species first described from Trinidad and Tobago in 1906. It was first detected in the United States in Louisiana in 2004 and has since spread rapidly across the southeastern USA, now documented in 14 states and 386 counties. The species has been implicated as a potential vector of West Nile virus and other arboviruses, with laboratory studies confirming vector competence under certain temperature conditions. Its rapid expansion and adaptation to urban environments pose significant public health concerns.
invasive-species vector West-Nile-virus urban-adapter Neotropical-origin ornithophilic container-breeder public-health mosquito Culicidae
Culicidae
mosquitoes, mosquito
Culicidae, commonly known as mosquitoes, is a family of small flies in the order Diptera. Females of most species are ectoparasites that feed on vertebrate blood using specialized piercing-sucking mouthparts, while males feed exclusively on plant nectar and other sugar sources. The family includes thousands of species distributed worldwide, with many serving as vectors for significant human and animal diseases including malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and West Nile virus. Mosquitoes require standing water to complete their aquatic larval and pupal stages.
vector disease-vector medical-entomology aquatic-larvae invasive-species public-health-pest
Cybocephalus nipponicus
Cybocephalus nipponicus is a minute beetle in the family Cybocephalidae, measuring 1–1.35 mm in length. Originally described from Japan, it has been introduced to multiple continents and is now established in Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, North America, Oceania, and Southern Asia. The species is recognized as a potential biological control agent, particularly against armored scale insects.
biological-control scale-insect-predator invasive-species minute-beetle
Cyclorhipidion bodoanum
An invasive ambrosia beetle native to East Asia, now established in North America and Europe. First detected in Europe in 1960 in Alsace, France, with subsequent slow expansion across the continent. Confirmed in the Bohemian Massif of the Czech Republic in 2020, demonstrating continued eastward spread. Frequently introduced to new regions through international trade in wood and wood products.
ambrosia-beetle invasive-species forest-pest wood-boring-beetle Xyleborini
Cydalima
Cydalima is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Spilomelinae. The genus contains approximately nine described species, with Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth) being the most economically and ecologically significant due to its invasive status in Europe and North America. Most species in the genus are native to Asia, with limited documented information available for the majority of species beyond taxonomic descriptions.
moths Lepidoptera Crambidae Spilomelinae invasive-species box-tree-moth Asia Europe North-America horticultural-pest
Cydalima perspectalis
box tree moth, box tree caterpillar
Cydalima perspectalis, commonly known as the box tree moth, is a highly invasive pest moth native to East Asia. First described in 1859, it has spread rapidly across Europe since 2006 and was detected in North America in 2018. The species is a specialist herbivore of boxwood (Buxus spp.), with larvae capable of causing severe defoliation and plant mortality. Multiple generations per year and efficient dispersal via horticultural trade have facilitated its global expansion.
invasive-species pest specialist-herbivore boxwood horticultural-pest defoliator urban-pest Crambidae Lepidoptera
Cynaeus
Cynaeus is a genus of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae. The genus includes at least one economically significant species, Cynaeus angustus, commonly known as the larger black flour beetle. This species is native to North America and has become established as an invasive pest across Europe and Russia. Members of this genus are associated with stored grain products and have been documented as pests of corn, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, and peanuts.
stored-product-pest invasive-species grain-pest entomophagy-potential
Cynaeus angustus
Larger Black Flour Beetle
Cynaeus angustus is a North American darkling beetle that has become an invasive stored grain pest with established populations across Europe and Russia. It feeds on corn, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, and peanuts. The species shows high biotic potential with continuous development under favorable conditions and increasing protein content through its life stages. It serves as host to the microsporidian parasite Nosema cynaea.
stored-product-pest invasive-species grain-pest darkling-beetle entomophagy-potential
Cyrtepistomus castaneus
Asiatic oak weevil, Asian oak weevil
Cyrtepistomus castaneus, commonly known as the Asiatic oak weevil, is an invasive broad-nosed weevil native to Asia that was first detected in North America in 1933. Adults are folivores that feed on oak (Quercus) and red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves, while larvae develop in soil feeding on root hairs. The species has established widespread populations across eastern and central North America.
invasive-species forest-pest broad-nosed-weevil folivore soil-dwelling-larvae exotic Asia North-America Curculionidae oak maple
Cyrtophora citricola
Tropical Tent-web Spider, Tropical Tent-web Orbweaver
Cyrtophora citricola is a colonial orb-weaver spider in the family Araneidae, notable for building horizontal, non-adhesive tent-shaped webs rather than typical vertical orb webs. The species exhibits remarkable social flexibility, living either solitarily or in colonies where individual webs are interconnected. Native to Africa, Asia, and parts of Europe, it has expanded to the Americas since 2000, including Florida and Puerto Rico. Females reach 10 mm in body length while males are markedly smaller at 3 mm. The species shows pronounced sexual dimorphism and has become significant in agricultural contexts both as a pest and as a potential biological control agent.
colonial-spider orb-weaver agricultural-pest biological-control sexual-dimorphism social-spider invasive-species tent-web
Dacinae
Cucurbit Fruit Flies
The Dacinae are a subfamily of true fruit flies (family Tephritidae) comprising 39-41 genera distributed among three tribes: Dacini, Ceratitidini, and Gastrozonini. The subfamily includes some of the world's most economically damaging agricultural pests, notably species in the genera Bactrocera, Zeugodacus, Ceratitis, and Dacus. Many dacine species are attracted to specific male lures such as methyl eugenol, cue-lure, and zingerone, which are widely used in monitoring and management programs. The subfamily has a predominantly tropical and subtropical distribution, with significant impacts on fruit and vegetable production across Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Australia.
fruit-flies agricultural-pests Tephritidae male-lures invasive-species crop-protection biosecurity
Dactylotrypes longicollis
Dactylotrypes longicollis is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. It is an exotic species native to the Canary Islands that was first documented in California and North America in 2012. The species has been recorded in Africa, Europe, and North America, with established populations in California. As a scolytine beetle, it is associated with woody plants and bark habitats.
bark-beetle Scolytinae exotic-species invasive-species Canary-Islands California forest-pest Curculionidae Coleoptera wood-boring-beetle established-non-native
Daktulosphaira
grape phylloxera
Daktulosphaira is a genus of phylloxerid insects within Hemiptera, containing the economically devastating grape phylloxera D. vitifoliae. Members are small, aphid-like insects that induce distinctive galls on grapevines (Vitis spp.) and are obligate specialists on this host genus. The genus is notable for extremely high transcriptional plasticity when transferred between host genotypes, with over one-third of expressed genes showing differential expression. D. vitifoliae exhibits both root-feeding and leaf-galling forms, with complex life cycles involving parthenogenetic and sexual reproduction. The genus is native to eastern North America but has become a global pest of commercial viticulture.
phylloxera grape-pest gall-former phloem-feeder viticulture-pest bioindicator transcriptional-plasticity invasive-species parthenogenesis Vitis-specialist
Daktulosphaira vitifoliae
Grape Phylloxera
Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, commonly known as grape phylloxera, is a minute aphid-like insect in the family Phylloxeridae that is the most destructive pest of commercial grapevines worldwide. Native to eastern North America, it was accidentally introduced to Europe in the 1860s, where it devastated Vitis vinifera vineyards and nearly destroyed the wine industry. The insect has a complex life cycle involving both root-feeding and leaf-galling forms, with high transcriptional plasticity enabling rapid adaptation to different host grapevine genotypes. It reproduces parthenogenetically for most generations but can produce sexual forms and overwintering eggs under certain conditions.
phylloxera grape-pest gall-former agricultural-pest Vitis-specialist invasive-species parthenogenesis transcriptional-plasticity
Daphnia
water fleas, water-fleas
Daphnia is a genus of small planktonic crustaceans (0.2–6.0 mm) in the order Anomopoda, commonly called water fleas due to their saltatory swimming style. The genus comprises over 200 species distributed across diverse freshwater habitats worldwide. Daphnia exhibits cyclical parthenogenesis, alternating between asexual and sexual reproduction, and serves as a keystone organism in freshwater food webs. Several species, particularly D. magna and D. pulex, are extensively used as model organisms in ecology, toxicology, and evolutionary biology research.
crustacean plankton freshwater model-organism filter-feeder parthenogenesis water-flea toxicology invasive-species indicator-species
Dasineura gleditchiae
honeylocust podgall midge, Gleditsia Gall Midge
Dasineura gleditchiae is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces pod-like galls on honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos). Native to North America, it has become established as an invasive species in parts of Europe, where it was first recorded in the late 20th century. The species is considered a minor pest in urban and ornamental settings due to its impact on host tree foliage.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae invasive-species urban-pest Gleditsia phytophagy gall-induction ornamental-pest
Dendroctonus
bark beetles, tree-killing beetles
Dendroctonus is a genus of bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. The genus name derives from Greek 'dendron' (tree) and 'ktonos' (murder), reflecting its capacity to kill trees. Species in this genus are among the most destructive forest pests in North America, with several species capable of causing extensive tree mortality through mass attacks. The genus exhibits complex chemical communication systems involving aggregation and antiaggregation pheromones, and maintains symbiotic relationships with yeasts and bacteria that aid in digestion and pheromone production.
bark-beetle forest-pest Scolytinae conifer pheromone mass-attack tree-mortality invasive-species climate-change integrated-pest-management
Dendroctonus mexicanus
Mexican bark beetle
Dendroctonus mexicanus is a bark beetle native to Mexico and Central America, recognized as the most widely distributed and destructive bark beetle in Mexico. It colonizes more than 21 pine species and causes significant tree mortality in coniferous forests. The species' population dynamics are strongly influenced by climate variables, particularly temperature and precipitation, with outbreak risk increasing under warmer, drier conditions. It is considered a major forest pest affecting wood supply and ecosystem services.
bark-beetle forest-pest pine Mexico climate-change Dendroctonus Scolytinae conifer phloem-feeder outbreak biotic-regulator MaxEnt-modeling host-specificity Trans-Mexican-Volcanic-Belt Sierra-Madre-del-Sur Central-America entomology forest-health integrated-pest-management semiochemicals tree-mortality ecological-niche-modeling suitable-habitat precipitation temperature elevation-gradient Pinus monterey-pine oocarpa-pine maximinoi-pine chiapas-pine infestation-risk future-scenarios forest-management conservation ecosystem-services wood-supply southern-pine-beetle coexistence Gran-Desierto-de-Sonora Michoacán endemic eruptive-herbivore phloem gallery pitch-tubes resin defense mutualism competition niche-overlap bioclimatic-variables MaxEnt kuenm R-package modeling-algorithm quadratic-response Bio-1 annual-mean-temperature suitability expansion northward-shift upward-elevation-shift habitat-loss host-availability population-dynamics fire tree-density topography drought warming multiple-generations sister-broods overwintering diapause flight-muscles reproduction mass-attack aggregation-pheromones frontalin exo-brevicomin olfactory-signaling electroantennographic-detection gas-chromatography antenna host-location host-selection pioneer-beetles tree-killing blue-staining-fungus Ophiostoma Ceratocystis vector disease-agent forest-pathology silviculture cut-and-leave cut-and-remove suppression management monitoring pheromone-baited-trap funnel-trap aerial-survey tree-mortality-detection Bohart-Museum UC-Davis USDA-Forest-Service Steve-Seybold invasive-species walnut-twig-beetle goldspotted-oak-borer polyphagous-shot-hole-borer firewood Trojan-horse campers tree-transport spread detection prevention quarantine regulatory policy stakeholder landowner public-land private-land permit contract bid crew delay treatment flexibility tweak optimization productivity research grower-education extension outreach education museum collection specimen 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Dendroctonus valens
Red Turpentine Beetle
Dendroctonus valens is a bark beetle native to North and Central America, ranging from Canada to Honduras. In its native range, it primarily colonizes stumps of freshly cut trees and stressed or damaged conifers, causing minimal economic damage. Following its accidental introduction to China in the mid-1990s, likely via wood packaging material, it has become a highly destructive invasive pest. In China, it attacks healthy as well as stressed pine trees, particularly Pinus tabuliformis, and has killed over six million trees. The species exhibits complex mating behavior involving acoustic signals and chemical pheromones, and maintains symbiotic relationships with fungi and bacteria that assist in nutrition and detoxification of host plant defenses.
bark-beetle forest-pest invasive-species China conifer microbial-symbiosis acoustic-communication chemical-ecology biological-control-candidate
Depressaria
Depressaria is a genus of moths in the family Depressariidae (subfamily Depressariinae), previously treated as part of Oecophoridae or as a distinct family. The genus contains approximately 80+ described species, with new species continuing to be discovered. Most species are specialists on Apiaceae (umbellifers), feeding on reproductive structures, though some species utilize Salicaceae (willows). Several species are economically significant agricultural pests or invasive species in North America, including D. depressana (purple carrot-seed moth) and D. radiella (parsnip webworm). The type species, D. heraclei (parsnip moth), has a confused taxonomic history dating to Linnaeus.
moths Gelechioidea Apiaceae-specialist invasive-species agricultural-pest furanocoumarin-detoxification silk-webbing stem-borer floral-herbivore Holarctic univoltine multivoltine cytochrome-P450 coevolution
Depressaria depressana
Purple Carrot-seed Moth, Blunt's Flat-body
Depressaria depressana is a small moth in the family Depressariidae, native to Eurasia and introduced to North America around 2008–2009. It is a family-level specialist herbivore of Apiaceae, feeding on reproductive structures of wild carrot, parsnip, and related umbellifers. The species has undergone rapid range expansion in eastern North America, exhibiting higher genetic diversity and dispersal capacity than its congener D. radiella. Adults are active from spring through early fall with multiple generations per year in warmer regions.
invasive-species herbivore Apiaceae-specialist multivoltine rapid-disperser
Depressaria radiella
parsnip moth, parsnip webworm
Depressaria radiella is a Eurasian moth introduced to North America in 1862 (Ontario) and New Zealand in 2004. It is a 'superspecialist' herbivore effectively restricted to two closely related apiaceous genera (Heracleum and Pastinaca) throughout its native and introduced ranges. The species is univoltine, with adults active from August through May after overwintering. It has undergone slow westward expansion across North America over 160+ years, reaching the West Coast only after more than 50 years. The species exhibits lower genetic diversity than its congener D. depressana, possibly reflecting its narrow host specialization.
specialist-herbivore invasive-species univoltine furanocoumarin-metabolism coevolution agricultural-pest biological-control taxonomic-confusion slow-range-expansion superspecialist
Dere thoracica
Dere thoracica is a longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) first reported in the United States in 2021. The species was previously known from East Asia (China, Japan, Korea) before its detection in the eastern United States, where it has since undergone range expansion. As a cerambycid beetle, it belongs to a family whose larvae are predominantly wood-borers, though specific biological details for this species remain limited in published literature.
Cerambycidae longhorn-beetle invasive-species range-expansion East-Asian-origin wood-borer
Diabrotica
cucumber beetles, corn rootworms
Diabrotica is a large, widespread genus of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) comprising approximately 400 species native to the Americas. The genus includes several economically significant agricultural pests, particularly species affecting corn, cucurbits, and other crops. Three informal species groups are recognized—fucata (354 species, multivoltine), virgifera (24 species, univoltine), and signifera (11 species, univoltine)—based on life history traits rather than molecular phylogeny. The genus exhibits a unique evolutionary relationship with cucurbitacin-producing plants, with beetles attracted to these bitter, toxic compounds for chemical defense.
agricultural-pest root-feeder leaf-beetle cucurbit-specialist corn-pest invasive-species
Diaprepes abbreviatus
Diaprepes root weevil, Citrus root weevil, Sugarcane rootstock borer weevil, Chichí
Diaprepes abbreviatus is a root-feeding weevil native to the Caribbean, where it is known colloquially as "chichí." It is a major agricultural pest that was accidentally introduced to Florida in 1964 and has since spread to California and Texas. The species causes significant economic damage to citrus, avocado, and other crops through larval feeding on root systems.
agricultural-pest invasive-species root-feeder citrus-pest Caribbean-native
Diaspididae
Armored Scale Insects, Armored Scales, Hard Scales
Diaspididae is the largest family of scale insects, comprising over 2,650 described species in approximately 400 genera. Members are commonly known as armored scale insects due to their distinctive protective covering, which incorporates exuviae from the first two nymphal instars, sometimes with fecal matter and host plant fragments. The female remains permanently beneath this armor, feeding on host plant tissues through piercing-sucking mouthparts. The family includes numerous economically significant pests such as the California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii), San Jose scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus), and gloomy scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa), which damage crops, ornamentals, and forest trees worldwide.
scale-insects armored-scales agricultural-pests invasive-species phloem-feeders biological-control horticultural-pests Sternorrhyncha
Diatraea
sugarcane borer, stalk borer
Diatraea is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae comprising approximately 40 described species. The genus is best known for several economically important stalk-boring pests of grass crops, particularly sugarcane, corn, sorghum, and rice. Larvae tunnel within plant stems, causing reduced yield, lodging, and increased susceptibility to pathogens. Several species have been the focus of extensive biological control programs, notably using parasitoid wasps such as Cotesia flavipes and Trichogramma galloi. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas from the southern United States to Argentina.
agricultural-pest stalk-borer biological-control sugarcane corn sorghum rice Crambidae parasitoid-host invasive-species integrated-pest-management Neotropical Nearctic grass-crop-pest internal-feeder larval-diapause multivoltine
Diatraea saccharalis
sugarcane borer, sugar-cane borer
Diatraea saccharalis, commonly known as the sugarcane borer, is a moth in the family Crambidae native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Western Hemisphere. The species was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1794 and has since become a significant agricultural pest. It was introduced to Louisiana around 1855 and has subsequently spread throughout the Gulf Coast states of the United States. The larvae are particularly destructive to sugarcane, but also attack corn, rice, sorghum, and various grass species.
agricultural-pest stalk-borer sugarcane-pest invasive-species Crambidae Lepidoptera biological-control-target
Dictyonota fuliginosa
broom lacebug
Dictyonota fuliginosa is a Palearctic lace bug in the family Tingidae that has established populations in North America. The species is native to Europe and Northern Asia and has been documented with new distribution records across North American regions. It is commonly known as the broom lacebug and belongs to a family characterized by their distinctive reticulated, lace-like forewings.
lace-bug Tingidae invasive-species Palearctic-native North-America-establishment Hemiptera Heteroptera
Dielis tolteca
Toltec scoliid wasp
Dielis tolteca is a species of scoliid wasp native to western North America and Mesoamerica. The species is known to parasitize scarab beetle grubs, with females hunting underground hosts to provision their offspring. Adults have been observed feeding on flowering plants, particularly mustards (Brassicaceae) and goldenrods (Solidago). The species has been documented in McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area in western Colorado, where it is active as a spring-emerging species.
scoliid-wasp parasitoid scarab-beetle western-Colorado McInnis-Canyons spring-emergence Solidago mustards biological-control Hymenoptera Scoliidae Dielis Campsomerini biodiversity-survey integrated-pest-management melissa-schreiner extension-entomology saussure-1857 toltec-scoliid-wasp riparian Colorado-River flower-visitor nectar-feeding solitary-wasp ground-nesting-parasitoid scarab-grub-parasitoid aculeate apocrita aculeata campsomerinae western-North-America Nearctic Neotropical Mesoamerica Arizona Baja-California Sonora underground-host-hunter external-parasitoid larval-provisioning spring-active insect-biodiversity rare-ecosystem-survey natural-heritage-survey CSU-extension Colorado-State-University agricultural-pest-management tree-fruit wine-grapes row-crops invasive-species-monitoring Japanese-beetle Popillia-japonica corn-earworm Helicoverpa-zea IPM pest-monitoring moth-trapping B3-allele-testing citizen-science Department-of-Agriculture-trapping targeted-larval-treatments 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Spharagemon-humile Stenobothrus-brunneus Stethophyma-gracile Syrbula-admirabilis Syrbula-montezuma Trachyrhachys-aspera Trachyrhachys-coronata Trachyrhachys-kiowa Trimerotropis-agrestis Trimerotropis-californica Trimerotropis-campestris Trimerotropis-cincta Trimerotropis-citrina Trimerotropis-cyaneipennis Trimerotropis-fontana Trimerotropis-fratercula Trimerotropis-gracilis Trimerotropis-inconspicua Trimerotropis-latifasciata Trimerotropis-magnifica Trimerotropis-melanoptera Trimerotropis-pallidipennis Trimerotropis-pistrinaria Trimerotropis-sparsa Trimerotropis-tolteca Trimerotropis-verruculatus Tropidolophus-formosus Udeopsylla-robusta Xanthippus-corallipes Xanthippus-montanus true-grasshoppers Acrididae-discussed manual-confused grasshoppers-top page-back contents-navigation main-page learn-more-biology distribution-maps-fact sheets-key stages-grasshopper development-grasshoppers Colorado-grasshoppers Wyoming-West Entomology-GRASSHOPPERS COLORADO-GRASSHOPPER NAMES-GENUS SPECIES-GRASSHOPPER NAMES-COMMON SCIENTIFIC-GRASSHOPPER NAMES-SPECIES GENUS-abdominalis Chloealtis-Thomas Uhler-agrestis Trimerotropis-McNeill Dodge-alpinus Ceuthophilus-Scudder Scudder-alutacea Schistocerca-Scudder Dodge-apiculata Pardalophora-Harris Saussure-arizonae Melanoplus-Scudder Scudder-bicolor Dactylotum-Thomas Scudder-bivittata Mermiria-Serville Say-bolli Spharagemon-Morse Fieber-bowditchi Scudder-brevipes Daihnia-Haldeman Scudder-brunneus Stenobothrus-Thomas Bruner-californicus Oecanthus-Saussure McNeill-capito Hippopedon-Stal Thomas-carolina Dissosteira-L Bruner-cincta Trimerotropis-Thomas Scudder-clavatus Aeropedellus-Thomas Scudder-coloradus Amphitornus-Thomas Scudder-confusus Scudder-conspersa Chloealtis-Harris Haldeman-coronata Trachyrhachys-Scudder Bruner-curtipennis Chorthippus-Harris Bruner-cyaneus Leprus-Cockerell Scudder-delicatula Psoloessa-Scudder Scudder-differentialis Melanoplus-Thomas Scudder-dodgei Thomas-enigma Oedaloenotus-Scudder Say-fasciatus Melanoplus-F-Walker Scudder-femurrubrum Melanoplus-DeGeer Scudder-foedus Thomas-formosus Tropidolophus-Say McNeill-fusiformis Scudder-glaucipes Scudder-gracilis Scudder-haydeni Derotmema-Thomas Say-humile Bruner-infantilis Thomas-kennicotti Thomas-lakinus Scudder-longipennis Dissosteira-Thomas Girard-magnifica Trimerotropis-Rehn McNeill-montanus Xanthippus-Thomas Saussure-nebrascensis Phoetaliotes-Thomas Thomas-nevadensis Acrolophitus-Thomas DeGeer-nubilum Boopedon-Say Thomas-occidentalis Thomas-ocelote Hippiscus-Saussure Scudder-oregonensis Scudder-pallidipennis Trimerotropis-Burmeister Saussure-parviceps Cibolacris-Bruner Burmeister-pellucida Camnula-Scudder Walker-pistrinaria Trimerotropis-Saussure Thomas-ponderosus Thomas-quadrimaculatum Phlibostroma-Thomas Beutenmuller-rabula Circotettix-Rehn Hebard-regales Melanoplus-Dodge Haldeman-robustus Leprus-Hebard Scudder-sanguinipes Melanoplus-Fabricius Haldeman-simplex Arphia-Scudder Scudder-sordidus Encoptolophus-Burmeister Thomas-speciosa Orphulella-Scudder Scudder-splendidus Melanoplus-Hebard Walsh-spurcata Dissosteira-Saussure Caudell-sulcifrons Conozoa-Scudder Scudder-texana Conozoa-Bruner Bruner-texana Brunner-trifasciatus Hadrotettix-Say Bruner-turnbulli Aeoloplides-Caudell Thomas-verruculatus Trimerotropis-Scudder Scudder-viridifasciata Chortophaga-DeGeer Scudder-wyomingensis Paropomala-Thomas Burmeister-yarrowii species-not-true grasshoppers-Acrididae discussed-manual-because top-of-the page-back-to Contents-Navigation-Main Page-Grasshoppers-of Colorado-LEARN-MORE Biology-Distribution-Maps Fact-Sheets-Key to-Stages-of Grasshopper-Development-Biology Distribution-Maps-LEARN MORE-Distribution-Maps Fact-Sheets-LEARN MORE-Grasshoppers-of Colorado-Fact-Sheets of-Grasshopper-Development LEARN-MORE-Grasshoppers
Diestrammena
Asian camel cricket, cave cricket, greenhouse camel cricket
Diestrammena is a genus of camel crickets (family Rhaphidophoridae) native to Asia, including Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. Several species have become invasive in North America, particularly in residential basements, garages, and caves. These wingless crickets are characterized by their humpbacked appearance, extraordinarily long antennae, and powerful jumping legs. Research has shown that Asian camel crickets now dominate indoor environments in many parts of the eastern United States, having largely displaced native camel cricket species.
camel-cricket cave-cricket invasive-species basement-pest Asia North-America cave-ecosystem scavenger wingless autotomy gut-microbiome keystone-species Diestrammena-japanica Diestrammena-asynamora Tachycines-asynamorus Rhaphidophoridae Orthoptera nocturnal thigmotaxis urban-ecology cave-adaptation morphological-plasticity competitive-displacement greenhouse-pest fish-bait
Diestrammena asynamora
Greenhouse camel cricket, Asian camel cricket, Greenhouse stone cricket
Diestrammena asynamora, commonly known as the greenhouse camel cricket or Asian camel cricket, is a wingless orthopteran native to China and other parts of Asia. First detected in the United States in a Minnesota greenhouse in 1898, it has become the dominant camel cricket species in human dwellings across eastern North America, now comprising over 90% of camel crickets found in homes in regions like Maryland, Virginia, and Washington D.C. This species thrives in dark, damp, cool environments including basements, crawl spaces, caves, and tool sheds.
camel-cricket invasive-species household-pest cave-cricket basement-dweller wingless jumper scavenger Asia-native North-America-introduced
Diestrammena japanica
Japanese camel cricket
Diestrammena japanica is a species of camel cricket native to Japan. It has been identified as an invasive species in the eastern United States, where it has been observed in homes, particularly in the Northeast. In its native range in China, it serves as a keystone scavenger species in karst cave ecosystems, inhabiting all light zones from cave entrances to deep dark regions. Research indicates its morphology varies with light intensity, with individuals in light regions being significantly larger than those in dark cave zones.
invasive-species camel-cricket cave-cricket scavenger basement-pest Asian-camel-cricket karst-cave-ecosystem gut-microbiome autotomy thigmotaxis
Digitonthophagus gazella
Gazelle scarab, Brown dung beetle
Digitonthophagus gazella is a dung beetle native to Afro-Asian regions that has been widely introduced across the Americas, Australia, and Pacific islands for biological control of cattle dung. The species exhibits rapid colonization ability due to high reproductive rates, opportunistic resource utilization, and strong dispersal capacity. It has become established in numerous tropical and subtropical regions, with documented naturalized populations in North, Central, and South America. The species shows complex nesting behavior involving tunnel construction by both sexes and has been extensively studied for its ecological impacts on native dung beetle assemblages.
dung-beetle biological-control invasive-species Scarabaeidae pasture-improvement Afro-Asian-origin tunneling-behavior biparental-care neurotransmitter-research cattle-dung-decomposition
Dinoderus japonicus
Japanese shot-hole borer
Dinoderus japonicus, commonly known as the Japanese shot-hole borer, is a horned powder-post beetle in the family Bostrichidae. The species has a broad intercontinental distribution spanning Australia, Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), North America, and Southern Asia. As a member of the powder-post beetle group, it is associated with wood-boring habits typical of the family Bostrichidae.
powder-post-beetle wood-boring-beetle invasive-species cosmopolitan-distribution
Dinumma deponens
curved-ribbon
Dinumma deponens is a moth in the family Erebidae (formerly Noctuidae) first described by Francis Walker in 1858. Native to Asia, it has been introduced to North America with established populations in the southeastern United States. The species is notable for its larvae's ability to escape drowning through specialized undulatory locomotion on water surfaces. Larvae feed on Albizia species, particularly Albizia julibrissin.
aquatic-behavior undulatory-locomotion invasive-species Albizia-feeder escape-behavior
Diplostraca
water fleas, clam shrimps
Diplostraca is a superorder of small branchiopod crustaceans encompassing over 1,000 described species, commonly known as water fleas and clam shrimps. Members range from 0.2 to 6.0 mm in length (with Leptodora reaching 18 mm), and are characterized by a folded bivalved carapace covering an unsegmented-appearing body. The group exhibits cyclical parthenogenesis, alternating between asexual and sexual reproduction to produce dormant eggs. While predominantly freshwater, eight species have colonized marine environments—the only branchiopods to do so.
Branchiopoda freshwater zooplankton parthenogenesis invasive-species model-organism fossil Jurassic Carboniferous
Diprion
conifer sawflies, pine sawflies
Diprion is a genus of conifer sawflies in the family Diprionidae, containing at least 12 described species. Species in this genus are significant defoliators of pine forests, with larvae feeding gregariously on pine needles. Outbreaks can cause substantial ecological and economic damage by defoliating thousands of forested acres. Adults are stingless wasps with a saw-like ovipositor used to insert eggs into conifer foliage. The genus includes both native and invasive species, with Diprion similis introduced to North America in 1914.
Hymenoptera Sawflies Diprionidae forest-pests defoliators pine conifers invasive-species hyperparasitoid-hosts
Diprion similis
Introduced Pine Sawfly, Imported Pine Sawfly, White Pine Sawfly
Diprion similis is a conifer-feeding sawfly native to central and northern Europe and Asia that has become invasive in North America following its accidental introduction around 1914. The species is notable for its arrhenotokous reproduction, where unfertilized eggs develop into male offspring, facilitating rapid population establishment. Larvae are gregarious defoliators of pine needles, with a strong preference for white pine (Pinus strobus) in North America. The species exhibits two generations per year in many regions, with second-generation larvae overwintering as prepupae in cocoons. Its invasive success has been attributed to parthenogenetic capabilities, lack of natural enemies in introduced ranges, and specialized pheromone communication involving the (2S,3R,7R)-propionate isomer of 3,7-dimethylpentadecan-2-ol.
invasive-species forest-pest parthenogenesis pheromone defoliator white-pine Diprionidae Hymenoptera integrated-pest-management monitoring-lure arrhenotoky gregarious-larvae extended-diapause
Disholcaspis prehensa
clasping twig gall wasp
Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.
gall-wasp cynipid heterogony parthenogenesis oak-gall California-endemic ant-mutualism Disholcaspis Cynipidae Hymenoptera Quercus induced-plant-structure phloem-sap-exudation biological-mutualism seasonal-dimorphism sexual-dimorphism gall-dimorphism agamic-generation sexual-generation clasping-twig-gall bud-gall twig-gall native-California-species scrub-oak leather-oak parasitoid-defense ant-plant-interaction insect-plant-interaction plant-manipulation evolution-of-asexuality Weld-1957 Zootaxa-4859 molecular-systematics host-plant-specificity Cynipini oak-woodland chaparral insect-gall gall-morphology gall-coloration sun-exposure-effects larval-chamber emergence-timing spring-emergence late-winter-emergence gall-development oviposition-behavior egg-laying-in-buds egg-laying-in-twigs female-only-generation wingless-female winged-sexual-generation gall-size-dimorphism gall-shape-dimorphism hidden-gall exposed-gall gall-wasp-life-cycle cynipid-biology gall-wasp-taxonomy 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biochemistry physiology ethology behavioral-ecology population-biology population-dynamics seasonality phenology climate-effects microhabitat niche-specialization conservation-biology imperiled-habitat oak-woodland-conservation chaparral-conservation fire-ecology succession disturbance habitat-fragmentation urbanization agricultural-conversion invasive-species climate-change range-shift phenological-shift citizen-science iNaturalist observation-data species-distribution occurrence-records biodiversity-informatics taxonomic-revision species-description type-specimen molecular-data DNA-barcoding phylogenetics systematics evolutionary-history biogeography dispersal vicariance speciation species-concepts cryptic-species species-complex morphological-variation geographic-variation phenotypic-plasticity genetic-variation population-genetics conservation-genetics restoration-ecology habitat-restoration managed-relocation assisted-migration ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation 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bacterial-symbiont fungal-symbiont viral-symbiont mutualistic-microbe parasitic-microbe commensal-microbe microbial-community metagenomics microbial-ecology host-microbe-interaction immune-system innate-immunity acquired-immunity humoral-immunity cellular-immunity antimicrobial-peptide reactive-oxygen-species nitric-oxide melanization encapsulation nodulation phagocytosis autophagy apoptosis programmed-cell-death stress-response heat-shock-protein oxidative-stress hypoxia anoxia metabolic-rate respiration energy-budget nutrient-allocation lipid-storage glycogen-storage protein-storage amino-acid-metabolism carbohydrate-metabolism lipid-metabolism nitrogen-metabolism excretion osmoregulation ion-transport water-balance cuticle integument sclerotization pigmentation color-pattern structural-color iridescence bioluminescence photoreceptor vision compound-eye ocellus antenna olfaction gustation chemoreception mechanoreception thermoreception hygroreception proprioception neurobiology brain ganglion nerve neuron synapse neurotransmitter hormone pheromone allomone kairomone semiochemical chemical-ecology communication signaling mate-choice sexual-selection sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice mating-system mating-behavior courtship copulation insemination fertilization oviposition egg-laying parental-care maternal-effect paternal-effect epigenetics gene-expression-regulation transcription-factor signaling-pathway hormone-receptor nuclear-receptor steroid-hormone juvenile-hormone ecdysone insulin TOR-pathway AMPK nutrient-sensing growth-regulation size-regulation allometry scaling morphometrics geometric-morphometrics landmark shape-analysis size-analysis multivariate-analysis principal-component-analysis discriminant-analysis cluster-analysis phylogenetic-analysis comparative-method ancestral-state-reconstruction character-evolution trait-evolution evolutionary-rate diversification-rate speciation-rate extinction-rate net-diversification phylogenetic-diversity functional-diversity taxonomic-diversity species-richness species-evenness alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity community-assembly community-structure community-dynamics ecosystem-function ecosystem-service pollination seed-dispersal nutrient-cycling decomposition primary-production herbivory predation parasitism mutualism competition facilitation apparent-competition indirect-interaction interaction-network trophic-level energy-flow material-cycling stability resilience resistance recovery environmental-gradient niche fundamental-niche realized-niche niche-breadth niche-overlap niche-partitioning resource-partitioning character-displacement competitive-exclusion limiting-similarity evolutionary-diversification macroevolution microevolution extinction mass-extinction biodiversity-crisis ecosystem-management sustainable-development environmental-policy environmental-law environmental-ethics environmental-education science-communication public-engagement open-science 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medical-biotechnology pharmaceutical-biotechnology veterinary-biotechnology forensic-biotechnology biosecurity biosafety bioprospecting biopiracy access-and-benefit-sharing Nagoya-Protocol Cartagena-Protocol Convention-on-Biological-Diversity CITES IPBES IPCC UNFCCC UNCCD UNSDG Aichi-targets Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework Paris-Agreement Sendai-Framework Rio-Earth-Summit Stockholm-Conference environmental-history history-of-science history-of-ecology history-of-entomology natural-history museum-collection herbarium zoological-collection holotype paratype syntype lectotype neotype epitype iconotype original-description subsequent-designation nomenclature taxonomy phylogenetic-nomenclature rank-based-nomenclature phylogenetic-code international-code-of-zoological-nomenclature international-code-of-nomenclature-for-algae-fungi-and-plants international-code-of-nomenclature-of-prokaryotes international-code-of-nomenclature-for-cultivated-plants international-commission-on-zoological-nomenclature general-committee nomenclatural-acts original-publication valid-publication effective-publication availability priority homonymy synonymy nomen-novum nomen-conservandum nomen-rejiciendum nomen-dubium nomen-inquirendum species-inquirenda incertae-sedis new-combination new-status emendation correction erratum addendum supplement monograph revision catalog checklist field-guide identification-key diagnosis description illustration photograph drawing map distribution-map habitat-photo micrograph scanning-electron-micrograph transmission-electron-micrograph light-micrograph stereomicrograph macrophotograph habitus dorsal-view ventral-view lateral-view anterior-view posterior-view head thorax abdomen wing leg mouthpart genitalia gall plant-gall rose-gall willow-gall goldenrod-gall sunflower-gall aster-gall thistle-gall sagebrush-gall creosote-gall manzanita-gall forest woodland savanna grassland prairie steppe meadow pasture 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Millennium-Ecosystem-Assessment ecosystem-services provisioning-services regulating-services cultural-services supporting-services food fiber fuel freshwater genetic-resources biochemicals natural-medicines pharmaceuticals ornamental-resources air-quality-regulation climate-regulation water-regulation erosion-regulation water-purification waste-treatment disease-regulation pest-regulation habitat-provision soil-formation photosynthesis recreation tourism aesthetic-value spiritual-value educational-value inspirational-value sense-of-place cultural-heritage knowledge-systems traditional-ecological-knowledge indigenous-knowledge local-knowledge community-based-monitoring participatory-research action-research knowledge-co-production science-policy-interface science-society-interface boundary-organization knowledge-broker conservation-education nature-interpretation ecotourism sustainable-tourism responsible-travel green-travel low-impact-travel carbon-offset voluntary-carbon-market 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Draeculacephala
Draeculacephala is a genus of sharpshooter leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) comprising at least 25 described species distributed throughout the New World. Adults are typically 6–11 mm in length with distinctive triangular heads that project forward to a point. Most species exhibit green coloration, though some are straw-colored. The genus is economically significant due to its association with grasses and cereals, with several species acting as vectors of plant pathogens including Xylella fastidiosa. Draeculacephala robinsoni, recently introduced to Europe, represents an emerging threat to Mediterranean agriculture.
sharpshooter leafhopper grass-feeder agricultural-pest pathogen-vector Xylella-fastidiosa invasive-species Cicadellidae Cicadellinae
Draeculacephala robinsoni
Draeculacephala robinsoni is a sharpshooter leafhopper species native to North America that was first detected in Europe in 2022. It has been introduced to northeastern Spain and southern France, where it is expanding in agricultural areas. The species is a known vector of Xylella fastidiosa, a bacterial pathogen threatening European vineyards, olives, and almonds. It has been recorded from ryegrass, barley, and rice fields, and its recent detection in Occitanie (France)—where X. fastidiosa is already present—raises concerns about altered disease epidemiology in the Mediterranean region.
sharpshooter leafhopper vector Xylella-fastidiosa invasive-species agricultural-pest Europe North-America Cicadellidae Hemiptera
Drosophila suzukii
spotted wing drosophila, SWD, spotted-winged drosophila, cherry vinegar fly
Drosophila suzukii, commonly called the spotted wing drosophila or SWD, is a small vinegar fly native to Southeast Asia that has become a major invasive pest of soft-skinned fruits in North America, Europe, and other regions. Unlike most Drosophila species that infest rotting fruit, females use their serrated ovipositor to lay eggs in intact, ripening fruit, causing significant economic damage to crops including cherries, blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, and grapes. First described in 1931 and observed in Japan as early as 1916, the species was detected in Hawaii in the 1980s and subsequently invaded continental North America in 2008 and Europe shortly thereafter, spreading rapidly due to its high reproductive potential and polyphagous nature.
invasive-species agricultural-pest fruit-pest vinegar-fly polyphagous economic-pest EPPO-A2-list berry-pest cherry-pest
Dryocoetes
Dryocoetes is a genus of bark beetles (subfamily Scolytinae) in the weevil family Curculionidae. Species are distributed across North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The genus includes both conifer- and hardwood-associated species, with documented hosts including fir, spruce, pine, alder, birch, beech, poplar, liquidambar, and walnut. Several species are economically significant forest pests or invasive species.
bark-beetle Scolytinae forest-pest invasive-species pheromone fungal-vector conifer hardwood saproxylic