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Eustylini
Eustylini is a tribe of broad-nosed weevils (Curculionidae: Entiminae) primarily restricted to the Neotropical region. The tribe comprises approximately 25 genera and 339 described species, with highest diversity in the Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America. Species are medium to large (10–25 mm) and often strikingly colored with variable scale coverage. The tribe includes notable agricultural pests, particularly Diaprepes abbreviatus, which causes significant economic damage to citrus and other crops. Taxonomic boundaries remain unclear due to phylogenetic clustering with Geonemini.
agricultural-pest Neotropical broad-nosed-weevil polyphagous citrus-pest
Euwallacea perbrevis
tea shot-hole borer
Euwallacea perbrevis, the tea shot-hole borer, is an invasive ambrosia beetle native to South and Southeast Asia through Australia. It is part of the Euwallacea fornicatus cryptic species complex, distinguished from its three sibling species (E. fornicatus, E. fornicatior, and E. kuroshio) primarily through molecular genetics rather than morphology. The beetle cultivates symbiotic fungi in galleries bored into host trees and vectors fungal pathogens causing Fusarium branch dieback. It has been introduced to the United States (Florida, Hawaii), Costa Rica, and Panama, where it poses significant economic threats to avocado production and urban trees.
ambrosia-beetle invasive-species cryptic-species-complex fungus-farming avocado-pest fusarium-dieback biological-control Scolytinae xylem-borer vector integrated-pest-management tea-pest Hawaii Florida California Israel polyphagous symbiosis mycangia inbreeding haplodiploidy Beauveria-bassiana entomopathogenic-fungi
Exapion ulicis
Gorse Seed Weevil
Exapion ulicis is a small seed-feeding weevil specialized on gorse (Ulex europaeus). Adults are light gray with a prominent snout roughly half the body length. The species is native to western Europe and has been introduced to New Zealand, California, Hawaii, and other regions as a biological control agent targeting invasive gorse populations. Larval feeding destroys seeds within pods, reducing plant spread, while adult feeding on stems and spines causes minor damage.
biological-control invasive-species-management seed-predator host-specialization temporal-isolation Brentidae Coleoptera Ulex-europaeus gorse western-Europe California New-Zealand Hawaii spring-activity oviposition-cues pod-fecundity parasitoid seed-destruction noctuid pest-control-agent established-introduction native-range-Europe introduced-range-Pacific Chile Belgium Oregon northern-California forest-gaps pastures natural-areas seed-loss intensity-of-attack reproductive-isolation ecological-specialization sympatric-divergence host-phenology pod-size seed-content female-choice feeding-damage round-holes stem-feeding spine-feeding larval-development pupal-period 6-8-weeks-larval-feeding 2-months-pupation within-pod-development seed-to-ovule-ratio mature-seeds intact-seeds parasitization-rate population-abundance fecund-pod-targeting whole-plant-traits flower-traits pod-traits choice-experiments common-garden Brittany Scotland Reunion host-availability seasonal-activity morphological-identification mitochondrial-sequences nuclear-sequences phylogeny host-races divergent-selection ecological-speciation sympatric-populations spring-infestation autumn-infestation introduced-with-gorse not-initially-introduced invasive-plant plant-insect-interactions oviposition-behavior feeding-behavior preference-patterns multiple-trait-use surface-cues internal-cues pod-characteristics host-choice plant-susceptibility invasion-biology entomological-experimentalis pan-pacific-entomologist diversity-journal ecological-entomology Coombs-2004 HEAR-photo-gallery iNaturalist GBIF NCBI Forster-1771 Curculionoidea Apionidae Fabaceae Genisteae noxious-weed agent-of-biological-pest-control light-gray long-snout straight-snout 2-3-mm small-weevil seed-weevil gorse-seed-weevil established-populations percentage-of-pods-infested spatial-variation temporal-variation seed-set seed-production seed-predation-impact ecosystem-service weed-biological-control classical-biological-control inundative-biological-control self-sustaining-populations non-target-effects host-specificity reproductive-phenology phenological-matching phenological-isolation allochronic-speciation temporal-niche resource-partitioning competitive-exclusion character-displacement molecular-phylogenetics COI ITS morphological-characters individual-variation environmental-variation mitochondrial-DNA nuclear-DNA species-differentiation genetic-divergence ecological-divergence adaptive-radiation host-shift host-race-formation sympatric-speciation reinforcement prezygotic-isolation postzygotic-isolation habitat-fragmentation population-structure gene-flow local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity genetic-drift natural-selection sexual-selection founder-effect bottleneck invasion-genetics enemy-release evolutionary-potential rapid-evolution contemporary-evolution eco-evolutionary-dynamics community-ecology trophic-interactions food-web ecosystem-function ecosystem-process nutrient-cycling energy-flow population-dynamics metapopulation source-sink dispersal colonization establishment spread impact-assessment non-target-risk efficacy establishment-success population-establishment field-release monitoring evaluation adaptive-management integrated-pest-management sustainable-agriculture conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control inoculative-biological-control natural-enemy herbivore phytophagous monophagous oligophagous polyphagous specialist generalist co-evolution coevolutionary-arms-race plant-defense herbivore-offense induced-defense constitutive-defense direct-defense indirect-defense volatile-organic-compounds extrafloral-nectaries trophic-cascades apparent-competition enemy-mediated-apparent-competition intraguild-predation multitrophic-interactions trait-mediated-indirect-effects density-mediated-indirect-effects ecosystem-engineering niche-construction extended-phenotype environmental-feedback eco-evolutionary-feedback evolutionary-rescue genetic-rescue assisted-migration managed-relocation conservation-translocation reintroduction restoration-ecology habitat-restoration ecological-restoration weed-management rangeland-management forest-management protected-area-management biodiversity-conservation ecosystem-services provisioning-services regulating-services cultural-services supporting-services sustainable-development-goals Aichi-targets Kunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-framework IPBES IUCN CBD FAO EPPO regulatory-framework risk-analysis environmental-impact-assessment cost-benefit-analysis decision-support stakeholder-engagement social-license public-acceptance communication education outreach citizen-science iNaturalist-observations occurrence-records specimen-records museum-collections voucher-specimens type-specimens holotype paratype syntype lectotype neotype original-description subsequent-designation taxonomic-revision phylogenetic-revision monograph field-guide identification-key diagnostic-characters illustration photography microscopy scanning-electron-microscopy molecular-techniques DNA-barcoding metabarcoding environmental-DNA population-genetics phylogeography landscape-genetics seascape-genetics isolation-by-distance isolation-by-environment isolation-by-resistance least-cost-path circuit-theory species-distribution-modeling ecological-niche-modeling maxent bioclim worldclim chelsa modis remote-sensing GIS spatial-analysis temporal-analysis time-series phenology climate-change global-warming phenological-shift range-shift poleward-shift elevational-shift altitudinal-shift habitat-tracking niche-tracking niche-conservatism niche-evolution realized-niche fundamental-niche biotic-interactions abiotic-factors environmental-filtering dispersal-limitation source-pool species-pool regional-pool local-pool alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity species-richness species-evenness species-abundance dominance rarity commonness endemism cosmopolitanism native endemic introduced invasive naturalized casual transient ephemeral persistent established spreading invasive-potential invasiveness impact ecological-impact economic-impact social-impact environmental-impact negative-impact positive-impact beneficial detrimental nuisance pest weed pathogen disease-vector public-health veterinary-health crop-health forest-health rangeland-health ecosystem-health One-Health planetary-health ecohealth conservation-medicine disease-ecology parasitology entomology medical-entomology veterinary-entomology agricultural-entomology forest-entomology urban-entomology aquatic-entomology systematics taxonomy phylogenetics evolutionary-biology population-biology ecosystem-ecology landscape-ecology global-ecology macroecology biogeography historical-biogeography ecological-biogeography island-biogeography continental-biogeography latitudinal-gradient altitudinal-gradient species-area-relationship island-species-richness equilibrium-theory nonequilibrium-theory neutral-theory niche-theory assembly-rules priority-effects mass-effects species-sorting competition predation herbivory parasitism mutualism commensalism amensalism facilitation inhibition tolerance succession primary-succession secondary-succession disturbance recovery resilience resistance stability persistence turnover replacement extinction immigration emigration birth death reproduction survival growth development metamorphosis complete-metamorphosis holometabolous hemimetabolous ametabolous egg larva pupa adult instar ecdysis molting diapause quiescence aestivation hibernation overwintering overwintering-stage overwintering-site overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance freeze-avoidance supercooling cryoprotectants thermal-biology thermoregulation ectothermy poikilothermy behavioral-thermoregulation microhabitat-selection basking shading stilting perching roosting sheltering burrowing mining gall-formation leaf-rolling leaf-tying silk-production web-spinning nest-construction oviposition-site-selection host-plant-selection mate-choice sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice polyandry polygyny monogamy promiscuity lekking territoriality aggression defense predator-avoidance antipredator-behavior crypsis masquerade mimicry Batesian-mimicry Müllerian-mimicry automimicry aggressive-mimicry startle-display thanatosis death-feigning autotomy reflex-bleeding chemical-defense mechanical-defense physical-defense behavioral-defense mutualistic-defense plant-animal-interactions pollination seed-dispersal antagonism synergism antagonistic-pleiotropy trade-offs life-history life-history-strategy r-selection K-selection bet-hedging iteroparity semelparity annual perennial biennial pluriannual longevity lifespan generation-time development-time growth-rate reproductive-rate fecundity fertility virility mating-success reproductive-success fitness inclusive-fitness kin-selection group-selection multilevel-selection individual-selection artificial-selection social-selection ecological-selection stabilizing-selection directional-selection disruptive-selection balancing-selection frequency-dependent-selection negative-frequency-dependent-selection positive-frequency-dependent-selection apostatic-selection antiapostatic-selection rare-type-advantage common-type-disadvantage heterozygote-advantage heterosis hybrid-vigor inbreeding-depression outbreeding-depression genetic-load mutational-load segregational-load substitutional-load drift-load migration-load mutation recombination chromosomal-rearrangement genome-evolution transposable-elements horizontal-gene-transfer endosymbiosis symbiogenesis holobiont hologenome extended-evolutionary-synthesis niche-construction-theory ecological-evolutionary-developmental-biology eco-evo-devo developmental-plasticity reaction-norm genotype-environment-interaction GxE norm-of-reaction plasticity canalization genetic-assimilation genetic-accommodation cryptic-genetic-variation evolutionary-capacitance evolvability robustness modularity integration correlation constraint trade-off pleiotropy epistasis additive-genetic-variance dominance-variance epistatic-variance genetic-variance phenotypic-variance environmental-variance heritability narrow-sense-heritability broad-sense-heritability response-to-selection breeder's-equation quantitative-genetics molecular-genetics genomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics ecogenomics conservation-genomics functional-genomics structural-genomics comparative-genomics evolutionary-genomics phylogenomics metagenomics microbiome virome mycobiome bacteriome archaeome eukaryome extended-genotype keystone-species ecosystem-engineer foundation-species dominant-species subordinate-species transient-species satellite-species core-species peripheral-species edge-species interior-species habitat-generalist habitat-specialist edge-habitat interior-habitat matrix-habitat corridor stepping-stone source-habitat sink-habitat patch fragment landscape seascape riverscape skyscape soundscape smellscape tastes touch vision olfaction gustation mechanoreception thermoreception photoreception chemoreception electroreception magnetoreception proprioception nociception sensory-ecology sensory-biology neuroethology behavioral-ecology cognitive-ecology evolutionary-ecology ecological-immunology ecoimmunology epidemiology parasite-ecology host-parasite-interactions host-pathogen-interactions host-symbiont-interactions microbial-ecology virology bacteriology mycology protistology helminthology entomopathology microbial-control viral-control fungal-control bacterial-control nematode-control parasitoid-control predator-control herbivore-control competitor-control autocidal-control sterile-insect-technique incompatible-insect-technique gene-drive RNA-interference CRISPR genetic-biocontrol precision-guided-sterile-insect-technique self-limiting-genetic-control self-sustaining-genetic-control population-suppression population-replacement population-elimination area-wide-integrated-pest-management sterile-insect-release inundative-release inoculative-release neoclassical-biological-control augmentation-biological-control habitat-manipulation cultural-control physical-control mechanical-control chemical-control pesticide-resistance-management insecticide-resistance-management herbicide-resistance-management fungicide-resistance-management antibiotic-resistance-management resistance-evolution resistance-management refuge-strategy high-dose-strategy pyramid-strategy rotation-strategy mixture-strategy mosaic-strategy integrated-resistance-management integrated-weed-management integrated-crop-management integrated-forest-management integrated-vector-management integrated-disease-management One-Health-approach ecohealth-approach planetary-health-approach sustainable-intensification agroecology organic-agriculture conservation-agriculture climate-smart-agriculture precision-agriculture digital-agriculture smart-farming agricultural-robotics autonomous-systems drone-technology satellite-imagery GPS variable-rate-technology site-specific-management decision-support-systems expert-systems artificial-intelligence machine-learning deep-learning neural-networks computer-vision image-recognition pattern-recognition data-mining big-data cloud-computing internet-of-things sensor-networks wireless-sensor-networks precision-livestock-farming precision-aquaculture precision-forestry precision-horticulture precision-viticulture precision-apiculture precision-sericulture integrated-farming-systems mixed-farming-systems diversified-farming-systems agroforestry silvopasture silvoarable alley-cropping forest-farming homegardens multistrata-systems tropical-homegardens temperate-agroforestry permaculture regenerative-agriculture restorative-agriculture biodynamic-agriculture natural-farming do-nothing-farming Fukuoka-farming Masanobu-Fukuoka Rachel-Carson Silent-Spring integrated-pest-management-history biological-control-history classical-biological-control-history Rachel-Carson-legacy environmental-movement conservation-movement sustainability-science resilience-science adaptive-governance social-ecological-systems socio-ecological-systems coupled-human-natural-systems complex-adaptive-systems panarchy adaptive-cycle rigidity-trap poverty-trap transformation transition sustainability-transition energy-transition food-system-transformation agrifood-system-transformation land-use-change land-cover-change land-use-intensification agricultural-expansion deforestation reforestation afforestation forest-degradation forest-restoration ecosystem-restoration wetland-restoration riparian-restoration coastal-restoration coral-reef-restoration seagrass-restoration mangrove-restoration salt-marsh-restoration dune-restoration prairie-restoration savanna-restoration woodland-restoration old-growth-restoration degraded-land-restoration abandoned-land-restoration contaminated-land-restoration mined-land-restoration post-industrial-restoration urban-restoration rural-restoration agricultural-restoration pastoral-restoration silvicultural-restoration ecological-engineering environmental-engineering bioremediation phytoremediation mycoremediation zooremediation microbial-remediation nanoremediation electrokinetic-remediation soil-washing soil-vapor-extraction air-sparging pump-and-treat permeable-reactive-barriers monitored-natural-attenuation enhanced-natural-attenuation source-zone-treatment plume-treatment risk-based-corrective-action risk-assessment hazard-assessment exposure-assessment toxicity-assessment risk-characterization risk-management risk-communication risk-perception risk-governance precautionary-principle polluter-pays-principle extended-producer-responsibility circular-economy green-economy blue-economy bioeconomy natural-capital ecosystem-services-valuation payment-for-ecosystem-services ecosystem-based-adaptation ecosystem-based-mitigation nature-based-solutions working-with-nature building-with-nature engineering-with-nature green-infrastructure blue-infrastructure urban-green-infrastructure urban-blue-infrastructure sponge-city cool-city forest-city biophilic-city sustainable-city resilient-city smart-city liveable-city healthy-city equitable-city just-city inclusive-city participatory-city co-production co-design co-management community-based-management community-based-conservation community-based-natural-resource-management indigenous-and-local-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge biocultural-diversity biocultural-heritage sacred-natural-sites protected-areas conservation-areas nature-reserves wildlife-reserves national-parks world-heritage-sites biosphere-reserves Ramsar-sites important-bird-areas key-biodiversity-areas ecologically-or-biologically-significant-marine-areas other-effective-area-based-conservation-measures conservation-beyond-protected-areas conservation-on-private-land conservation-on-communal-land conservation-on-indigenous-land rights-based-conservation gender-responsive-conservation youth-engagement-in-conservation intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity environmental-justice climate-justice conservation-justice ecological-justice species-justice intersectionality decolonization-of-conservation post-normal-science transdisciplinarity participatory-research action-research community-based-participatory-research community-science participatory-monitoring adaptive-co-management social-learning knowledge-co-production boundary-work boundary-objects boundary-organizations science-policy-interface science-society-interface knowledge-brokering knowledge-translation knowledge-mobilization research-impact research-uptake evidence-based-policy evidence-based-practice evidence-informed-decision-making decision-support-tools systematic-review meta-analysis evidence-synthesis knowledge-synthesis rapid-evidence-assessment living-evidence living-systematic-review scoping-review rapid-review realist-synthesis narrative-synthesis qualitative-synthesis quantitative-synthesis mixed-methods-synthesis participatory-synthesis deliberative-methods consensus-methods expert-elicitation structured-expert-judgment Delphi-method nominal-group-technique convergent-interview focus-group stakeholder-workshop participatory-mapping participatory-modeling scenario-planning future-studies foresight anticipatory-governance transformative-governance polycentric-governance multi-level-governance network-governance collaborative-governance cooperative-governance democratic-governance deliberative-democracy participatory-democracy direct-democracy representative-democracy liberal-democracy social-democracy green-democracy ecological-democracy biocracy ecocracy technocracy meritocracy plutocracy oligarchy autocracy totalitarianism authoritarianism populism nationalism globalism localism regionalism federalism confederalism unitarism centralism decentralization devolution subsidiarity fiscal-federalism environmental-federalism competitive-federalism cooperative-federalism dual-federalism marble-cake-federalism layer-cake-federalism picket-fence-federalism permissive-federalism coercive-federalism market-preserving-federalism democratic-experimentalism laboratories-of-democracy policy-diffusion policy-transfer policy-learning policy-innovation policy-entrepreneurship policy-windows punctuated-equilibrium advocacy-coalition-framework multiple-streams-framework institutional-analysis-and-development-framework social-ecological-systems-framework sustainability-science-framework planetary-boundaries-framework doughnut-economics-framework circular-economy-framework green-new-deal-framework just-transition-framework leaving-no-one-behind 2030-agenda Paris-agreement Rio-conventions UNFCCC UNCCD CITES CMS Ramsar World-Heritage IPCC WHO UNEP UNDP UNESCO World-Bank IMF WTO OECD G7 G20 BRICS African-Union European-Union ASEAN Mercosur NAFTA USMCA TPP CPTPP RCEP bilateral-investment-treaties free-trade-agreements regional-trade-agreements multilateral-environmental-agreements bilateral-environmental-agreements strategic-environmental-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment social-impact-assessment health-impact-assessment gender-impact-assessment human-rights-impact-assessment indigenous-rights-impact-assessment cultural-heritage-impact-assessment landscape-and-visual-impact-assessment noise-impact-assessment air-quality-impact-assessment water-quality-impact-assessment soil-quality-impact-assessment biodiversity-impact-assessment ecosystem-services-impact-assessment climate-impact-assessment carbon-footprint-assessment water-footprint-assessment land-footprint-assessment material-footprint-assessment ecological-footprint-assessment planetary-footprint-assessment life-cycle-assessment life-cycle-costing social-life-cycle-assessment life-cycle-sustainability-assessment material-flow-analysis substance-flow-analysis energy-flow-analysis nutrient-flow-analysis water-flow-analysis carbon-flow-analysis nitrogen-flow-analysis phosphorus-flow-analysis circular-material-flow industrial-ecology industrial-symbiosis eco-industrial-park urban-metabolism industrial-metabolism socio-economic-metabolism social-metabolism political-ecology political-economy ecological-economics environmental-economics natural-resource-economics resource-economics energy-economics agricultural-economics forest-economics fisheries-economics water-economics biodiversity-economics ecosystem-services-economics conservation-economics restoration-economics environmental-valuation contingent-valuation choice-experiment benefit-transfer hedonic-pricing travel-cost-method production-function-approach replacement-cost-method damage-cost-avoided-method opportunity-cost-method net-present-value internal-rate-of-return benefit-cost-ratio cost-effectiveness-analysis multi-criteria-decision-analysis analytic-hierarchy-process analytic-network-process preference-ranking-organization-method-for-enrichment-evaluation technique-for-order-of-preference-by-similarity-to-ideal-solution elimination-and-choice-expressing-reality decision-making-trial-and-evaluation-laboratory VIseKriterijumska-Optimizacija-I-Kompromisno-Resenje preference-selection-index complex-proportional-assessment multi-objective-optimization-on-the-basis-of-ratio-analysis weighted-aggregated-sum-product-assessment evaluation-based-on-distance-from-average-solution measurement-of-alternatives-and-ranking-according-to-compromise-solution comparative-performance-index preference-ranking score-function accuracy-function entropy-weight objective-weight subjective-weight combined-weight sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis fuzzy-logic fuzzy-set-theory intuitionistic-fuzzy-set neutrosophic-set rough-set soft-set hesitant-fuzzy-set Pythagorean-fuzzy-set q-rung-orthopair-fuzzy-set spherical-fuzzy-set picture-fuzzy-set complex-fuzzy-set type-2-fuzzy-set interval-type-2-fuzzy-set interval-valued-fuzzy-set interval-valued-intuitionistic-fuzzy-set interval-valued-Pythagorean-fuzzy-set interval-valued-neutrosophic-set bipolar-fuzzy-set m-polar-fuzzy-set multi-polar-fuzzy-set linguistic-term-set hesitant-fuzzy-linguistic-term-set probabilistic-linguistic-term-set 2-tuple-linguistic-model symbolic-linguistic-model virtual-linguistic-model numerical-scale-model linguistic-hierarchy-model transitive-calibration-model consistency-driven-methodology consistency-index consistency-ratio acceptable-consistency inconsistency-identification inconsistency-repair priority-derivation weight-derivation aggregation-operator ordered-weighted-averaging-operator weighted-averaging-operator geometric-operator power-operator Bonferroni-mean Choquet-integral Shapley-value game-theory Nash-equilibrium Pareto-optimality Pareto-efficiency Pareto-improvement social-welfare-function utility-function preference-relation binary-relation ternary-relation n-ary-relation complete-relation incomplete-relation transitive-relation intransitive-relation reflexive-relation irreflexive-relation symmetric-relation asymmetric-relation antisymmetric-relation equivalence-relation partial-order total-order strict-order weak-order semiorder interval-order Pareto-order lexicographic-order dominance-relation outranking-relation concordance discordance credibility discrimination-threshold indifference-threshold preference-threshold veto-threshold majority-rule Condorcet-winner Condorcet-loser Borda-count approval-voting range-voting score-voting instant-runoff-voting single-transferable-vote proportional-representation mixed-member-proportional additional-member-system parallel-voting majority-bonus-system scorporo double-vote alternative-vote supplementary-vote contingent-vote Bucklin-voting Coombs'-method Dodgson's-method Kemeny-Young-method Ranked-pairs Schulze-method Minimax-Condorcet Smith-set Schwartz-set uncovered-set Banks-set top-cycle minimal-covering-set bipartisan-set essential-set tournament-equilibrium-set minimal-extending-set Pareto-set deep-uncovered-set minimal-upward-covering-set minimal-downward-covering-set minimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-pairs minimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-triplets minimal-stable-set minimal-retentive-set minimal-comprehensive-retentive-set minimal-extensive-retentive-set minimal-weakly-stable-set minimal-strongly-stable-set minimal-collectively-stable-set minimal-individually-stable-set minimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-set minimal-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set
Exorista larvarum
Exorista larvarum is a Palaearctic tachinid fly and polyphagous larval endoparasitoid of Lepidoptera. The species was introduced to North America in the 20th century for biological control of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). It is notable for being one of the few parasitoids that can be efficiently reared from egg to adult on artificial diets without living hosts, making it a promising candidate for mass production in augmentative biological control programs.
biological-control parasitoid endoparasite artificial-rearing forest-pest-management gypsy-moth polyphagous
Feltia subgothica
gothic dart, subgothic dart, tricose dart
Feltia subgothica, commonly known as the gothic dart or subgothic dart, is a noctuid moth species found in central North America. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 34 mm and are active from July to September. The species is notable for its polyphagous larvae, which have been documented feeding on over 40 plant species spanning crops, forages, vegetables, and forbs.
cutworm agricultural-pest polyphagous noctuid-moth parasitoid-host
Feltia subterranea
granulate cutworm, subterranean dart moth, tawny shoulder, Subterranean Dart
Feltia subterranea is a noctuid moth whose larvae are subterranean cutworms feeding on plant roots and crowns. The species has a broad geographic range spanning North, Central, and South America, as well as Hawaii. Adults have a wingspan of 38–44 mm and are known to pollinate fetterbush lyonia. The larvae are polyphagous pests of numerous agricultural crops.
cutworm pest subterranean noctuid agricultural-pest polyphagous parasitoid-host
Ferrisia virgata
striped mealybug, grey mealybug
Ferrisia virgata, commonly known as the striped mealybug, is a highly polyphagous pest species in the family Pseudococcidae. First described from Jamaica in 1893, it spread globally within approximately a decade and is now established in all tropical and subtropical zoogeographic regions. The species is recognized by two dark dorsal longitudinal stripes and is a significant agricultural pest with a host range spanning over 203 genera in 77 plant families. It vectors plant badnavirus diseases affecting cocoa and black pepper, and has been demonstrated to acquire but not effectively transmit 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', the bacterium associated with citrus huanglongbing.
mealybug agricultural-pest phloem-feeder virus-vector polyphagous invasive-species tropical-pest subtropical-pest cocoa-pest cotton-pest black-pepper-pest citrus-pest biological-control-target quarantine-pest
Fiorinia theae
tea scale
Fiorinia theae, known as the tea scale, is an armored scale insect native to Asia that has become an established pest in the Americas. It is polyphagous on woody plants, with primary hosts including tea (Camellia sinensis), ornamental camellias, and hollies (Ilex species). Heavy infestations cause leaf yellowing, premature defoliation, branch dieback, and plant death. The species is multivoltine in warmer climates, with overlapping generations and year-round activity in southern regions.
scale-insect armored-scale agricultural-pest ornamental-pest invasive-species polyphagous Camellia-pest tea-pest Ilex-pest
Halyomorpha halys
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, BMSB
Halyomorpha halys is an invasive shield bug native to East Asia that has become a major agricultural and nuisance pest across North America, Europe, and beyond. First detected in Pennsylvania in 1998, it has spread to at least 47 U.S. states, 4 Canadian provinces, and numerous European countries. The species is highly polyphagous, feeding on over 300 plant species across 49 families, with particular preference for Rosaceae. Its invasion success is facilitated by high mobility, broad host range, and absence of natural enemies in invaded ranges. Natural control is emerging through adventive populations of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus and other native predators and pathogens.
invasive-species agricultural-pest nuisance-pest polyphagous biological-control aggregation-pheromone overwintering-behavior integrated-pest-management shield-bug stink-bug Hemiptera Pentatomidae Trissolcus-japonicus gut-microbiome seasonal-phenology attract-and-kill monitoring-traps
Haploa
haploa moths
Haploa is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae, erected by Jacob Hübner in 1820. The genus contains approximately six recognized species distributed in North America, including the well-known Clymene moth (H. clymene) and the confused haploa moth (H. confusa). Larvae are generally polyphagous, feeding on diverse host plants across multiple families. The genus is characterized by distinctive caterpillar coloration and adult wing patterns that facilitate identification.
tiger-moth polyphagous aposematic North-America
Helicoverpa zea
corn earworm, cotton bollworm, tomato fruitworm, soybean podworm
Helicoverpa zea is a major agricultural pest moth native to the Americas. The larvae are highly polyphagous, feeding on reproductive structures of numerous crop plants including corn, cotton, tomato, and soybean. The species has developed widespread resistance to many insecticides and Bt toxins. Adults are nocturnal seasonal migrants capable of traveling hundreds of kilometers on wind currents. Recent hybridization with the invasive Old World bollworm (H. armigera) has introduced additional resistance genes through introgression.
agricultural-pest polyphagous migratory insecticide-resistant Noctuidae Heliothinae
Heliothrips
Heliothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae comprising approximately 18 described species. The genus includes economically significant pests, most notably Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (greenhouse thrips), which infests a wide range of cultivated plants. Members of this genus are characterized by their fringed wings and rasping-sucking mouthparts. Several species have been documented as polyphagous herbivores with broad host ranges spanning multiple plant families.
thrips Thripidae pest agriculture horticulture greenhouse-thrips polyphagous Heliothrips-haemorrhoidalis biological-control-target quarantine-pest kiwifruit-pest strawberry-pest avocado-pest ornamental-pest worldwide-distribution fringed-wings Thysanoptera Panchaetothripinae Haliday-1836 18-species generalist-herbivore rasping-sucking-mouthparts
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
greenhouse thrips, glasshouse thrip, black tea thrips
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, commonly known as the greenhouse thrips, is a polyphagous pest species in the family Thripidae. It is parthenogenetic with rare males, and reproduces rapidly in favorable conditions. The species is a significant agricultural pest of greenhouse crops, ornamentals, and fruit trees worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It has been introduced globally and is subject to biological control efforts using parasitoids such as Thripobius semiluteus and Thripobius javae.
pest greenhouse parthenogenetic polyphagous biological-control agricultural cosmopolitan Thripidae Thysanoptera
Hypagyrtis unipunctata
One-spotted Variant, one-spotted variant moth, white spot
Hypagyrtis unipunctata is a geometrid moth widely distributed across North America and Eurasia. Adults display considerable wing pattern variation, with the characteristic single white spot being variable in presence and intensity. The species exhibits extended flight activity from spring through late summer, with one to two generations annually. Larvae are generalist feeders on deciduous trees and shrubs.
geometridae geometrid moth polyphagous deciduous-forest north-america eurasia variable-wing-pattern
Hyphantria
fall webworm moths
Hyphantria is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae, established by Thaddeus William Harris in 1841. The genus contains approximately five species, with Hyphantria cunea (fall webworm) being the most widely known due to its economic and ecological significance. Species in this genus are primarily native to North and Central America, though H. cunea has been accidentally introduced to Europe and Asia, where it has become a significant invasive pest. The genus is characterized by larvae that construct communal silk webs for feeding and protection.
tiger-moth webworm invasive-species forest-pest polyphagous gregarious-larvae silk-web-construction biological-control-target
Hyphantria cunea
Fall Webworm, Fall Webworm Moth, American White Moth
The fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) is a moth native to North America, ranging from southern Canada through the United States to northern Mexico. It is best known for its larval stage, in which caterpillars construct large silken webs on the terminal branches of host trees during late summer and fall. The species exhibits two color races that vary geographically: white moths with black-headed caterpillars predominate in northern populations, while spotted moths with red-headed caterpillars are more common in the south. Accidentally introduced to Hungary in the 1940s, it has become a destructive invasive pest across Europe and Asia, particularly in China where it is known as the 'North American White Moth.'
defoliator web-forming-caterpillar invasive-species native-pest polyphagous freeze-avoider thermoregulation biological-control-target hazelnut-pest mulberry-pest urban-pest ornamental-pest forest-pest agricultural-pest gregarious-larvae silken-web North-American-native European-invasive Asian-invasive viral-biocontrol parasitoid-host hyperparasitism
Itoplectis
Itoplectis is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Arnold Förster in 1869. The genus contains approximately 35 to 61 recognized species with cosmopolitan distribution. Members are polyphagous solitary parasitoids that attack lepidopteran pupae and have been studied extensively for their potential as biological control agents. Several species, particularly I. conquisitor and I. naranyae, serve as model organisms for research on parasitoid behavior, learning, and chemical ecology.
parasitoid ichneumonid polyphagous biological-control associative-learning sex-pheromone cosmopolitan
Lacinipolia sareta
Sincere Arches
Lacinipolia sareta is a noctuid moth species found across western North America. It is one of the larger 'owlet moths' in the genus Lacinipolia, with adults showing variable coloration including gray and green forms. The species has two flight periods in its southern range, with adults active in early summer and again in autumn. Larvae are ground-dwelling and polyphagous, feeding on a variety of plant materials.
owlet-moth noctuid western-North-America polyphagous ground-dwelling-larvae bivoltine light-attracted
Lasioderma serricorne
cigarette beetle, tobacco beetle, cigar beetle, paprika beetle, tow bug, tobacco borer, cheroot beetle
Lasioderma serricorne is a small stored-product pest beetle, 2–3 mm in length, with a cosmopolitan distribution resulting from human commerce. It is distinguished from similar anobiid beetles by its uniformly serrated antennae lacking a terminal club, flatter thorax profile, and smooth elytra without grooves. The species has a remarkably broad diet, infesting tobacco, cereals, dried fruits, spices, and herbarium specimens. It possesses a mutualistic relationship with yeast-like symbionts (Symbiotaphrina spp.) that assist in protein metabolism and enable survival on nutritionally poor substrates. Strong flight capability and attraction to UV light facilitate its spread and monitoring.
stored-product-pest pantry-pest tobacco-pest herbarium-pest cosmopolitan symbiotic-yeast UV-phototaxis economic-pest anobiid flight-capable temperature-dependent-development polyphagous packaging-penetrator
Leptoglossus phyllopus
eastern leaf-footed bug
Leptoglossus phyllopus, the eastern leaf-footed bug, is a polyphagous true bug in the family Coreidae. It is found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, and Central America. Adults and nymphs feed on developing seeds and fruits using piercing-sucking mouthparts, causing damage to agricultural crops including cotton, citrus, pecans, tomatoes, and sorghum. The species is recognized by the leaf-like expansion of the hind tibiae and a white band across the forewings. Males produce acetosyringone as a pheromone for mate location, though this also attracts parasitic tachinid flies.
agricultural-pest polyphagous Coreidae true-bug pheromone integrated-pest-management cotton-pest gradual-metamorphosis
Leptoglossus zonatus
leaf-footed bug
Leptoglossus zonatus is a polyphagous leaf-footed bug native to the Americas, ranging from the southwestern United States through Central America to South America. Adults measure approximately 20 mm in length with gray coloration, a zigzagging whitish band across the dorsum, and two distinctive yellowish spots on the anterior pronotum that serve as the primary identifying characteristic. The species has emerged as a significant agricultural pest, particularly in California almonds and Gulf Coast satsuma mandarins, causing direct feeding damage and transmitting plant pathogens. Two genetically distinct strains occur in the Western Hemisphere, with low overall genetic diversity suggesting potential for further range expansion.
agricultural-pest invasive-potential polyphagous leaf-footed-bug almond-pest citrus-pest pathogen-vector egg-parasitoid-host pheromone-communication territorial-behavior
Leptostylus
flatfaced longhorn beetles
Leptostylus is a genus of longhorn beetles in the subfamily Lamiinae, established by John Lawrence LeConte in 1852. The genus contains approximately 70 described species distributed primarily in the Americas, from the United States through Central and South America to Argentina. Species in this genus are characterized by their cryptic, bark-mimicking appearance and are typically associated with dead or dying woody vegetation. The genus is part of the tribe Acanthocinini, one of the largest tribes in Cerambycidae.
Cerambycidae Lamiinae Acanthocinini wood-boring-beetles flatfaced-longhorns Neotropical Nearctic cryptic-coloration polyphagous bimodal-seasonality
Liriomyza blechi
Liriomyza blechi is a leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae, first described by Spencer in 1973. The species belongs to a group of 27 closely related taxa primarily distributed in the Neotropics, with some extending into temperate North and South America. It is a polyphagous pest known from diverse host plants including maize, various grasses, and dicots in the order Lamiales. Larvae create whitish linear mines in leaves, reducing photosynthetic capacity. The species has been recorded from the United States, Caribbean islands, and Brazil, with expanding documentation of its agricultural impact.
leaf-miner agricultural-pest polyphagous maize-pest Neotropical Agromyzidae Diptera Liriomyza-blechi-group disjunctive-oligophagy
Liriomyza sativae
vegetable leaf miner, vegetable leafminer
Liriomyza sativae, the vegetable leafminer, is a polyphagous leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae. Native to the Neotropics, it has become a widespread invasive pest of vegetable crops globally. Larvae feed internally on leaf mesophyll, creating characteristic serpentine mines that reduce photosynthetic capacity. The species is notable for its broad host range spanning multiple plant families, rapid generation time, and competitive interactions with congeners mediated by temperature.
leaf-miner vegetable-pest agromyzid invasive-species polyphagous biological-control-target temperature-sensitive-distribution
Liriomyza trifolii
American serpentine leafminer, celery leafminer
Liriomyza trifolii is a small leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae, native to the Caribbean and southeastern United States. It has become a globally distributed invasive pest of greenhouse and vegetable crops, recognized as one of the three most damaging leafminer species worldwide. The species is highly polyphagous, feeding on numerous ornamental and vegetable plants including chrysanthemums, celery, and tomatoes. Its spread has been facilitated by insecticide resistance and international trade in plant material.
leafminer agricultural-pest greenhouse-pest invasive-species polyphagous insecticide-resistance vegetable-pest ornamental-pest
Lithacodes fasciola
yellow-shouldered slug, ochre-winged hag moth
Lithacodes fasciola is a small slug moth in the family Limacodidae, commonly known as the yellow-shouldered slug or ochre-winged hag moth. The species exhibits distinctive larval and adult morphology, with caterpillars showing bright yellow-green coloration with striping and adults displaying characteristic wing patterns. It has a broad distribution across eastern North America with variable voltinism depending on latitude. The larvae feed on a wide range of deciduous trees and shrubs.
slug-moth Limacodidae defoliator parasitoid-host deciduous-forest polyphagous
Lobiopa insularis
strawberry sap beetle
Lobiopa insularis is a sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae, widely distributed across the Americas from North America through Central America to South America and the Caribbean. It is a significant agricultural pest of strawberry and other soft fruits, causing direct feeding damage and indirect losses through fungal dispersal. The species has been extensively studied for its biology, life history, and control options, including biological control using parasitoids and entomopathogenic nematodes.
agricultural-pest sap-beetle strawberry-pest biological-control Nitidulidae frugivorous sexual-dimorphism mate-guarding parasitoid-host entomopathogenic-nematode-host polyphagous fungal-dispersal-agent overwintering-adult long-lived-adult high-fecundity soil-oviposition ripening-fruit-attraction integrated-pest-management Brazil Argentina Americas-distribution
Loxostege
webworms, meadow moths
Loxostege is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, commonly known as webworms or meadow moths. The genus includes economically significant agricultural pests, particularly L. sticticalis (beet webworm/meadow moth), which is a polyphagous species causing substantial crop damage across North America, Europe, and Asia. Species in this genus exhibit complex life histories including larval diapause, long-distance migration capabilities, and high reproductive potential. Many species are characterized by outbreak dynamics with cyclic population explosions.
agricultural-pest polyphagous migratory diapause integrated-pest-management pheromone-communication outbreak-dynamics Crambidae Lepidoptera webworm meadow-moth
Lygocoris pabulinus
Common Green Capsid
Lygocoris pabulinus is a Holarctic plant bug in the family Miridae, widely distributed across Europe, Asia, and North America. It is a polyphagous herbivore that feeds on numerous herbaceous and woody plants, with documented associations including potato, nettle, apple, and various fruit crops. The species exhibits complex sexual communication involving female-produced pheromones and male vibrational signals. It is recognized as an agricultural pest in orchards and vegetable crops, causing characteristic damage to leaves, buds, and fruits through its piercing-sucking mouthparts.
agricultural-pest plant-bug Holarctic polyphagous pheromone-communication vibrational-signaling host-alternation orchard-pest
Lygus
Lygus bugs, Plant bugs
Lygus is a genus of plant-feeding true bugs in the family Miridae, comprising over 40 species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia. The most economically significant species include the tarnished plant bug (Lygus lineolaris), western tarnished plant bug (Lygus hesperus), and European tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis). These insects are serious agricultural pests that feed on a wide range of crop plants using piercing-sucking mouthparts, causing direct tissue damage and inducing plant reactions that result in deformities, discoloration, and yield loss.
agricultural-pest plant-bug mirid integrated-pest-management cotton-pest strawberry-pest polyphagous piercing-sucking-feeder
Lygus hesperus
Western Tarnished Plant Bug
Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.
agricultural-pest plant-bug Miridae cotton-pest strawberry-pest alfalfa-pest western-North-America diapause biological-control integrated-pest-management insecticide-resistance mark-release-recapture salivary-enzymes extraoral-digestion Peristenus-relictus Hippodamia-convergens drone-sampling fluorescent-marking SmartWater vector Pantoea-ananatis Serratia potassium-chloride deterrent artificial-diet lentil seed-crops California Texas Arizona Nevada Washington Mexico polyphagous phytophagous stylet-probing scutellum nymph-spots economic-entomology organic-agriculture ecosystem-services bird-predation molecular-gut-analysis ELISA immunomarking parasitoid population-suppression crop-protection sampling-protocols sweep-net drop-cloth Y-tube-olfactometer gustatory-deterrent visual-cues volatile-cues reproductive-diapause postdiapause oogenesis oviposition longevity body-mass life-history mass-spectrometry salivary-proteins polygalacturonase α-amylase protease laccase glucose-dehydrogenase xanthine-dehydrogenase plant-defense host-pathogen-interaction iDrone-Bee UAV unmanned-aerial-vehicle open-source field-scouting IPM economic-threshold Bt-cotton natural-enemy conservation-biological-control landscape-ecology habitat-management weed-management border-sprays spot-treatment selective-insecticide neonicotinoid pyrethroid resistance-management sustainable-agriculture food-security economic-impact simulation-model population-dynamics immigration parasitism averted-loss value-loss cost-benefit research-methodology insect-marking dispersal fluorophore autofluorescence survivorship mortality mark-transfer crowding olfactometer feeding-behavior no-choice-assay choice-assay gustation host-selection plant-quality succulent-growth fruiting-structures square boll bloom terminal defoliation stand-loss dirty-bloom puckered-petals lesion carpel-wall lint-damage seed-damage yield-loss fiber-quality management-threshold scouting-interval action-threshold treatment-timing insecticide-efficacy labeled-rate difficult-to-control species-complex identification-key morphology color-variation wing-development antennae thorax abdomen instar developmental-stage laboratory-rearing oligidic-diet semisolid-slurry chicken-egg soybean wheat-germ lima-bean cost-reduction biomass-production survival fecundity egg-production generation-time population-growth log-phase colony-maintenance genetic-diversity field-collection adaptation stress-tolerance oxidative-stress temperature-extreme food-deficit resource-allocation reproductive-senescence endogenous-reserves environmental-stressor climate-adaptation phenology migration dispersal-pattern habitat-patch source-sink population-source population-sink crop-border field-edge non-crop-habitat refuge overwintering-site spring-emergence summer-population fall-population density-dependence aggregation spatial-distribution sampling-accuracy pest-detection monitoring-technology precision-agriculture digital-agriculture automation robotics machine-learning computer-vision sensor-technology data-collection decision-support grower-education extension stakeholder-engagement multidisciplinary-research academia-industry-collaboration sustainable-intensification agroecosystem food-system plant-insect-interaction insect-plant-coevolution salivary-secretion digestive-enzyme lytic-enzyme tissue-maceration feeding-injury physiological-damage mechanical-damage wound-response plant-defense-response induced-resistance systemic-acquired-resistance jasmonic-acid ethylene salicylic-acid secondary-metabolite phenolic-compound oxidative-enzyme redox-enzyme bacterial-transmission phytopathogen opportunistic-pathogen infection-court inoculum disease-vector epidemiology crop-hygiene sanitation crop-rotation cover-crop trap-crop push-pull habitat-manipulation conservation-biocontrol augmentative-biocontrol classical-biocontrol importation establishment non-target-effect host-specificity parasitoid-biology reproductive-parasitoid idiobiont koinobiont mummy-formation emergence-rate parasitoid-impact population-regulation top-down-control bottom-up-control trophic-cascade food-web ecosystem-function ecosystem-service disservice net-effect risk-assessment management-strategy policy regulation pesticide-registration resistance-monitoring stewardship integrated-resistance-management IRM refuge-strategy pyramid-strategy multiple-toxins transgenic-crop GMO biosafety environmental-impact non-target-organism pollinator-protection beneficial-insect natural-enemy-conservation floral-resource nectar pollen alternative-prey habitat-diversification agri-environment-scheme green-infrastructure ecological-compensation landscape-complexity connectivity matrix-quality spillover source-habitat ecological-trap population-viability extinction-risk invasion-biology range-expansion climate-change warming drought irrigation water-stress nitrogen-fertilization crop-vigor plant-nutrition host-plant-quality tritrophic-interaction plant-microbe-insect endosymbiont gut-microbiome salivary-microbiome vector-competence transmission-efficiency acquisition inoculation retention multiplication circulative non-circulative persistent non-persistent propagative stylet-borne foregut-borne hemolymph-borne salivary-gland-borne replication barrier midgut salivary-gland escape infection incubation latent-period inoculation-threshold transmission-threshold epidemic epiphytotic disease-triangle susceptible-host virulent-pathogen favorable-environment disease-cycle primary-inoculum secondary-inoculum overwintering-pathogen survival-structure disease-reservoir alternative-host volunteer-crop weed-reservoir crop-residue soilborne seedborne insect-borne management-tactic preventive curative eradicative suppressive protectant systemic contact translaminar fumigant biological-pesticide microbial-pesticide entomopathogenic-fungus entomopathogenic-nematode entomopathogenic-virus baculovirus granulovirus nucleopolyhedrovirus bacteria 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Lygus lineolaris
tarnished plant bug, North American tarnished plant bug
Lygus lineolaris, commonly known as the tarnished plant bug, is a highly polyphagous mirid bug and major agricultural pest throughout North America. It attacks over half of all cultivated plant species grown in the United States, with particularly significant damage to cotton, alfalfa, strawberries, and conifer seedlings. The species has piercing-sucking mouthparts and causes injury by feeding on developing reproductive structures, resulting in deformed fruits, shed squares, and reduced yields. It serves as prey for numerous natural enemies including spiders, predatory bugs, and solitary wasps.
agricultural-pest polyphagous mirid-bug cotton-pest strawberry-pest North-America plant-bug piercing-sucking
Lygus rugulipennis
European Tarnished Plant Bug
Lygus rugulipennis is a small plant bug in the family Miridae, commonly known as the European tarnished plant bug. It is a widespread polyphagous pest with an exceptionally broad host range, documented on over 400 plant species across 57 families. The species is native to the Palaearctic region but has been introduced to North America. It is economically significant as a pest of alfalfa, clover, potato, cereals, sugar beet, and various other crops, causing damage through feeding on plant tissues.
agricultural-pest polyphagous plant-bug Miridae vibratory-communication oviposition-behavior invasive-species integrated-pest-management
Lymantria dispar
spongy moth, gypsy moth
Lymantria dispar is a forest-defoliating moth native to Europe and Asia, now invasive across multiple continents including North America. The species is notable for pronounced sexual dimorphism in adults and variable flight capability among subspecies—females of the European subspecies (L. d. dispar) are flightless, while Asian subspecies possess flight-capable females. Larvae are polyphagous and have been documented feeding on over 500 plant species. The species ranks among the world's most destructive invasive forest pests, with documented outbreaks exceeding 2.5 million caterpillars per hectare.
forest-pest invasive-species defoliator sexual-dimorphism biological-control tussock-moth polyphagous ballooning-dispersal
Lytrosis unitaria
Common Lytrosis Moth
Lytrosis unitaria, the common lytrosis moth, is a geometrid moth species native to eastern and central North America. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 50 mm. The larvae are polyphagous, feeding on a range of woody plants including roses, hawthorns, serviceberries, maples, oaks, and viburnums. The species is well-documented across its range with over 3,000 citizen science observations.
geometrid-moth North-America polyphagous woody-plant-feeder
Machimia tentoriferella
gold-striped leaftier moth
Machimia tentoriferella, commonly known as the gold-striped leaftier moth, is a small moth in the family Depressariidae. Larvae construct distinctive rolled or tied leaf enclosures, a behavior reflected in the species name derived from Latin 'tentorium' meaning 'a tent'. The species is widespread in eastern North America and is associated with multiple hardwood tree hosts.
leaf-tier leafroller polyphagous autumn-moth hardwood-forest
Macrosiphum euphorbiae
potato aphid
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, commonly known as the potato aphid, is a polyphagous sap-sucking insect in the family Aphididae. It is a globally significant agricultural pest, particularly of potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato, lettuce, and numerous other crops across more than 20 plant families. The species exhibits complex life cycle strategies including host alternation between primary (Rosa spp.) and secondary hosts, cyclical parthenogenesis in North America, and obligate asexual reproduction in UK populations. It vectors multiple plant viruses including potato leaf roll virus, potato virus Y, and tomato yellow top virus. The aphid demonstrates notable phenotypic plasticity with green and pink color morphs, and possesses distinctive antipredator behaviors including dropping from host plants followed by tonic immobility.
agricultural-pest virus-vector parthenogenesis host-alternating polyphagous aphid integrated-pest-management biological-control
Macrosteles quadrilineatus
Aster leafhopper, Six-spotted leafhopper
Macrosteles quadrilineatus is a small leafhopper species native to the United States and a major agricultural pest. It is the primary vector of aster yellows phytoplasma, transmitting the pathogen to vegetable crops including carrot, celery, lettuce, and potato. Adults migrate northward in spring on southerly winds, often arriving in the Midwest and northern regions earlier and in greater numbers than resident overwintering populations. The species exhibits polyphagous feeding behavior on numerous grasses, cereals, and broadleaf plants.
agricultural-pest leafhopper phytoplasma-vector migratory polyphagous United-States Canada aster-yellows Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae
Malacosoma disstria
Forest Tent Caterpillar Moth
The forest tent caterpillar moth (Malacosoma disstria) is a native North American lasiocampid moth known for its periodic outbreak populations. Unlike its congener the eastern tent caterpillar, it does not construct true silken tents; instead, larvae form silk mats on which they rest between feeding bouts. The species is highly polyphagous on deciduous trees and exhibits gregarious behavior in early instars, becoming more solitary in later stages. Population cycles are regulated by natural enemies including parasitoid wasps, flies, and pathogens.
defoliator gregarious-larvae polyphagous outbreak-species native-pest
Melanolophia signataria
Signate Melanolophia Moth, signate melanolophia
Melanolophia signataria is a North American geometrid moth with a broad transcontinental range. Adults are active primarily from spring through summer, with larvae feeding on the foliage of numerous deciduous and coniferous tree species. The species shows considerable geographic variation, with a recognized Florida subspecies.
Geometridae North-America forest-moth polyphagous spring-summer-flight subspecies-recognized
Melanoplus bivittatus
Two-striped grasshopper, Yellow-striped grasshopper
Melanoplus bivittatus, the two-striped grasshopper, is one of the largest and most economically significant grasshopper species in North America. It is a polyphagous mixed-feeder that prefers forbs over grasses but consumes both. The species is notable for its distinctive paired pale yellow stripes running along the dorsum from the eyes to the wing tips. It exhibits density-dependent morphological plasticity, with high-density populations developing longer wings and slimmer bodies more adapted to flight and migration.
grasshopper pest agriculture mixed-feeder migration North-America prairie polyphagous
Melanoplus bivittatus bivittatus
Two-striped grasshopper
The two-striped grasshopper is a large, robust species widely distributed across North America. It is a polyphagous mixed-feeder that consumes both grasses and forbs, with a documented preference for forbs when available. This subspecies has been historically recognized but is now generally treated as a synonym of the species Melanoplus bivittatus. It is considered one of the most economically important grasshopper pests in western North America, particularly in Colorado where it attacks cereals, alfalfa, garden vegetables, and ornamental plantings.
grasshopper pest agriculture mixed-feeder polyphagous western-North-America Colorado synonymized-subspecies
Melanoplus bivittatus femoratus
Two-striped grasshopper
Melanoplus bivittatus femoratus is a subspecies of the two-striped grasshopper, a significant agricultural pest in North America. The species is one of the five most damaging grasshopper species in Texas and is considered the most injurious Melanoplus species in Colorado after M. sanguinipes. It is widely distributed across the United States and southern Canada, with populations that can increase dramatically during drought conditions.
grasshopper agricultural-pest pasture-pest polyphagous drought-associated
Melanoplus bruneri
Bruner's spur-throat grasshopper, Bruner's locust
Melanoplus bruneri is a medium-sized, fully winged spur-throated grasshopper native to North America. It inhabits diverse environments including arctic tundra, northern prairies, and mountain meadows, often reaching elevations above 10,000 feet. The species exhibits a two-year egg diapause in mountain habitats, though one-year development occurs under warmer low-altitude conditions. Outbreak populations have historically caused significant damage to rangeland forage across western North America.
grasshopper spur-throated mountain-meadow pest polyphagous diapause North-America
Melanoplus differentialis
Differential Grasshopper
Melanoplus differentialis is a large, highly mobile grasshopper native to North America that has expanded from wet meadows into agricultural landscapes. It is a severe crop pest, particularly damaging to corn, alfalfa, soybeans, cotton, and small grains, with dense swarms capable of destroying young cornfields in three to four days. The species exhibits phase polymorphism, with crowded individuals developing darker pigmentation and different body proportions compared to isolated individuals. It has one generation annually and is better adapted to warmer climates than related species, with outbreaks concentrated in the central United States between the Rocky Mountains and Mississippi River.
pest agricultural migratory polyphagous phase-polymorphism univoltine
Melanoplus sanguinipes
migratory grasshopper, lesser migratory grasshopper, red-legged grasshopper
Melanoplus sanguinipes is a medium-sized spur-throated grasshopper and one of the most economically important grasshopper pests in North America. It is widely distributed across the continent, inhabiting diverse grassland habitats from native prairies to agricultural fields and disturbed areas. The species exhibits remarkable ecological flexibility, feeding on both grasses and forbs, and displays migratory behavior at high population densities. Under favorable conditions, populations can increase exponentially and form swarms that travel hundreds of miles, causing extensive damage to crops and rangeland. The species has been extensively studied for its population ecology, host plant relationships, and integrated pest management.
grasshopper pest migratory agriculture rangeland polyphagous North-America integrated-pest-management swarming Melanoplinae
Metcalfa
Metcalfa is a genus of planthoppers in the family Flatidae, tribe Nephesini, native to North and Central America. The genus contains at least five described species, with Metcalfa pruinosa (citrus flatid planthopper) being the most economically significant due to its invasive spread to Europe and Asia. Adults are small, ranging 5.5–8 mm in length with a waxy, often bluish or grayish appearance. The genus is characterized by forewings with parallel cross-veins along the costal margin, distinguishing it from related families.
Flatidae planthopper invasive-pest M.-pruinosa citrus-flatid-planthopper waxy-secretions honeydew sooty-mold biological-control polyphagous
Metcalfa pruinosa
Citrus Flatid Planthopper
Metcalfa pruinosa is a polyphagous planthopper native to North America that has become a significant invasive pest across Europe, Asia, and other regions. Adults measure 5.5–8 mm in length and are covered in a distinctive bluish-white waxy coating. The species produces one generation per year, with eggs overwintering in bark crevices. It feeds gregariously on plant sap, excreting honeydew that promotes sooty mold growth and causes direct damage to crops and ornamentals. First described by Thomas Say in 1830, it has spread to over 20 countries and is known to attack more than 300 plant species.
invasive-species agricultural-pest planthopper sap-feeder honeydew-producer polyphagous classical-biological-control-target urban-pest orchard-pest vineyard-pest
Microtechnites
garden fleahopper
Microtechnites is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae containing approximately six described species. The genus includes the garden fleahopper (M. bractatus), an economically significant agricultural pest with a broad host range spanning at least 17 plant families. Species in this genus are distributed across the Americas from Canada to Argentina. M. bractatus has been extensively studied for its developmental biology and host plant interactions.
agricultural-pest polyphagous Miridae plant-bug vector
Microtechnites bractatus
garden fleahopper
Microtechnites bractatus, commonly known as the garden fleahopper, is a polyphagous plant bug in the family Miridae. It is an agricultural pest with documented economic impact on multiple crop species. The species has been recorded across the Americas from Canada to South America and has been introduced to Hawaii. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant variation in developmental success across host plants, with Fabaceae species supporting optimal fitness.
agricultural-pest polyphagous virus-vector Miridae plant-bug