Vector

Guides

• Graphocephala atropunctata

  blue-green sharpshooter

  Graphocephala atropunctata, commonly known as the blue-green sharpshooter, is a xylem-feeding leafhopper native to the western United States. It is the principal native vector of Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterium that causes Pierce's disease in grapevines. This species has been extensively studied for its feeding behaviors using electropenetrography (EPG) techniques, which have characterized distinct waveform patterns associated with stylet penetration and xylem ingestion. Its role as a disease vector makes it economically significant to California's vineyard industry.

  leafhoppersharpshootervectorxylem-feederPierce's-diseaseXylella-fastidiosaCaliforniavineyard-pestCicadellidaeelectropenetrography

• Graphocephala coccinea

  red-banded leafhopper, candy-striped leafhopper, scarlet-and-green leafhopper, red-and-blue leafhopper

  A medium-sized leafhopper distinguished by vivid coloration including blue or green and red or orange-red stripes on the wings and thorax, with bright yellow on the head, legs, and abdomen. Adults measure 6.7–8.4 mm in length. Native to North and Central America from Canada to Panama, inhabiting meadows and woodlands. Known to vector Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterium causing Pierce's disease in woody plants.

  leafhoppersharpshootervectorbrochosomesbioinspirationPierce's-diseaseXylella-fastidiosa

• Graphocephala coccinea coccinea

  Red-banded Leafhopper, Candystriped Leafhopper, Scarlet-and-Green Leafhopper

  Graphocephala coccinea coccinea is a subspecies of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as the Red-banded Leafhopper or Candystriped Leafhopper. This subspecies is restricted to coastal areas along the Atlantic seaboard of North America, where it feeds on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. Adults measure 5.7–8.4 mm in length, with females slightly larger than males. The species produces brochosomes, unique nanoparticles that render its exoskeleton superhydrophobic and anti-reflective.

  leafhopperbrochosomessuperhydrophobicvectorPierce's-DiseasebioinspirationnanoparticlesAtlantic-coastalCicadellidaeHemiptera

• Graphocephala coccinea quadrivittata

  Red-banded Leafhopper, Candy-striped Leafhopper, Scarlet-and-Green Leafhopper

  Graphocephala coccinea quadrivittata is the inland subspecies of the candy-striped or red-banded leafhopper, distinguished from the coastal nominate subspecies G. c. coccinea by its slightly larger size and four-striped pattern. Adults display vivid scarlet and green longitudinal stripes on the dorsal surface, making them among the most visually striking leafhoppers in North America. This subspecies is a generalist feeder on plant xylem sap and is known to vector Pierce's Disease, a bacterial pathogen lethal to grapevines and other woody plants.

  leafhoppersharpshooterbrochosomevectorbioinspirationnanoparticlesuperhydrophobicpest

• Gyponana hasta

  Gyponana hasta is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by DeLong in 1942. It is currently treated as a synonym of Gyponana angulata in major taxonomic databases. The species has been documented as a vector of California aster-yellows virus. Like other members of genus Gyponana, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on the body surface.

  leafhopperCicadellidaebrochosomesvectorphytoplasmasynonymGyponanaCalifornia-aster-yellows-virusnanoparticlessuperhydrophobic

• Haemaphysalis

  Haemaphysalis is the second largest genus of hard ticks (family Ixodidae), comprising approximately 170 species distributed across all continents except Antarctica. The genus is distinguished by morphological features including lateral salience on palpal article II and eyeless adults with short mouthparts. Most species parasitize birds and mammals, with highest diversity concentrated in the Oriental and Afrotropical regions. The Asian longhorned tick (H. longicornis) has emerged as a significant invasive species in North America since 2017.

  hard-tickectoparasitevectorinvasive-speciesparthenogenesis

• Haemaphysalis leporispalustris

  rabbit tick, grouse tick

  Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, commonly known as the rabbit tick, is a hard tick (family Ixodidae) with one of the widest distributions of any New World tick species, ranging from Alaska to Argentina. It is a three-host tick specialized on lagomorph hosts (rabbits and hares), with larvae also frequently found on ground-dwelling birds. Despite rarely feeding on humans, it serves as a vector for several pathogens affecting wildlife and domestic animals, including Rickettsia rickettsii, Coxiella burnetii, and Francisella tularensis. A newly recognized human pathogen, Rickettsia lanei, has been associated with this tick species.

  tickvectorectoparasiteRickettsiazoonosislagomorph-parasiteNew-World-distributionthree-host-tick

• Haemaphysalis longicornis

  Asian longhorned tick, longhorned tick, bush tick, cattle tick, Asian tick

  Haemaphysalis longicornis is an invasive three-host tick native to temperate East Asia that has established populations in Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, and the United States. First detected in New Jersey in 2017, it has since spread to at least 19 U.S. states. The species exhibits facultative parthenogenesis, with all-female populations documented in northern Japan, Russia, and the U.S. It is a significant veterinary pest of livestock, particularly cattle, and has been shown to transmit multiple pathogens to animals. While associated with various human tick-borne diseases in its native range, human pathogen transmission has not been confirmed in North America.

  invasive-specieslivestock-pestvectorparthenogenesisthree-host-ticktheileriosisveterinary-entomologymedical-entomology

• Haematobia

  horn flies

  Haematobia is a genus of biting muscid flies commonly known as horn flies. Adults are obligate blood-feeders on cattle and related bovids, with piercing-sucking mouthparts. The genus includes approximately 8 described species, with Haematobia irritans being the most economically significant pest of cattle in North America. Larvae develop exclusively in fresh cattle manure. Heavy infestations cause substantial economic losses through blood loss, reduced weight gain, and decreased milk production.

  livestock-pestblood-feedingeconomic-pestvectorintegrated-pest-managementinsecticide-resistance

• Haematopinus

  ungulate lice, buffalo lice

  Haematopinus is a genus of sucking lice and the sole genus in the family Haematopinidae. These obligate ectoparasites are specialized blood-feeders on large mammals, including cattle, horses, pigs, water buffalo, and various wild ungulates. Species within this genus are economically significant veterinary pests that cause direct damage through blood loss and skin irritation, and some are suspected vectors of disease pathogens including anaplasmosis and Brucella abortus. The genus has a global distribution across domestic livestock and wildlife populations.

  ectoparasiteveterinary-pestlivestockvectorblood-feeding

• Haematopinus suis

  Hog Louse, Pig Louse

  Haematopinus suis, the hog louse, is one of the largest sucking lice (suborder Anoplura), measuring 5–6 mm in length and visible without magnification. It is an obligate ectoparasite of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and wild boars, spending its entire life cycle on the host. The species feeds exclusively on blood, taking multiple meals daily through piercing-sucking mouthparts. Infestations cause severe irritation, hair loss, reduced growth rates, and anemia, with significant economic impacts on pig husbandry worldwide.

  ectoparasiteveterinary-pestblood-feederpermanent-parasitevector

• Haplaxius crudus

  American Palm Cixiid, palm leafhopper

  Haplaxius crudus is a cixiid planthopper and the primary known vector of lethal yellowing phytoplasma, a devastating disease of palms. The species has a complex life cycle split between two distinct host groups: nymphs develop on grasses and sedges, while adults feed exclusively on palms. This host alternation makes management challenging, as nymphs and adults occupy different habitats. The species is economically significant across the Caribbean, Florida, and tropical America, where it has caused millions of palm deaths and substantial agricultural losses.

  vectorphytoplasmapalm-pestplanthoppercixiidaelethal-yellowingoil-palmcoconutinvasive-potentialagricultural-pestmonocot-feederhost-alternationintegrated-pest-managementsticky-trap-monitoringspatial-aggregation

• Hippelates

  eye gnats, eye flies

  Hippelates is a genus of minute flies in the family Chloropidae, commonly known as eye gnats or eye flies. Adults measure 1.5–2.5 mm in length and frequently aggregate around the eyes of humans and animals to feed on lacrimal secretions. They do not bite. Several species have documented medical and veterinary significance, including transmission of bacterial pathogens causing bovine mastitis and human conjunctivitis.

  eye-gnatseye-fliesChloropidaevectornuisance-pestbovine-mastitisconjunctivitis

• Hippobosca

  forest flies, flat flies, iron flies

  Hippobosca is a genus of louse flies (family Hippoboscidae) comprising seven described species. These obligate hematophagous ectoparasites exhibit dorso-ventrally flattened bodies adapted for clinging to host hair or feathers. Unlike many hippoboscids that shed wings after host colonization, Hippobosca species retain fully developed wings throughout life, functioning as temporary parasites that repeatedly leave hosts between blood meals. The genus has broad distribution across Europe, Asia, and Africa, with some species introduced to other regions. Several species are of veterinary and medical significance as vectors of bacterial and protozoan pathogens.

  ectoparasitehematophagyvectorviviparitywinged-louse-fly

• Hippobosca longipennis

  dog fly, louse fly, blind fly

  Hippobosca longipennis is an obligate blood-feeding ectoparasitic fly in the family Hippoboscidae. It primarily infests wild and domestic carnivores, particularly canids and hyaenids, but has been recorded on felids and occasionally humans. The species is larviparous, with females producing 10–15 larvae during a lifetime of four to five months. It serves as an intermediate host for the filarial nematode Dipetalonema dracunculoides (now Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides) and has been implicated as a potential vector for other pathogens. Native to Africa, it has spread to the Middle East, Asia, and parts of Europe through transport on zoo animals and domestic dogs.

  ectoparasitevectorfilariasislarviparouscarnivore-parasiteinvasive-potentialzoonosisveterinary-importancepupiparousHippoboscidae

• Hippoboscidae

  louse flies, keds

  Hippoboscidae, commonly known as louse flies or keds, are obligate ectoparasites of birds and mammals. The family comprises over 200 species distributed across three subfamilies: Hippoboscinae (mammal parasites), Lipopteninae (deer keds and sheep keds), and Ornithomyinae (bird parasites). Members exhibit dramatic variation in wing morphology, from fully winged forms capable of flight to completely wingless species. Their reproductive strategy is highly unusual among Diptera: females retain and nourish a single larva internally using specialized 'milk glands,' then deposit a fully developed prepupa that immediately pupates.

  ectoparasitevectorpupiparityblood-feedinglivestock-pestzoonotic-potential

• Hippoboscoidea

  Louse Flies, Tsetse Flies, and Allies, Pupipara

  Hippoboscoidea is a superfamily of calyptrate flies comprising four families: Glossinidae (tsetse flies), Hippoboscidae (louse flies or ked flies), Nycteribiidae (bat flies), and Streblidae (bat flies). All members are obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites of mammals or birds. The superfamily is distinguished by adenotrophic viviparity, in which larvae develop internally and are deposited as fully-formed prepupae. Some members serve as vectors for significant pathogens, including trypanosomes that cause African sleeping sickness and nagana.

  adenotrophic-viviparityectoparasitevectorbat-flytsetse-flyobligate-parasiteblood-feedingphoresishost-specificityco-evolution

• Hishimonus sellatus

  Hishimonus sellatus is a leafhopper species in the tribe Opsiini, known primarily as a significant agricultural pest and phytoplasma vector. It transmits multiple plant pathogens including the agents of Jujube Witches Broom disease, Mulberry yellow dwarf disease, and Rhus yellows. The species has been collected from mulberry fields and shows persistent transmissibility of phytoplasmas throughout its lifetime. Its mitochondrial genome has been characterized, representing the shortest mitogenome reported in Deltocephalinae at 14,690 bp.

  leafhoppervectorphytoplasmapestmulberryjujubeagricultureDeltocephalinaeOpsiinimitochondrial-genome

• Homalodisca

  sharpshooters

  Homalodisca is a genus of large leafhoppers (sharpshooters) in the family Cicadellidae, tribe Proconiini. The genus contains approximately 18 described species distributed primarily in the Americas. The most economically significant species is Homalodisca vitripennis (formerly H. coagulata), commonly known as the glassy-winged sharpshooter, a major agricultural pest and vector of Xylella fastidiosa bacteria causing Pierce's disease in grapevines and other plant diseases. Members of this genus are characterized by their relatively large size among leafhoppers, xylem-feeding habits, and strong flight capabilities.

  agricultural-pestvectorbiological-controlinvasive-speciesxylem-feeder

• Homalodisca ichthyocephala

  Homalodisca ichthyocephala is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, tribe Proconiini, first described by Signoret in 1854. The species has been documented exhibiting thanatosis (death-feigning), representing the first comprehensive report of this antipredator behavior in the family Cicadellidae. Research from Zirándaro, Guerrero, Mexico identified five sequential phases of thanatosis: mechanical disturbance, catatonic, myoclonic, motor recovery, and escape. Females demonstrate significantly longer motor recovery phases than males. The species belongs to a genus containing important vectors of plant pathogens, including Xylella fastidiosa.

  thanatosisdeath-feigningsharpshooterleafhopperCicadellidaeProconiiniXylella-fastidiosavectorMexicoCentral-Americaantipredator-behaviorsexual-dimorphismbehavioral-ecology

• Homalodisca insolita

  johnsongrass sharpshooter

  Homalodisca insolita, commonly known as the johnsongrass sharpshooter, is a proconiine sharpshooter in the family Cicadellidae. It is native to southern North America and has been documented spreading northward into the southeastern United States. The species is a known vector of Xylella fastidiosa, a xylem-limited bacterium that causes Pierce's disease in grapevines and other plant diseases. Its eggs serve as hosts for egg parasitoids including Paracentrobia americana (Trichogrammatidae).

  sharpshooterleafhoppervectorXylella-fastidiosaPierce's-diseaseproconiineCicadellidaeagricultural-pestegg-parasitoid-hostxylem-feeder

• Homalodisca liturata

  smoketree sharpshooter, lacertate sharpshooter

  Homalodisca liturata, commonly known as the smoketree sharpshooter or lacertate sharpshooter, is a relatively large leafhopper species native to North America, measuring approximately 13 mm in length. The species exhibits strong host-plant associations, with documented preference for desert smoketree (Psorothamnus spinosus) where available, though it utilizes multiple host species. H. liturata is a known vector of Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterial pathogen causing Pierce's disease in grapevines and other plant diseases. Both sexes produce acoustic signals, a notable behavioral trait among sharpshooters. The species has been documented harboring phytoplasma bacteria related to 'Candidatus Phytoplasma hispanicum' in its salivary glands, suggesting potential involvement in transmitting yellows-type diseases.

  sharpshooterleafhoppervectorXylella-fastidiosaphytoplasmaacoustic-communicationxylem-feederdesert-smoketreePierce's-diseaseagricultural-pest

• Homalodisca vitripennis

  Glassy-winged Sharpshooter

  Homalodisca vitripennis, commonly known as the glassy-winged sharpshooter, is a large leafhopper native to the southeastern United States and northeastern Mexico. It has become a major invasive pest in California, Hawaii, and the Pacific Islands, where it vectors Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterium causing Pierce's disease of grapevine—a lethal condition for vineyards. The species exhibits complex vibrational communication during mating, with males and females engaging in duets using species-specific signals. Populations in California's Central Valley have developed significant resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides, particularly imidacloprid, creating challenges for chemical management. Classical biological control using egg parasitoids from the genus Gonatocerus (family Mymaridae) has proven effective, with parasitism rates reaching 80-100% in some areas.

  vectorinvasivepestbiological-controlinsecticide-resistancevibrational-communicationXylella-fastidiosaPierce's-diseaseintegrated-pest-managementCicadellidaesharpshooterCalifornia-agricultureneonicotinoid-resistanceegg-parasitoidGonatocerusCosmocomoidea

• Hylastes nigrinus

  Hylastes nigrinus is a root-feeding bark beetle in the family Curculionidae (subfamily Scolytinae) that breeds in the roots and stumps of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), particularly in trees killed by Dendroctonus pseudotsugae. The species exhibits strong temperature-dependent emergence and light-influenced flight behavior, with peak activity occurring in late afternoon or early evening. It is a suspected vector of the pathogen Verticicladiella wageneri, which causes black stain root disease. Development typically spans one year, with five larval instars and overwintering by both adults and mature larvae in galleries.

  Scolytinaebark-beetleDouglas-firforest-pestvectorroot-feedingbiological-control-context-(distinguish-from-Laricobius-nigrinus)

• Hylobius pales

  Pales Weevil

  Hylobius pales, commonly known as the pales weevil, is a significant forest pest in North America that primarily attacks coniferous trees, especially species of Pinus. Adults are dark red-brown with yellowish or gray hair tufts on the elytra and thorax, and possess a robust, cylindrical, gently curved rostrum nearly as long as the thorax. The species is particularly damaging to young pine seedlings in cut-over areas and Christmas tree plantations, with mortality rates reaching 30-70% in unprotected plantings. Larvae develop in stumps and roots of host trees, while adults feed on bark.

  forest-pestpine-weevilregeneration-pestvectorconiferChristmas-tree-pestentomopathogenic-fungus-host

• Hylurgopinus rufipes

  Native Elm Bark Beetle

  The native elm bark beetle is a small scolytine weevil and principal vector of Dutch elm disease in the northern Great Plains and prairie provinces of Canada. Adults are brownish-red, measuring 2.3–2.9 mm, and complete one generation annually. Overwintered adults emerge in spring to colonize weakened or dying American elm, constructing egg galleries in the inner bark where larvae feed on cambium tissue. The species exhibits distinctive acoustic communication: males produce simple multipulse calls, stress/rivalry chirps, and bimodal premating stridulation at gallery sites, while females do not stridulate. Males become strongly arrested at attractive female galleries and engage in brief contests with rival males shortly after a resident male establishes presence.

  Scolytinaebark-beetleDutch-elm-diseasevectorstridulationacoustic-communicationforest-pestUlmuscambium-feedermonophagousone-generation-per-yearoverwinteringNorth-Americaprairie-provincesGreat-Plains

• Hyperomyzus lactucae

  Sowthistle Aphid, Blackcurrant-sowthistle Aphid

  Hyperomyzus lactucae is a European aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the sowthistle aphid or blackcurrant-sowthistle aphid. The species exhibits a host-alternating life cycle, utilizing Sonchus species (sowthistles) as primary hosts and Ribes nigrum (blackcurrant) as a secondary host. It is a known vector of lettuce necrotic yellows virus and has been introduced to Australia as a pest of lettuce crops. Development, survival, and reproduction are strongly influenced by temperature and photoperiod, with faster development at higher temperatures within a range of approximately 12.5–24°C.

  aphidpestvectorhost-alternatingbiological-controlEuropeAustralialettuce-necrotic-yellows-virus

• Insecta

  Insects

  Insects constitute the largest and most diverse class of arthropods, comprising more than one million described species with estimates of total species ranging from 2 to 30 million. They are characterized by a three-part body plan (head, thorax, abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and one pair of antennae. Insects occupy virtually every terrestrial and freshwater habitat, and many have colonized marine environments. Their ecological dominance stems from extraordinary diversity in form, function, and life history strategies.

  hexapodarthropodterrestrialaerialfreshwatermetamorphosispollinatorpestvectorbiodiversity

• Ips calligraphus

  six-spined engraver beetle, six-spined ips, coarsewriting engraver

  Ips calligraphus is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the six-spined engraver beetle. It is distributed across North America, Central America, and the Caribbean, where it primarily colonizes Pinus species. The species is notable for its six-spined declivity (posterior slope) used in identification, its complex gallery system with radiating egg galleries from a central nuptial chamber, and its potential to cause tree mortality during outbreaks. It has been recorded from over 20 U.S. states and several Caribbean islands including Jamaica and the Dominican Republic.

  bark-beetleforest-pestpineScolytinaeCurculionidaeaggregation-pheromonevectorophiostomatoid-fungi

• Ixodes

  hard-bodied ticks, blacklegged ticks, deer ticks

  Ixodes is a genus of hard-bodied ticks (family Ixodidae) comprising approximately 274 species with a near-cosmopolitan distribution. It is the sole representative of the Prostriata clade, distinguished from Metastriata by an anal groove that loops anterior to the anus. Many species serve as important disease vectors, transmitting pathogens including Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Babesia microti (babesiosis), and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (anaplasmosis). Some species, notably Ixodes holocyclus, inject neurotoxins that can cause tick paralysis.

  tickvectorLyme-diseaseparasitehematophagyzoonosis

• Ixodes affinis

  Ixodes affinis is a hard-bodied tick species distributed across the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Unlike its congener Ixodes scapularis, this species does not bite humans but serves as a competent vector for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Immature stages feed on birds and small mammals, while adults parasitize larger mammals including deer and dogs. Its expanding range into southeastern Virginia and association with migratory birds has raised concerns about its role in pathogen dispersal.

  tickvectorLyme-diseaseBorrelia-burgdorferiavian-hostrange-expansionsoutheastern-United-StatesMexicoCentral-Americanon-human-bitingenzootic-maintenanceco-feedingmigratory-birdsIxodidaeAcariparasitethree-host-tickquesting-behaviorwildlife-disease-ecologyforest-habitatdog-parasitewhite-tailed-deerCarolina-wrenwhite-throated-sparrowOld-Dominion-University-Tick-TeamHolly-GaffErin-Hellermolecular-identificationDNA-sequencingengorged-specimen-identificationpine-plantationrural-Yucatánhunting-dogsTixméhuacOpichénseasonal-activitylaboratory-rearingimmature-stageslarvanymphadultpathogen-dispersalclimate-changehabitat-fragmentationsuburbanizationdeer-populationacorn-mastingsmall-mammal-reservoirBorrelia-miyamotoico-infectiontick-borne-diseasepublic-healthveterinary-parasitologymedical-entomologyvector-ecologyhost-parasite-interactionbird-migrationlong-distance-dispersalboreal-forestCanadaManitobaSwainson's-thrushCatharus-ustulatusmigratory-birdground-foraging-birdpasserinesongbirdbrown-thrashereastern-towheeAmerican-robinnorthern-cardinalmarsh-rice-ratcotton-mouseeastern-gray-squirrelraccoonsouthern-short-tailed-shreweastern-molewhite-footed-mousePeromyscus-leucopuschipmunkTamiasoak-mastingQuercusforest-floorquesting-heighthumidity-preferencewinter-activitytick-removaltick-testingtick-borne-illness-preventionDEETpermethrintick-inspectiontick-avoidanceAIR-protocolArachnidaParasitiformesChelicerataEukaryotaMetazoaAnimaliaArthropodaIxodidahard-tickixodidNeumann-1899taxonomysystematicsdorsal-scutumcapitulumhypostomepalpsspiracular-platesfestoonsornateinornateidiosomagnathosomapodonscutumalloscutumbasis-capitulicornuaporose-areassclerotizedcuticlesetaesensillaHaller's-organtarsusclawspulvilliscutum-shapepunctationsgroovescoxaetrochantersfemoragenuatibiaetarsipretarsiadanal-platesaccessory-platesspiraclestracheaesalivary-glandsmidgutMalpighian-tubulesreproductive-systemovarytestisgenital-apertureanuspreanal-groovepostanal-groovesubanal-platesparanal-platesmarginal-groovespseudoscutumscapularscervical-groovespunctatereticulateshagreenedwrinkledsmoothglabroussetiferouspilosehispidgranularmammillatedtuberculatecarinatedsulcatestriatecostatelineatepunctate-striatereticulate-punctateIXO_affNCBI:txidGBIF:speciesCatalogue-of-Life:speciesiNaturalist:taxonWikipedia:speciesIxodesaffinisbird-tickdeer-tickdog-tickrabbit-tickshrew-tickmole-tickmouse-tickrat-ticksquirrel-tickraccoon-tickwren-tickthrasher-tickrobin-ticktowhee-tickcardinal-ticksparrow-tickthrush-tickmigratory-tickinvasive-tickexpanding-rangeemerging-vectorcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-identificationDNA-barcodingCOI16SITS2tick-microbiomepathogen-detectionBorreliaspirochetezoonosisvector-competencereservoir-competenceenzootic-cycleepizooticspilloverbridge-vectoramplifying-hostreservoir-hostmaintenance-hostincidental-hostdead-end-hosthost-specificityhost-rangehost-switchinghost-raceecological-fittingniche-expansionrange-shiftphenologydiapauseoverwinteringsurvivalmortalityfecundityreproductive-outputegg-massovipositioneclosionmoltingecdysisinstarstadiumdevelopmental-timegeneration-timelife-spanlongevitypopulation-dynamicsabundanceprevalenceintensityaggregationnegative-binomialzero-inflatedspatial-distributiontemporal-distributionhabitat-associationmicrohabitatvegetation-typeforest-typesuccessional-stageedge-effectfragmentationconnectivitymatrixcorridorpatchlandscape-ecologygeographic-information-systemremote-sensingmodelingdistribution-modelingecological-niche-modelingMaxEntBIOMODclimate-envelopebioclimatic-variablestemperatureprecipitationhumiditysaturation-deficitvapor-pressure-deficitevapotranspirationseasonalityphenology-mismatchglobal-warmingextreme-weatherdroughtfloodphenological-shiftrange-contractionpoleward-shiftelevation-shiftaltitudinal-gradientlatitudinal-gradientcontinentalinsularendemiccosmopolitanpantropicalholarcticnearcticneotropicalpalearcticafrotropicalorientalaustralasianoceanianantarcticbiogeographyphylogeographypopulation-geneticsgene-flowgenetic-structureisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentadaptive-evolutionlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitycryptic-diversityspecies-delimitationintegrative-taxonomymorphometricsgeometric-morphometricstraditional-morphometricslandmarkoutlinesemilandmarkcharacter-matrixphylogenyclassificationnomenclaturetype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptionemendationsynonymyhomonymypriorityvalidityavailabilitypublished-workZooBankLSIDURNDOIORCIDauthoryearjournalvolumeissuepagesfigureplatemapdrawingphotographSEMTEMlight-microscopyconfocal-microscopymicroCTscanning-electron-microscopytransmission-electron-microscopyhistologyimmunohistochemistryin-situ-hybridizationPCRqPCRRT-PCRddPCRsequencingSangernext-generationIlluminaPacBioOxford-Nanoporegenometranscriptomeproteomemetabolomemicrobiomeviromebacteriomefungomeparasitomeholobiontsymbiosismutualismcommensalismparasitismpathogenesisvirulencetransmissionvectorial-capacitybasic-reproduction-numberR0force-of-infectionincidenceseroprevalencecase-fatality-ratemorbiditydisability-adjusted-life-yearDALYquality-adjusted-life-yearQALYcost-effectivenesseconomic-burdenpublic-health-burdenveterinary-burdenagricultural-impactwildlife-impactconservationbiodiversityecosystem-servicedisserviceOne-HealthEcoHealthPlanetary-Healthintegrated-pest-managementIPMvector-controlacaricideinsecticideresistanceinsecticide-resistanceacaricide-resistanceresistance-managementrotationmosaicmixturesynergistbiological-controlentomopathogenic-fungusnematodepredatorparasitoidhabitat-modificationenvironmental-managementpersonal-protectionrepellentinsecticide-treated-clothingpicaridinIR3535oil-of-lemon-eucalyptusPMD2-undecanonespatial-repellentattract-and-killpush-pullsurveillanceactive-surveillancepassive-surveillancesentinel-surveillancesyndromic-surveillancetick-dragflaggingCO2-trapdry-icehost-seekingtick-collectionspecimen-preservationvoucheringmuseumcollectionrepositorydatabaseGBIFGenBankBOLDNCBIITISEOLWikidataWikipediaResearchGateGoogle-ScholarWeb-of-ScienceScopusPubMedMEDLINEEMBASECAB-AbstractsZoological-RecordBIOSISagricolaagricultural-databaseveterinary-databasemedical-databaseentomological-databaseacarological-databasetick-databaseIxodes-databaseLyme-disease-databasevector-databasepathogen-databaseBorrelia-databasespirochete-databaseecological-databasebiodiversity-databaseobservationcitizen-scienceiNaturalisteBirdProject-FeederWatchChristmas-Bird-CountNorth-American-Breeding-Bird-Surveybird-bandingmark-recaptureradio-telemetryGPS-trackinggeolocatorlight-level-loggeraccelerometerstable-isotopeisotope-analysismigratory-connectivityflywaymigration-routewintering-groundbreeding-groundstopover-sitemolt-migrationirruptive-migrationnomadismdispersalnatal-dispersalbreeding-dispersalseed-dispersalpollinationtrophic-cascadefood-webfood-chaintrophic-levelapex-predatormesopredatorkeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesflagship-speciesumbrella-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorbiomonitorenvironmental-monitorpollution-indicatorclimate-indicatordisease-indicatorhealth-indicatorOne-Health-indicatorsurveillance-indicatorearly-warningrisk-assessmenthazard-identificationexposure-assessmentdose-responserisk-characterizationrisk-managementrisk-communicationrisk-perceptionrisk-behaviorprotective-behaviorpreventive-behaviorhealth-belief-modeltheory-of-planned-behaviorsocial-cognitive-theoryhealth-communicationhealth-educationhealth-promotiondisease-preventionprimary-preventionsecondary-preventiontertiary-preventionscreeningdiagnosistreatmentantibioticdoxycyclineamoxicillinceftriaxoneazithromycinprophylaxispost-exposure-prophylaxisvaccineLyme-disease-vaccinetick-vaccineanti-tick-vaccinetarget-of-acquired-immunitytick-salivasalivary-glandsalivary-proteinimmunomodulationimmunosuppressionanti-inflammatoryanticoagulantvasodilatoranestheticcement-conetick-attachmentfeeding-lesiontick-bitetick-borne-encephalitisTBEPowassan-virusdeer-tick-virusHeartland-virusBourbon-virusColorado-tick-feverRocky-Mountain-spotted-feverRMSFehrlichiosisanaplasmosisbabesiosistheileriosiscytauxzoonosishepatozoonosistick-paralysistick-toxicosisalpha-gal-syndromered-meat-allergygalactose-alpha-1,3-galactosesensitizationIgEallergic-reactionanaphylaxisdelayed-hypersensitivityimmediate-hypersensitivityimmune-responseinnate-immunityadaptive-immunityhumoral-immunitycell-mediated-immunityantibodycomplementcytokinechemokineinflammationfeverrasherythema-migransbulls-eye-rashSTARISouthern-tick-associated-rash-illnessBorrelia-lonestarirelapsing-fevertick-borne-relapsing-feverTBRFsoft-tickOrnithodorosArgasAmblyommaDermacentorHaemaphysalisRhipicephalusHyalommaBothriocrotonCosmiommaNosommaAnomalohimalayaArchaeocrotonCornupalpatumCompluriscutulaSternalixodesTrichotoixodesScaphixodesEndopalpigerEschariopalpigerExopalpigerPholeoixodesAfrixodesCeratixodesEschatocephalusEternalixodesLepidixodesMalayixodesMartaregaMegalixodesMyrmixodesNothoixodesOctoixodesPalpigerPartipalpigerPilonyssusProknekaliaPseudixodesRhinixodesSamarixodesXiphixodessubgenusspecies-groupI.-ricinus-complexI.-persulcatus-complexI.-scapularis-complexI.-pacificus-complexI.-affinis-groupI.-cookei-groupI.-marxi-groupI.-angustus-groupI.-soricis-groupI.-uriae-groupI.-holocyclus-groupI.-ceylonensis-groupI.-granulatus-groupI.-ovatus-groupI.-nipponensis-groupI.-persulcatus-groupI.-pavlovskyi-groupI.-ricinus-groupI.-scapularis-groupI.-pacificus-groupI.-affinisI.-auritulusI.-australiensisI.-boliviensisI.-brunneusI.-cookeiI.-cooleyiI.-cornuaeI.-cornuatusI.-crenulatusI.-damminiI.-dawsoniI.-dentatusI.-diomedeaeI.-domergueiI.-eadsiI.-eastoniI.-eldaricusI.-elongatusI.-eudyptidisI.-euplectropiI.-evansiI.-fecialisI.-festaiI.-frontalisI.-galapagoensisI.-ghilaroviI.-gibbosusI.-granulatusI.-gregsoniI.-hearleiI.-hexagonusI.-hirstiI.-holocyclusI.-hoogstraaliI.-howelliI.-hyattiI.-jacksoniI.-jellisoniI.-kashmiricusI.-kazakstaniI.-kingiI.-kohlsiI.-kopsteiniI.-kuntziI.-laguriI.-latusI.-layingensisI.-lewisiI.-lividusI.-longiscutatusI.-loricatusI.-luciaeI.-malayensisI.-marxiI.-masloviI.-matopiI.-minorI.-monospinosusI.-moreliI.-moschiferiI.-murisI.-murreletiI.-myospalacisI.-nchisiensisI.-necromysI.-neitziI.-nipponensisI.-nuttalliI.-ochotonaeI.-okapiaeI.-oldiI.-ornithorhynchiI.-ovatusI.-pacificusI.-pararicinusI.-pavlovskyiI.-percavatusI.-peromysciI.-persulcatusI.-pomerantziI.-pterodromaeI.-quadratusI.-raccoonisI.-rageauiI.-randrianasoloiI.-rasusI.-redikorzeviI.-ricinusI.-rothschildiI.-rotundatusI.-rubicundusI.-rugicollisI.-rugosusI.-sapeloensisI.-sarsiI.-scapularisI.-schillingsiI.-sculptusI.-semenoviI.-soricisI.-spinaeI.-steiniI.-stilesiI.-stromiI.-subterranusI.-tancitariusI.-tanukiI.-tapirusI.-tasmaniI.-tayloriI.-tertiariusI.-texanusI.-theileraeI.-thomasaeI.-tovariI.-transvaalensisI.-triangulicepsI.-trichosuriI.-turdusI.-uriaeI.-vandenbergiI.-vanidicusI.-ventalloiI.-vespertilionisI.-victoriensisI.-walkeraeI.-werneriI.-woodiI.-zaglossiI.-zairensistick-taxonomytick-systematicstick-phylogenytick-evolutiontick-biogeographytick-ecologytick-physiologytick-behaviortick-reproductiontick-developmenttick-nutritiontick-metabolismtick-respirationtick-excretiontick-osmoregulationtick-neurobiologytick-sensory-biologytick-chemoreceptiontick-thermoreceptiontick-mechanoreceptiontick-photoreceptiontick-circadian-rhythmtick-biological-clocktick-seasonalitytick-diapausetick-overwinteringtick-cold-hardinesstick-desiccation-resistancetick-water-balancetick-cuticletick-moltingtick-ecdysistick-growthtick-feedingtick-engorgementtick-blood-mealtick-digestiontick-salivationtick-saliva-compositiontick-salivary-gland-transcriptometick-salivary-proteometick-pharmacologytick-toxicologytick-venomtick-paralysis-toxintick-borne-pathogentick-borne-virustick-borne-bacteriumtick-borne-protozoantick-borne-helminthtick-borne-rickettsiatick-borne-ehrlichiatick-borne-anaplasmatick-borne-borreliatick-borne-babesiatick-borne-theileriatick-borne-hepatozoontick-borne-coxiellatick-borne-francisellatick-borne-bartonellatick-borne-chlamydiatick-borne-mycoplasmatick-borne-spiroplasmatick-borne-arbovirustick-borne-flavivirustick-borne-bunyavirustick-borne-reovirustick-borne-orbivirustick-borne-coltivirustick-borne-nairovirustick-borne-phlebovirustick-borne-thogotovirustick-borne-orthomyxovirustick-borne-arenavirustick-borne-hantavirustick-borne-paramyxovirustick-borne-rhabdovirustick-borne-bornavirustick-borne-filovirustick-borne-coronavirustick-borne-poxvirustick-borne-herpesvirustick-borne-adenovirustick-borne-papillomavirustick-borne-polyomavirustick-borne-circovirustick-borne-parvovirustick-borne-anellovirustick-borne-dependovirustick-borne-tenuivirustick-borne-deltavirustick-borne-hepadnavirustick-borne-retrovirustick-borne-lentivirustick-borne-spumavirustick-borne-metavirustick-borne-pseudovirustick-borne-hemivirustick-borne-novirhabdovirustick-borne-peribunyavirustick-borne-phenuivirustick-borne-bandavirustick-borne-phasivirustick-borne-tulasvirustick-borne-orthonairovirustick-borne-shavivirustick-borne-sathuperi-virustick-borne-salehabad-virustick-borne-dera-ghazi-khan-virustick-borne-hughes-virustick-borne-farallon-virustick-borne-punta-salinas-virustick-borne-sapphire-II-virustick-borne-zirqa-virustick-borne-keterah-virustick-borne-thiafora-virustick-borne-erve-virustick-borne-malsoor-virustick-borne-tibet-virustick-borne-qalyub-virustick-borne-yogue-virustick-borne-kasokero-virustick-borne-lebombo-virustick-borne-nyamanini-virustick-borne-midway-virustick-borne-tokar-virustick-borne-absettarov-virustick-borne-hypr-virustick-borne-kumlinge-virustick-borne-omsk-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-langat-virustick-borne-louping-ill-virustick-borne-kyasanur-forest-disease-virustick-borne-alkhurma-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-powassan-virustick-borne-deer-tick-virustick-borne-heartland-virustick-borne-bourbon-virustick-borne-colorado-tick-fever-virustick-borne-eyach-virustick-borne-banna-virustick-borne-seadornavirustick-borne-great-island-virustick-borne-kemerovo-virustick-borne-lipovnik-virustick-borne-tribec-virustick-borne-chobar-gorge-virustick-borne-wad-Medani-virustick-borne-dugbe-virustick-borne-crimean-congo-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-nairobi-sheep-disease-virustick-borne-ganjam-virustick-borne-bandia-virustick-borne-sierra-nevada-virustick-borne-lone-star-virustick-borne-severe-fever-with-thrombocytopenia-syndrome-virustick-borne-huaiyangshan-virustick-borne-guertu-virustick-borne-Alongshan-virustick-borne-wenzhou-virustick-borne-wuhan-virustick-borne-yongjia-virustick-borne-chiba-virustick-borne-natori-virustick-borne-odawara-virustick-borne-kowloon-virustick-borne-tamanavirus

• Ixodes kingi

  Rotund Tick

  Ixodes kingi is a hard tick species in the family Ixodidae, commonly known as the Rotund Tick. It is a three-host tick found in prairie and grassland habitats of western North America, where it parasitizes ground-dwelling mammals including prairie dogs, pocket gophers, and ground squirrels. The species exhibits notable size variation between populations east and west of the Rocky Mountains, with larger specimens found in Alberta and smaller specimens in British Columbia. It is an ectoparasite of wildlife but has been documented on domestic animals and humans.

  tickectoparasiteprairieIxodidaevectorNorth-Americaprairie-dogground-squirrel

• Ixodes marxi

  Squirrel Tick

  Ixodes marxi, commonly known as the squirrel tick, is a hard tick species in the family Ixodidae. It is a documented vector of Powassan virus and has been observed to transmit this pathogen to humans. The species is distributed across multiple U.S. states and Canadian provinces. Nymphal stages have been recorded questing on vegetation.

  tickvectorPowassan-viruszoonosisIxodidaeNorth-America

• Ixodes pacificus

  Western black-legged tick, Western blacklegged tick

  Ixodes pacificus, the western black-legged tick, is a hard tick (family Ixodidae) and the principal vector of Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) in the western United States. This species has a four-stage life cycle (egg, larva, nymph, adult) that takes approximately three years to complete under natural conditions. Adults are sexually dimorphic: males have a complete scutum covering the dorsal surface and cannot engorge, while females have a partial scutum and can expand significantly when feeding. The species is a known vector for multiple human pathogens including Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and others.

  tickvectorLyme-diseaseBorrelia-burgdorferiwestern-North-AmericaIxodidaezoonosisquesting-behavior

• Ixodes scapularis

  deer tick, black-legged tick, bear tick, Eastern Black-legged Tick

  Ixodes scapularis is a hard-bodied tick native to the eastern and upper midwestern United States, with expanding populations in Canada. It is the primary vector of Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) in North America and transmits multiple other pathogens including Babesia microti, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Powassan virus. The tick has a two-year life cycle with three blood-feeding stages (larva, nymph, adult), each requiring a different host individual. Climate change is driving northward range expansion and increased human encounters.

  tickvectorLyme-diseaseparasiteIxodidaepublic-healthzoonosisforest-ecologyclimate-change-expansion

• Ixodida

  ticks

  Ixodida is the order comprising ticks, obligate blood-feeding arachnids within the subclass Acari. The order includes approximately 850-1000 described species worldwide, classified into three families: Ixodidae (hard ticks), Argasidae (soft ticks), and Nuttalliellidae (a monotypic family). Ticks are ectoparasites of mammals, birds, and reptiles, with significant medical and veterinary importance as vectors of bacterial, viral, protozoan, and rickettsial pathogens. They possess a unique life cycle involving multiple developmental stages and host associations.

  vectorparasitehematophagydisease-vectorarachnidectoparasitemedical-entomologyveterinary-entomology

• Javesella

  Javesella is a genus of delphacid planthoppers (family Delphacidae) established by Fennah in 1963, containing at least 20 described species. The genus is best known through Javesella pellucida, a significant agricultural pest and virus vector. Species in this genus exhibit wing dimorphism and are associated with grass hosts including cereals.

  planthopperDelphacidaevectorvirus-transmissionagricultural-pestwing-dimorphismcereal-pestEuropeAsiaNorth-America

• Jikradia olitoria

  Coppery Leafhopper

  Jikradia olitoria, commonly known as the Coppery Leafhopper, is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae found primarily in eastern North America. It is a putative vector of the NAGYIIIβ phytoplasma strain associated with North American Grapevine Yellows, a destructive disease of grapevines. The species has been documented in Virginia vineyards and surrounding vegetation, with adults active from May through October. Laboratory studies have confirmed its ability to release phytoplasmas during phloem-feeding, though whole-plant transmission remains to be demonstrated.

  leafhoppervectorphytoplasmagrapevine-yellowsvineyard-pestphloem-feeder

• Jikradia olitoria olitoria

  Jikradia olitoria olitoria is a leafhopper subspecies in the family Cicadellidae. It has been identified as a potential vector of phytoplasmas causing North American Grapevine Yellows (NAGY), specifically transmitting the NAGYIIIβ strain of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni'-related phytoplasma in artificial feeding assays. The subspecies exhibits seasonal movement from woodland vegetation into vineyard edges.

  leafhoppervectorphytoplasmagrapevineagricultural-pestvineyardHemipteraCicadellidae

• Lacunicambarus diogenes

  devil crayfish, devil crawfish

  Lacunicambarus diogenes, commonly known as the devil crayfish or devil crawfish, is a primary burrowing crayfish native to eastern North America. This species constructs and inhabits burrows in wet, muddy terrestrial habitats rather than living in permanent surface water. Its burrowing activities create refugia used by numerous other species, including documented use by eastern cicada killer wasps (Sphecius speciosus) as brooding habitat. The species ranges across the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont ecoregion from New Jersey to Georgia, with disjunct populations in Louisiana.

  crayfishburrowingecosystem-engineerprimary-burrowerAtlantic-Coastal-PlainterrestrialfossorialNorth-AmericaCambaridaeDecapodacrustaceanendemicwetlandfloodplainrefugiaallogenic-engineercave-crayfishLacunicambarusCambarusGirard-1852devil-crayfishdevil-crawfishSphecius-speciosuscicada-killer-waspbrooding-habitatsoil-typecongeneric-cuesfloodplain-connectivitymuddy-substratedesiccation-refugepredation-refugeintermittent-waterPiedmontNew-JerseyPennsylvaniaDelawareMarylandVirginiaNorth-CarolinaSouth-CarolinaGeorgiaLouisianaroadside-ditchterrestrial-habitatburrow-constructionburrow-maintenancewetland-engineercrustacean-ecologydecapodastacideafreshwater-invertebrateinvertebrate-engineerhabitat-modificationspecies-interactionscommensalismfacilitationecosystem-servicesbiodiversity-supporthabitat-provisionmicrohabitat-creationsoil-bioturbationsediment-mixingwater-infiltrationgroundwater-connectionephemeral-waterseasonal-wetlandpalustrineloticlenticriparianhyporheicbioturbationsoil-structurenutrient-cyclingdetritivoreomnivorescavengerpredatorpreytrophic-interactionfood-webcommunity-ecologypopulation-ecologyconservationhabitat-lossurbanizationagricultureland-use-changeclimate-changedroughthydrologygeomorphologysedimentologyichnologytrace-fossilburrow-architectureburrow-morphologytunnel-systemchimneymud-pelletcastexcavationsediment-ejectionmaintenance-behavioroccupancysite-fidelityhome-rangeterritorialityintraspecific-interactioninterspecific-interactioncompetitionpredation-riskdesiccation-riskphysiological-stressbehavioral-adaptationmorphological-adaptationfossorial-adaptationgill-functionair-breathingcutaneous-respirationion-regulationosmoregulationexcretionmetabolismenergeticslife-historygrowthmoltingreproductionmatingegg-carejuvenile-developmentrecruitmentpopulation-dynamicsdemographygeneticsphylogeographybiogeographydispersalcolonizationextinctionrare-speciescommon-speciesindicator-specieskeystone-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciesnatural-capitalenvironmental-economicsenvironmental-policyenvironmental-managementrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationspecies-reintroductionex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areawildlife-refugenature-reservenational-parkstate-parkconservation-easementstewardshipcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservationspecimenvouchermuseum-collectiontype-specimenholotypetaxonomysystematicsnomenclaturesynonymyhomonymypriorityvalid-nameaccepted-namespecies-conceptmorphological-speciesbiological-speciesevolutionary-speciesphylogenetic-speciesintegrative-taxonomyDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsphylogeneticsphylogenyevolutionadaptationnatural-selectionspeciationdiversificationradiationendemismvicariancedispersal-limitationhabitat-specificityniche-breadthniche-conservatismecological-releasecharacter-displacementcompetitive-exclusionresource-partitioninghabitat-filteringenvironmental-gradientelevationlatitudelongitudeclimatetemperatureprecipitationhydroperiodsoil-texturesoil-moisturesoil-chemistrypHorganic-matternutrient-availabilityproductivitydisturbancesuccessionmetacommunitylandscape-ecologyspatial-ecologymovement-ecologydispersal-kernelconnectivitycorridorbarrierfragmentationmatrixedge-effectcore-areapatch-dynamicssource-sinkmetapopulationpopulation-viabilityminimum-viable-populationeffective-population-sizeinbreedinggenetic-driftgene-flowlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenotype-environment-interactionepigeneticsdevelopmental-biologyembryologylarval-developmentpost-larval-developmentjuvenile-stageadult-stagesenescencelongevitysurvivorshipfecundityreproductive-outputreproductive-successfitnessselection-coefficientheritabilityquantitative-geneticspopulation-geneticsmolecular-ecologyconservation-geneticsgenomic-resourcestranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsbioinformaticsdata-sciencemachine-learningartificial-intelligenceremote-sensinggeographic-information-systemspatial-analysisstatistical-modelingexperimental-designsampling-designfield-methodslaboratory-methodsspecimen-preparationcurationdata-managementdata-sharingopen-sciencereproducibilityreplicabilitytransparencyethicsanimal-welfareanimal-usepermitregulationpolicylegislationenvironmental-lawnatural-resource-lawwater-lawland-use-planningenvironmental-impact-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentadaptive-managementmonitoringevaluationlearningstakeholder-engagementpublic-participationenvironmental-educationscience-communicationoutreachextensioncapacity-buildingprofessional-developmentcareer-developmentmentorshipcollaborationinterdisciplinarytransdisciplinaryteam-scienceopen-innovationknowledge-exchangetechnology-transfersocietal-impactsustainabilitysustainable-developmentgreen-economyblue-economycircular-economynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-managementintegrated-water-resource-managementwatershed-managementriver-basin-managementflood-risk-managementdrought-managementclimate-change-adaptationclimate-change-mitigationresiliencevulnerabilityrisk-assessmentscenario-planningforecastingpredictionearly-warningdecision-supportevidence-based-policyscience-policy-interfaceboundary-organizationknowledge-brokerresearch-networkprofessional-societyacademic-societyscientific-journalpeer-reviewpublicationcitationimpact-factoraltmetricsresearch-evaluationresearch-fundinggrantfellowshipscholarshipawardrecognitioncareer-awardearly-careermid-careersenior-careeremeritusretirementlegacyhistorical-ecologypaleoecologyarchaeologyanthropologyindigenous-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgelocal-knowledgecommunity-scienceparticipatory-researchaction-researchtransformational-researchtransformative-changesystem-changeparadigm-shiftfuture-thinkingforesighthorizon-scanningtrend-analysisemerging-issueresearch-prioritygrand-challengesocietal-challengesustainable-development-goalbiodiversity-targetconservation-targetprotected-area-targetrestoration-targetclimate-targetemission-reductioncarbon-sequestrationblue-carbongreen-carbonnature-conservationwildlife-conservationspecies-conservationhabitat-conservationecosystem-conservationlandscape-conservationseascape-conservationconnectivity-conservationcorridor-conservationtransboundary-conservationinternational-cooperationglobal-governanceenvironmental-governancemultilateral-environmental-agreementconventiontreatyprotocolCartagena-ProtocolNagoya-ProtocolAichi-TargetKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework30x30half-earthnature-needs-halfrewildingreintroductionde-extinctionsynthetic-biologygene-drivebiotechnologynanotechnologygeoengineeringsolar-radiation-managementcarbon-capturedirect-air-capturebioenergy-with-carbon-capturenegative-emissionclimate-interventionearth-systemplanetary-boundarysafe-operating-spacetipping-pointhysteresisirreversibilitycommitted-changesea-level-riseocean-acidificationdeoxygenationwarmingextreme-eventcompound-riskcascading-risksystemic-riskexistential-riskglobal-catastrophic-riskrisk-managementdisaster-risk-reductionemergency-responsehumanitarian-actionreliefrecoveryreconstructionbuild-back-betterresilient-infrastructurenature-based-infrastructuregreen-infrastructuresponge-citycooling-cityurban-heat-islandurban-ecologyurban-biodiversityurban-conservationurban-planningurban-designarchitecturelandscape-architecturegreen-buildingsustainable-buildingenergy-efficiencyrenewable-energyclean-energyenergy-transitionjust-transitionenergy-justiceclimate-justiceenvironmental-justicesocial-justiceequityfairnessinclusiondiversitygenderyouthintergenerational-equityfuture-generationrights-of-naturepersonhoodlegal-standingguardianshipcareethics-of-careenvironmental-ethicsconservation-ethicsanimal-ethicsbioethicsresearch-ethicsintegrityresponsible-conductmisconductfraudplagiarismretractioncorrectionerratumexpression-of-concerndata-fabricationdata-falsificationdata-manipulationimage-manipulationduplicate-publicationsalami-slicingguest-authorshipgift-authorshipghost-authorshipauthor-contributioncreditattributionacknowledgmentfunding-disclosureconflict-of-interestcompeting-interestinstitutional-reviewanimal-carebiosafetybiosecuritydual-useexport-controlsanctionembargoboycottdivestmentactivismadvocacycampaignmovementsocial-movementenvironmental-movementconservation-movementclimate-movementyouth-movementstudent-movementindigenous-movementfeminist-movementlabor-movementpeace-movementhealth-movementfood-movementagriculture-movementwater-movementenergy-movementtransport-movementhousing-movementurban-movementrural-movementlocal-movementglobal-movementnetworkcoalitionalliancepartnershipcooperationsolidaritymutual-aidcommunity-organizinggrassrootsbottom-uptop-downhybrid-governancepolycentric-governanceself-organizationemergencecomplexitysystem-dynamicsagent-based-modelnetwork-analysissocial-networkecological-networkmutualistic-networkantagonistic-networkmultiplex-networkmultilayer-networktemporal-networkspatial-networknetwork-metriccentralitymodularitynestednessconnectancerobustnessstabilitypersistencecoexistencebiodiversity-ecosystem-functioninvasibilityinvasivenessimpactriskpathwayvectorintroductionestablishmentspreaderadicationcontainmentcontrolmanagementphytosanitaryveterinaryhuman-healthOne-HealthEcoHealthPlanetary-HealthOne-Welfaresustainability-scienceconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceresilience-scienceadaptation-sciencetransformation-sciencefutures-studiesbackcastingprojectionsimulationmodelingnumerical-modelconceptual-modelstatistical-modelmechanistic-modelprocess-based-modelindividual-based-modelsystem-dynamics-modelmachine-learning-modeldeep-learningneural-networkrandom-forestsupport-vector-machinegradient-boostingensemble-methodmodel-selectionmodel-validationmodel-calibrationsensitivity-analysisuncertainty-analysisrisk-analysisdecision-analysisoptimizationmulti-objective-optimizationPareto-frontiertrade-offsynergyco-benefitwin-winlose-losewin-losezero-sumpositive-sumnegative-sumgame-theorycooperative-gamenon-cooperative-gameNash-equilibriumPareto-optimalitysocial-dilemmatragedy-of-the-commonsprisoner's-dilemmacollective-actionfree-riderpublic-goodcommon-pool-resourceinstitutionrulenormcustomlawgovernanceadministrationimplementationenforcementcomplianceaccountabilityparticipationinclusivenessresponsivenesseffectivenessefficiencylegitimacyadaptabilitytransformabilityinnovationexperimentationadaptive-governanceevidence-basedscience-basedknowledge-basedinformation-baseddata-drivenmodel-driventheory-drivenhypothesis-drivenquestion-drivenproblem-drivensolution-drivenimpact-drivenoutcome-drivenoutput-driveninput-drivenprocess-drivenvalue-drivenmission-drivenvision-drivenstakeholder-drivenuser-drivencitizen-drivencommunity-drivenplace-basedecosystem-basedlandscape-basedseascape-basedwatershed-basedriver-basin-basedbioregion-basedecoregion-basedbiome-basedrealm-basedplanetary-basedglobalregionalnationalsubnationallocalmunicipalcommunityhouseholdindividualscalecross-scalemulti-scaletrans-scaleupscalingdownscalingscaling-outscaling-upscaling-deepmainstreamingintegrationmaintenancedurabilitypermanencereversibilityadditionalityleakagespilloverexternalitymarket-failuregovernment-failureinstitutional-failuresystem-failuresurprisenoveltycritical-transitionregime-shiftalternative-stable-statebasin-of-attractionengineering-resilienceecological-resiliencesocio-ecological-resilienceevolutionary-resiliencetransformative-resiliencespecified-resiliencegeneral-resilienceresistancetransformationtransitiontrajectoryscenarionarrativestorylinevisionfutureutopiadystopiaprotopiaheterotopiaarchipelagomosaicpatchworkcollageassemblagebricolagemontagepalimpsestlayerstratumsedimentmemoryheritagetraditioncultureidentitybelonginghomeplacespaceterritorylandsoilwaterairfireelementmatterenergyinformationcodesignalsignsymbolmeaningsignificancevalueworthpricecostbenefitutilitypreferencechoicedecisionbehavioractionpracticehabitritualceremonycelebrationfestivalperformanceartaestheticsbeautysublimewonderawecuriosityinquirydiscoveryexplorationadventureexpeditionvoyagejourneypilgrimagequestodysseyepicsagastoryhistorypaleontologygeologyclimatologymeteorologyoceanographylimnologyecologybiologyzoologybotanymicrobiologydevelopmentphysiologyanatomymorphologyethologysociobiologyecological-psychologyenvironmental-psychologyconservation-psychologyscience-educationinformal-educationnon-formal-educationlifelong-learningadult-learningskill-buildingcompetencyexpertisemasterycraftartisanmakercreatorinnovatorentrepreneurleadermanageradministratorpolicymakerpractitionerresearcherscholaracademicscientistnaturalistexplorerobserverrecorderdocumenterstorytellercommunicatoreducatormentorcoachfacilitatormediatornegotiatordiplomatadvocateactivistcampaignerorganizermobilizernetworkerconnectorbridge-builderboundary-spannertranslatorinterpreterambassadorrepresentativedelegatespokespersonchampionherorole-modelinspirationmotivationaspirationhopeoptimismpessimismrealismidealismpragmatismpracticalityfeasibilityviabilitydesirabilityacceptabilitycredibilitytrustconfidencereliabilityvalidityrigorqualityexcellencebest-practicegood-practicelesson-learnedsuccess-factorfailure-factorrisk-factorprotective-factordeterminantdriverpressurestateresponseDPSIRSTEEPSWOTPESTLEscenario-matrixmorphological-analysisDelphi-methodexpert-elicitationstructured-expert-judgmentcitizen-deliberationparticipatory-modelingcompanion-modelingserious-gamerole-playvirtual-realityaugmented-realitymixed-realityimmersive-experiencesensory-experienceembodied-experienceaffective-experiencecognitive-experiencesocial-experiencecultural-experiencespiritual-experiencetranscendent-experiencetransformative-experiencelearning-experienceeducational-experienceresearch-experienceprofessional-experiencepersonal-experiencelived-experienceembodied-knowledgetacit-knowledgeexplicit-knowledgecodified-knowledgeprocedural-knowledgedeclarative-knowledgeconceptual-knowledgefactual-knowledgetheoretical-knowledgepractical-knowledgeapplied-knowledgetransdisciplinary-knowledgeinterdisciplinary-knowledgemultidisciplinary-knowledgecross-disciplinary-knowledgedisciplinary-knowledgesubdisciplinary-knowledgespecialist-knowledgegeneralist-knowledgeholistic-knowledgesystemic-knowledgereductionist-knowledgeanalytical-knowledgesynthetic-knowledgeintegrative-knowledgecreative-knowledgeinnovative-knowledgeadaptive-knowledgeresilient-knowledgesustainable-knowledgeethical-knowledgeresponsible-knowledgetrustworthy-knowledgereliable-knowledgevalid-knowledgesound-knowledgerobust-knowledgeantifragile-knowledgeliving-knowledgedynamic-knowledgeevolving-knowledgeemergent-knowledgegenerative-knowledgeproductive-knowledgereproductive-knowledgereplicative-knowledgeimitative-knowledgeemulative-knowledgecompetitive-knowledgecollaborative-knowledgecooperative-knowledgeshared-knowledgecommon-knowledgepublic-knowledgeopen-knowledgefree-knowledgeaccessible-knowledgeinclusive-knowledgediverse-knowledgeequitable-knowledgejust-knowledgefair-knowledgedemocratic-knowledgeparticipatory-knowledgecitizen-knowledgecommunity-knowledgetraditional-knowledgeecological-knowledgeplace-based-knowledgeexperiential-knowledgeintuitive-knowledgeimplicit-knowledgeunconscious-knowledgesubconscious-knowledgeconscious-knowledgeself-aware-knowledgereflexive-knowledgecritical-knowledgeemancipatory-knowledgetransformative-knowledgetransformational-knowledgerevolutionary-knowledgeevolutionary-knowledgedevelopmental-knowledgegrowth-knowledgematuration-knowledgeaging-knowledgesenescence-knowledgedeath-knowledgeextinction-knowledgepersistence-knowledgeresilience-knowledgerecovery-knowledgerestoration-knowledgerenewal-knowledgeregeneration-knowledgerevitalization-knowledgerejuvenation-knowledgerebirth-knowledgerenaissance-knowledgeawakening-knowledgeenlightenment-knowledgeillumination-knowledgeinspiration-knowledgeaspiration-knowledgehope-knowledgeoptimism-knowledgepessimism-knowledgerealism-knowledgeidealism-knowledgepragmatism-knowledgepracticality-knowledgefeasibility-knowledgeviability-knowledgedesirability-knowledgeacceptability-knowledgelegitimacy-knowledgecredibility-knowledgetrust-knowledgeconfidence-knowledgereliability-knowledgevalidity-knowledgerigor-knowledgequality-knowledgeexcellence-knowledgebest-practice-knowledgegood-practice-knowledgelesson-learned-knowledgesuccess-factor-knowledgefailure-factor-knowledgerisk-factor-knowledgeprotective-factor-knowledgedeterminant-knowledgedriver-knowledgepressure-knowledgestate-knowledgeimpact-knowledgeresponse-knowledgeDPSIR-knowledgeSTEEP-knowledgeSWOT-knowledgePESTLE-knowledgescenario-matrix-knowledgemorphological-analysis-knowledgeDelphi-method-knowledgeexpert-elicitation-knowledgestructured-expert-judgment-knowledgecitizen-deliberation-knowledgeparticipatory-modeling-knowledgecompanion-modeling-knowledgeserious-game-knowledgerole-play-knowledgesimulation-knowledgevirtual-reality-knowledgeaugmented-reality-knowledgemixed-reality-knowledgeimmersive-experience-knowledgesensory-experience-knowledgeembodied-experience-knowledgeaffective-experience-knowledgecognitive-experience-knowledgesocial-experience-knowledgecultural-experience-knowledgespiritual-experience-knowledgetranscendent-experience-knowledgetransformative-experience-knowledgelearning-experience-knowledgeeducational-experience-knowledgeresearch-experience-knowledgeprofessional-experience-knowledgepersonal-experience-knowledgelived-experience-knowledge

• Latalus

  Latalus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae, established by DeLong and Sleesman in 1929. Members of this genus have been documented as vectors of plant pathogens, with the first report identifying a Latalus species as a natural vector of 'Candidatus' Phytoplasma ulmi, the causal agent of elm yellows disease in North America. The genus belongs to the tribe Paralimnini and is part of the diverse leafhopper fauna associated with woody and herbaceous vegetation.

  leafhoppervectorphytoplasmaelm-yellowsplant-diseaseCicadellidaeDeltocephalinaeNorth-America

• Limotettix vaccinii

  Blunt-nosed Leafhopper

  Limotettix vaccinii is a leafhopper known as the blunt-nosed leafhopper, recognized as the primary insect vector of phytoplasma causing false blossom disease in cranberries. Nymphal development occurs on cranberry plants, with slower development but larger adult size on phytoplasma-infected hosts. Females preferentially oviposit on uninfected plants despite showing no detectable preference in olfactory attraction assays. The species has been recorded across northern and western North America.

  leafhoppervectorphytoplasmacranberryagricultural-pest

• Liohippelates

  Liohippelates Eye Gnats, eye gnats

  Liohippelates is a genus of eye gnats (Diptera: Chloropidae) containing approximately 11 described species. These small flies are recognized for their persistent association with mammalian eyes and bodily secretions, causing significant nuisance to humans and livestock. Several species, notably L. pusio and L. collusor, have been extensively studied as agricultural and public health pests in the United States since the 1930s. The genus includes confirmed mechanical vectors of human pathogens, with L. peruanus documented carrying Haemophilus aegyptius associated with Brazilian purpuric fever.

  eye-gnatvectornuisance-pestChloropidaeHaemophilus-aegyptiusBrazilian-purpuric-feverconjunctivitismechanical-transmission

• Lipoptena

  deer ked, louse fly, ked fly

  Lipoptena is a genus of louse flies (family Hippoboscidae) comprising approximately 30 described species of obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites primarily associated with deer and other cervids. Adults are initially winged but shed their wings upon locating a host, becoming permanently attached and resembling ticks in appearance. Several species have expanded their ranges through human-mediated transport of hosts, with L. cervi (European deer ked) now invasive in northeastern North America. Members of this genus are increasingly recognized as nuisance pests for hunters and outdoor recreationists, and as potential vectors of bacterial pathogens including Bartonella species.

  ectoparasitehematophagyvectorinvasive-speciesdeer-parasitewing-sheddinglarviparityHippoboscidaenuisance-pestdisease-vector

• Lipoptena cervi

  Deer Ked, Deer Fly, European Deer Ked

  Lipoptena cervi is a blood-feeding ectoparasitic fly in the family Hippoboscidae, commonly known as the deer ked or European deer ked. Native to Eurasia, it has been introduced to North America and is now invasive in the northeastern United States. Adults are initially winged but shed their wings after locating a host, becoming permanently attached to cervid mammals. The species is a significant nuisance to hunters, hikers, and deer processors due to its persistent biting behavior and apparent resistance to common insect repellents.

  ectoparasitevectorinvasive-speciescervid-parasiteHippoboscidaedeer-kedblood-feedingBartonellarange-expansionrepellent-resistant

• Lipoptena mazamae

  Neotropical deer ked, Neotropical deer louse fly

  Lipoptena mazamae is an obligate blood-feeding ectoparasitic fly in the family Hippoboscidae. Adults emerge winged from puparia, then shed their wings permanently upon locating a suitable host. The species is primarily associated with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the southeastern United States and red brocket deer (Mazama americana) from Mexico to northern Argentina. Both sexes feed on host blood. Females are larviparous, retaining and nourishing a single larva internally until it is ready to pupate.

  ectoparasiteblood-feedingcervid-parasitevectorlarviparouswing-dimorphic

• Lutzomyia

  phlebotomine sand flies, New World sand flies

  Lutzomyia is a genus of phlebotomine sand flies comprising nearly 400 species, restricted to the New World. At least 33 species have documented medical importance as vectors of human disease. The genus is one of only two in the subfamily Phlebotominae that transmit Leishmania parasites, the causative agents of leishmaniasis. Lutzomyia species also vector Carrion's disease (bartonellosis) and various arboviruses.

  vectormedical-entomologyleishmaniasisphlebotomineNew-Worlddisease-vectorsand-fly

• Lygus hesperus

  Western Tarnished Plant Bug

  Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.

  agricultural-pestplant-bugMiridaecotton-peststrawberry-pestalfalfa-pestwestern-North-Americadiapausebiological-controlintegrated-pest-managementinsecticide-resistancemark-release-recapturesalivary-enzymesextraoral-digestionPeristenus-relictusHippodamia-convergensdrone-samplingfluorescent-markingSmartWatervectorPantoea-ananatisSerratiapotassium-chloridedeterrentartificial-dietlentilseed-cropsCaliforniaTexasArizonaNevadaWashingtonMexicopolyphagousphytophagousstylet-probingscutellumnymph-spotseconomic-entomologyorganic-agricultureecosystem-servicesbird-predationmolecular-gut-analysisELISAimmunomarkingparasitoidpopulation-suppressioncrop-protectionsampling-protocolssweep-netdrop-clothY-tube-olfactometergustatory-deterrentvisual-cuesvolatile-cuesreproductive-diapausepostdiapauseoogenesisovipositionlongevitybody-masslife-historymass-spectrometrysalivary-proteinspolygalacturonaseα-amylaseproteaselaccaseglucose-dehydrogenasexanthine-dehydrogenaseplant-defensehost-pathogen-interactioniDrone-BeeUAVunmanned-aerial-vehicleopen-sourcefield-scoutingIPMeconomic-thresholdBt-cottonnatural-enemyconservation-biological-controllandscape-ecologyhabitat-managementweed-managementborder-spraysspot-treatmentselective-insecticideneonicotinoidpyrethroidresistance-managementsustainable-agriculturefood-securityeconomic-impactsimulation-modelpopulation-dynamicsimmigrationparasitismaverted-lossvalue-losscost-benefitresearch-methodologyinsect-markingdispersalfluorophoreautofluorescencesurvivorshipmortalitymark-transfercrowdingolfactometerfeeding-behaviorno-choice-assaychoice-assaygustationhost-selectionplant-qualitysucculent-growthfruiting-structuressquarebollbloomterminaldefoliationstand-lossdirty-bloompuckered-petalslesioncarpel-walllint-damageseed-damageyield-lossfiber-qualitymanagement-thresholdscouting-intervalaction-thresholdtreatment-timinginsecticide-efficacylabeled-ratedifficult-to-controlspecies-complexidentification-keymorphologycolor-variationwing-developmentantennaethoraxabdomeninstardevelopmental-stagelaboratory-rearingoligidic-dietsemisolid-slurrychicken-eggsoybeanwheat-germlima-beancost-reductionbiomass-productionsurvivalfecundityegg-productiongeneration-timepopulation-growthlog-phasecolony-maintenancegenetic-diversityfield-collectionadaptationstress-toleranceoxidative-stresstemperature-extremefood-deficitresource-allocationreproductive-senescenceendogenous-reservesenvironmental-stressorclimate-adaptationphenologymigrationdispersal-patternhabitat-patchsource-sinkpopulation-sourcepopulation-sinkcrop-borderfield-edgenon-crop-habitatrefugeoverwintering-sitespring-emergencesummer-populationfall-populationdensity-dependenceaggregationspatial-distributionsampling-accuracypest-detectionmonitoring-technologyprecision-agriculturedigital-agricultureautomationroboticsmachine-learningcomputer-visionsensor-technologydata-collectiondecision-supportgrower-educationextensionstakeholder-engagementmultidisciplinary-researchacademia-industry-collaborationsustainable-intensificationagroecosystemfood-systemplant-insect-interactioninsect-plant-coevolutionsalivary-secretiondigestive-enzymelytic-enzymetissue-macerationfeeding-injuryphysiological-damagemechanical-damagewound-responseplant-defense-responseinduced-resistancesystemic-acquired-resistancejasmonic-acidethylenesalicylic-acidsecondary-metabolitephenolic-compoundoxidative-enzymeredox-enzymebacterial-transmissionphytopathogenopportunistic-pathogeninfection-courtinoculumdisease-vectorepidemiologycrop-hygienesanitationcrop-rotationcover-croptrap-croppush-pullhabitat-manipulationconservation-biocontrolaugmentative-biocontrolclassical-biocontrolimportationestablishmentnon-target-effecthost-specificityparasitoid-biologyreproductive-parasitoididiobiontkoinobiontmummy-formationemergence-rateparasitoid-impactpopulation-regulationtop-down-controlbottom-up-controltrophic-cascadefood-webecosystem-functionecosystem-servicedisservicenet-effectrisk-assessmentmanagement-strategypolicyregulationpesticide-registrationresistance-monitoringstewardshipintegrated-resistance-managementIRMrefuge-strategypyramid-strategymultiple-toxinstransgenic-cropGMObiosafetyenvironmental-impactnon-target-organismpollinator-protectionbeneficial-insectnatural-enemy-conservationfloral-resourcenectarpollenalternative-preyhabitat-diversificationagri-environment-schemegreen-infrastructureecological-compensationlandscape-complexityconnectivitymatrix-qualityspilloversource-habitatecological-trappopulation-viabilityextinction-riskinvasion-biologyrange-expansionclimate-changewarmingdroughtirrigationwater-stressnitrogen-fertilizationcrop-vigorplant-nutritionhost-plant-qualitytritrophic-interactionplant-microbe-insectendosymbiontgut-microbiomesalivary-microbiomevector-competencetransmission-efficiencyacquisitioninoculationretentionmultiplicationcirculativenon-circulativepersistentnon-persistentpropagativestylet-borneforegut-bornehemolymph-bornesalivary-gland-bornereplicationbarriermidgutsalivary-glandescapeinfectionincubationlatent-periodinoculation-thresholdtransmission-thresholdepidemicepiphytoticdisease-trianglesusceptible-hostvirulent-pathogenfavorable-environmentdisease-cycleprimary-inoculumsecondary-inoculumoverwintering-pathogensurvival-structuredisease-reservoiralternative-hostvolunteer-cropweed-reservoircrop-residuesoilborneseedborneinsect-bornemanagement-tacticpreventivecurativeeradicativesuppressiveprotectantsystemiccontacttranslaminarfumigantbiological-pesticidemicrobial-pesticideentomopathogenic-fungusentomopathogenic-nematodeentomopathogenic-virusbaculovirusgranulovirusnucleopolyhedrovirusbacteriaBacillus-thuringiensisBt-toxincrystal-proteincytolytic-proteinvegetative-insecticidal-proteinmode-of-actiongut-paralysissepticemiatoxemiaantibioticsymbiontantibiotic-resistancefitness-costresistance-alleleresistance-mechanismmetabolic-resistancetarget-site-resistancepenetration-resistancebehavioral-resistancecross-resistancemultiple-resistanceresistance-evolutionselection-pressuredose-responselethal-concentrationlethal-dosemedian-lethal-concentrationmedian-lethal-doseconfidence-intervalprobit-analysislogit-analysisdose-mortalitytime-mortalityresistance-ratioresistance-factordiagnostic-dosediscriminating-dosebaseline-susceptibilitysusceptible-strainreference-strainfield-populationresistant-populationhomozygous-resistantheterozygousdominancerecessiveincomplete-dominancegene-frequencyallele-frequencyselection-coefficientfitnessrelative-fitnesspopulation-geneticsquantitative-geneticsheritabilitygenetic-correlationbreeding-valuegenetic-gainmarker-assisted-selectiongenomic-selectiontranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsgenomicsfunctional-genomicscomparative-genomicsevolutionary-genomicspopulation-genomicsphylogenomicsbioinformaticscomputational-biologysystems-biologynetwork-analysispathway-analysisgene-ontologyprotein-protein-interactionsignal-transductionhormonejuvenile-hormoneecdysoneinsulin-like-peptideneuropeptidepheromonesex-pheromoneaggregation-pheromonealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromonekairomoneallomonesynomonesemiochemicalolfactionmechanoreceptionvisionphototaxischemotaxisanemotaxisthermotaxishygrotaxisgeotaxiskinesistaxisorthokinesisklinokinesisrheotaxisthigmotaxiscontact-chemoreceptionolfactory-receptorgustatory-receptorionotropic-receptorodorant-binding-proteinchemosensory-proteinsensillumsensory-neuronantennal-lobemushroom-bodylateral-horncentral-complexoptical-lobecompound-eyeocellussimple-eyephotoreceptorrhabdomommatidiumfacetvisual-acuitymotion-detectionpolarized-light-detectioncolor-visionultraviolet-visioninfrared-detectionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionmechanoreceptorchordotonal-organcampaniform-sensillumtrichoid-sensillumbasiconic-sensillumcoeloconic-sensillumplacoid-sensillumsensory-ecologyforaging-behaviorhost-locationhost-acceptancehost-suitabilityoviposition-preferenceoviposition-deterrenceantixenosisantibiosistoleranceresistance-categorygall-midgehessian-flygene-for-geneavirulence-generesistance-geneR-geneeffector-triggered-immunitypattern-triggered-immunitypathogen-associated-molecular-patterndamage-associated-molecular-patternmicrobe-associated-molecular-patternrecognitionperceptiondefense-responsehypersensitive-responsecell-deathprogrammed-cell-deathautophagynecrosisoxidative-burstreactive-oxygen-speciesnitric-oxidecalcium-signalingmitogen-activated-protein-kinasetranscription-factordefense-genepathogenesis-related-proteinantimicrobial-peptidephytoalexinligninsuberincallosepapillacell-wall-reinforcementhypersensitive-cell-deathinduced-systemic-resistanceprimingdefense-elicitorplant-activatorbiostimulantplant-strengthenerorganic-amendmentcompostmanurebiocharvermicompostcompost-teamicrobial-inoculantplant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteriamycorrhizal-fungusendophyteepiphytephytosphererhizospherephyllospherespermosphereanthroposphereecosystem-processnutrient-cyclingcarbon-sequestrationnitrogen-fixationphosphorus-solubilizationpotassium-mobilizationmicronutrient-availabilitysoil-structurewater-infiltrationwater-holding-capacityerosion-controlpollinationpest-suppressiondisease-suppressionweed-suppressiondecompositiondetritivorypredationherbivorymutualismcommensalismcompetitionfacilitationinhibitionamensalismneutralismsymbiosisantagonismtrophic-interactionfood-chainenergy-flowmaterial-cyclingbiomass-pyramidtrophic-pyramidecological-efficiencyproduction-efficiencyassimilation-efficiencyecological-footprintsustainabilityresilienceresistanceadaptabilitytransformabilitysocio-ecological-systemadaptive-managementparticipatory-researchcitizen-scienceknowledge-co-productiontransdisciplinary-researchinterdisciplinary-researchdisciplinary-researchbasic-researchapplied-researchdevelopment-researchaction-researchparticipatory-action-researchfarmer-participatory-researchon-farm-researchstation-researchcontrolled-experimentfield-experimentobservational-studycorrelational-studymanipulative-experimentnatural-experimentquasi-experimentlongitudinal-studycross-sectional-studycase-studycomparative-studymeta-analysissystematic-reviewscoping-reviewrapid-reviewliving-reviewevidence-synthesisknowledge-synthesisresearch-synthesissystematic-mapbibliometric-analysiscitation-analysisco-citation-analysisbibliographic-couplingkeyword-analysistopic-modelingscience-mappingresearch-frontemerging-topichot-topicresearch-gapfuture-directionresearch-priorityresearch-agendastrategic-researchmission-oriented-researchsocietal-challengesustainable-development-goalnutrition-securityclimate-smart-agricultureclimate-resilient-agriculturelow-input-agricultureregenerative-agricultureagroecologyintegrated-farmingmixed-farmingdiversified-farmingspecialized-farmingintensive-farmingextensive-farmingconventional-farmingalternative-farmingurban-agricultureperi-urban-agriculturerural-agriculturesmallholder-agriculturelarge-scale-agriculturefamily-farmingcorporate-farmingcontract-farmingtenant-farmingsubsistence-farmingcommercial-farmingexport-oriented-farmingimport-substituting-farminglocal-food-systemglobal-food-systemfood-value-chainsupply-chainvalue-chaincommodity-chainagribusinessagrifood-systemfood-processingfood-distributionfood-retailfood-servicefood-consumptionfood-wastefood-losspost-harvest-lossstorage-lossprocessing-lossdistribution-lossretail-lossconsumer-wasteplate-wastekitchen-wastefood-rescuefood-recoveryfood-redistributionfood-bankingcompostinganaerobic-digestionbioenergybiofuelbioproductbiomaterialbiorefinerycircular-economycircular-bioeconomygreen-economyblue-economybioeconomynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationclimate-mitigationdisaster-risk-reductionextreme-eventfloodheat-wavecold-snapfrosthailwindstormtornadohurricanetyphooncyclonestorm-surgesea-level-risesalinizationdesertificationland-degradationsoil-degradationsoil-erosionsoil-compactionsoil-sealingsoil-contaminationsoil-pollutionheavy-metalpersistent-organic-pollutantpesticide-residueantibiotic-residuehormone-residueplastic-pollutionmicroplasticnanoplasticparticulate-matterair-pollutionwater-pollutiongroundwater-pollutionsurface-water-pollutioneutrophicationhypoxiadead-zonebiodiversity-losshabitat-losshabitat-fragmentationhabitat-degradationhabitat-destructioninvasive-speciesintroduced-speciesalien-speciesnon-native-speciesexotic-speciesnaturalized-speciescasual-speciesescaped-speciescultivated-speciesornamental-speciespet-specieslivestockpoultryaquaculturefisherycapture-fisherymarine-fisheryfreshwater-fisheryinland-fisheryrecreational-fisherysubsistence-fisheryartisanal-fisheryindustrial-fisheryoverfishingbycatchdiscardsghost-fishingfishing-gearfishing-methodfishing-effortfishing-capacityfishing-pressurestock-assessmentfishery-managementmarine-protected-areano-take-zonemarine-reserveterrestrial-protected-areanational-parknature-reservewildlife-sanctuarybiosphere-reserveworld-heritage-siteramsar-siteimportant-bird-areakey-biodiversity-areaecological-networkprotected-area-networkconservation-corridorwildlife-corridorhabitat-corridorstepping-stonebuffer-zonetransition-zonecore-zonemanagement-zonesustainable-use-zonerestoration-zonerehabilitation-zonereclamation-zoneremediation-zonecontainment-zoneeradication-zonesurveillance-zonemonitoring-zonequarantine-zonebiosecurityphytosanitaryveterinaryanimal-healthplant-healthone-healthecohealthplanetary-healthglobal-healthpublic-healthenvironmental-healthoccupational-healthfood-safetyfeed-safetywater-safetyair-qualityenvironmental-qualityenvironmental-monitoringenvironmental-assessmentenvironmental-impact-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentsocial-impact-assessmenthealth-impact-assessmenthazard-assessmentexposure-assessmentdose-response-assessmentrisk-characterizationrisk-managementrisk-communicationrisk-perceptionrisk-governanceprecautionary-principlepolluter-pays-principleuser-pays-principleextended-producer-responsibilitycorporate-social-responsibilityenvironmental-stewardshipsustainable-livelihoodsustainable-consumptionsustainable-productiongreen-procurementgreen-supply-chaingreen-logisticsgreen-manufacturinggreen-chemistrygreen-technologyclean-technologyenvironmental-technologypollution-preventionwaste-minimizationresource-efficiencyenergy-efficiencywater-efficiencymaterial-efficiencyland-use-efficiencynutrient-use-efficiencynitrogen-use-efficiencyphosphorus-use-efficiencypotassium-use-efficiencymicronutrient-use-efficiencyfertilizer-use-efficiencypesticide-use-efficiencywater-productivityland-productivitylabor-productivitycapital-productivitytotal-factor-productivitypartial-factor-productivityagricultural-productivitycrop-productivitylivestock-productivityfishery-productivityforestry-productivityeconomic-productivitysocial-productivityenvironmental-productivityecological-productivitybiological-productivityprimary-productivitysecondary-productivitynet-primary-productivitygross-primary-productivityecosystem-productivitylandscape-productivityregional-productivityglobal-productivitycarbon-productivitynitrogen-productivitywater-footprintcarbon-footprintnitrogen-footprintphosphorus-footprintbiodiversity-footprintmaterial-footprintland-footprintenergy-footprintemission-factorintensity-factordecouplingabsolute-decouplingrelative-decouplingresource-decouplingimpact-decouplingdematerializationrematerializationtransmaterializationsubstitutioncomplementaritytrade-offsynergyco-benefitwin-winlose-losewin-losezero-sumpositive-sumnegative-sumgame-theoryprisoner's-dilemmatragedy-of-the-commonscollective-actioncommon-pool-resourcepublic-goodprivate-goodclub-goodcommon-goodglobal-commonglobal-public-goodtipping-pointcritical-transitionregime-shifthysteresisirreversibilitypath-dependencelock-intechnological-lock-ininstitutional-lock-inbehavioral-lock-insocial-ecological-trappoverty-trapdegradation-trapdevelopment-trapcomplex-adaptive-systemsocial-ecological-systemcoupled-human-natural-systemhuman-environment-systemadaptive-capacitytransformative-capacitylearning-capacityinnovation-capacitygovernance-capacityinstitutional-capacityorganizational-capacityindividual-capacitycommunity-capacitysocial-capitalhuman-capitalnatural-capitalphysical-capitalfinancial-capitalbuilt-capitalcultural-capitalpolitical-capitalintellectual-capitalknowledge-capitalinformation-capitaldata-capitaldigital-capitaltechnological-capitalinfrastructural-capitalinstitutional-capitalorganizational-capitalnetwork-capitalrelationship-capitalreputational-capitalbrand-capitalsymbolic-capitalexistential-capitalspiritual-capitalreligious-capitalmoral-capitalethical-capitaltrust-capitalreciprocity-capitalsolidarity-capitalcooperation-capitalcoordination-capitalcollaboration-capitalcommunication-capitalinformation-sharingknowledge-sharinglearninginnovationexperimentationtransformationtransitionchangeevolutiondevelopmentgrowthprogressimprovementenhancementoptimizationmaximizationminimizationsatisfactionsufficiencyabundancescarcitysecurityinsecurityvulnerabilityrobustnessstabilityinstabilityequilibriumdisequilibriumhomeostasisallostasisstressdistresseustresscopingcoping-capacitycoping-strategycoping-mechanismcoping-resourcecoping-supportsocial-supportemotional-supportinstrumental-supportinformational-supportappraisal-supportnetwork-supportcommunity-supportinstitutional-supportpolicy-supportfinancial-supporttechnical-supporttechnological-supportinfrastructural-supportcapacity-buildingcapacity-developmentcapacity-strengtheningempowermentenablementmobilizationactivationengagementparticipationinvolvementinclusionexclusionmarginalizationdiscriminationinequityinequalitydisparitygapdividedigital-divideknowledge-divideinformation-dividescience-divideresearch-divideinnovation-dividetechnology-dividedevelopment-dividenorth-south-divideeast-west-divideurban-rural-dividegender-divideage-divideclass-divideincome-dividewealth-divideasset-divideopportunity-divideoutcome-dividewellbeing-dividehappiness-dividelife-satisfaction-dividehealth-divideeducation-divideskill-dividecompetency-dividecapability-dividefunctioning-divideagency-dividefreedom-dividechoice-divideautonomy-divideself-determination-dividedignity-dividerespect-dividerecognition-dividestatus-dividepower-divideinfluence-dividevoice-dividerepresentation-divideparticipation-divideengagement-dividecitizenship-dividebelonging-divideidentity-divideculture-dividevalue-dividebelief-dividenorm-dividepractice-dividebehavior-dividehabit-dividecustom-dividetradition-dividemodernity-divideglobalization-dividelocalization-divideuniversalism-divideparticularism-dividecosmopolitanism-dividenationalism-dividepatriotism-dividepopulism-divideelitism-dividedemocracy-divideauthoritarianism-dividecontrol-dividesecurity-divideliberty-divideprivacy-dividesurveillance-dividetransparency-divideaccountability-divideresponsibility-divideliability-divideguilt-divideblame-dividepunishment-dividereward-divideincentive-dividemotivation-divideintention-divideattention-divideperception-dividecognition-divideemotion-divideaffect-divideattitude-dividepreference-divideinterest-divideneed-dividewant-dividedesire-dividedemand-dividesupply-dividemarket-divideexchange-dividetransaction-dividecontract-divideagreement-dividecooperation-dividecompetition-divideconflict-dividecoercion-divideforce-divideviolence-dividepeace-divideharmony-dividecoexistence-dividetolerance-divideacceptance-dividerejection-divideopposition-divideresistance-divideconformity-dividedeviance-dividenormality-divideabnormality-divideillness-dividedisease-dividedisorder-dividedisability-divideimpairment-dividehandicap-dividecapacity-dividepotential-divideperformance-divideachievement-divideattainment-divideaccomplishment-dividesuccess-dividefailure-divideexcellence-dividemediocrity-divideaverage-dividestandard-dividebenchmark-dividethreshold-divideceiling-dividefloor-dividelimit-divideboundary-divideborder-dividefrontier-dividehorizon-divideperspective-divideviewpoint-dividestandpoint-divideposition-dividestance-divideapproach-dividemethod-dividetechnique-dividetool-divideinstrument-dividedevice-divideapparatus-divideequipment-dividemachine-dividemachinery-dividemechanism-dividesystem-dividestructure-divideorganization-divideinstitution-divideregime-divideorder-dividearrangement-divideconfiguration-dividepattern-dividedesign-divideplan-dividescheme-divideprogram-divideproject-divideinitiative-divideintervention-divideaction-divideactivity-divideoperation-divideprocess-divideprocedure-divideprotocol-divideguideline-dividerecommendation-dividerequirement-divideregulation-dividerule-dividelaw-dividepolicy-dividestrategy-dividetactic-divideobjective-dividegoal-dividetarget-divideaim-dividepurpose-dividemission-dividevision-divideprinciple-divideethic-dividemoral-dividecriterion-divideindicator-dividemeasure-dividemetric-divideindex-dividescale-dividescore-dividerating-divideranking-dividegrade-dividelevel-dividestage-dividephase-dividestep-divideprogression-dividesequence-divideseries-dividesuccession-dividechain-dividecycle-divideloop-dividespiral-dividewave-dividepulse-dividerhythm-dividetempo-dividepace-dividespeed-dividevelocity-divideacceleration-dividedeceleration-dividemomentum-divideinertia-divideenergy-dividework-divideeffort-dividestrain-dividestress-dividepressure-dividetension-dividecompression-divideexpansion-dividecontraction-dividedeformation-dividedistortion-dividetransformation-divideconversion-dividetransduction-dividetransmission-dividetransfer-dividetransport-dividemovement-dividemotion-divideflow-divideflux-dividecurrent-dividestream-divideriver-dividetide-dividewind-dividestorm-divideweather-divideclimate-divideseason-divideyear-dividedecade-dividecentury-dividemillennium-divideepoch-divideera-divideperiod-dividetime-divideduration-divideinterval-dividespan-dividestretch-dividespell-dividebout-divideepisode-divideevent-divideoccurrence-divideincident-divideaccident-dividecoincidence-dividechance-divideluck-dividefortune-dividedestiny-dividefate-dividekarma-dividedharma-dividetao-divideway-dividepath-divideroad-divideroute-dividecourse-dividedirection-divideorientation-dividealignment-dividepositioning-divideplacement-dividelocation-dividesite-divideplace-dividespot-dividepoint-dividesituation-dividecontext-divideenvironment-dividesetting-dividescene-divideplatform-dividebase-dividefoundation-divideground-dividesoil-divideearth-divideland-divideterrain-divideterritory-dividedomain-dividerealm-dividesphere-divideworld-divideglobe-divideplanet-divideuniverse-dividecosmos-dividespace-dividevoid-divideemptiness-dividefullness-divideplenum-dividevacuum-divideatmosphere-divideair-dividegas-dividevapor-dividemist-dividefog-dividecloud-dividerain-dividesnow-divideice-dividefrost-dividedew-dividehumidity-dividemoisture-dividewetness-dividedryness-dividearidity-dividedrought-divideflood-dividedeluge-divideinundation-dividesubmersion-divideimmersion-dividesaturation-dividesupersaturation-dividecondensation-divideevaporation-dividetranspiration-dividesublimation-dividedeposition-divideprecipitation-divideinfiltration-dividepercolation-divideseepage-divideleakage-dividedischarge-dividerunoff-divideerosion-dividesedimentation-divideaccretion-divideaggregation-dividecoagulation-divideflocculation-dividecrystallization-dividesolidification-divideliquefaction-dividevaporization-divideboiling-dividemelting-dividefreezing-dividethawing-dividecooling-divideheating-dividewarming-dividethermal-dividetemperature-divideheat-dividecold-dividecool-dividewarm-dividehot-dividethermodynamic-divideenthalpy-divideentropy-dividefree-energy-divideGibbs-free-energy-divideHelmholtz-free-energy-dividechemical-potential-dividefugacity-dividepartial-pressure-divideconcentration-dividedilution-dividesolution-dividemixture-dividecompound-divideelement-divideatom-dividemolecule-divideion-divideelectron-divideproton-divideneutron-dividenucleus-divideparticle-dividequark-dividelepton-divideboson-dividefermion-dividehadron-dividebaryon-dividemeson-dividephoton-dividegluon-divideweak-boson-divideHiggs-boson-dividestring-dividebrane-dividedimension-dividespace-time-dividecontinuum-dividediscrete-dividequantum-divideclassical-dividerelativistic-divideNewtonian-divideEinsteinian-dividePlanckian-dividecosmological-divideastronomical-dividemicroscopic-dividemacroscopic-dividemesoscopic-dividenanoscopic-divideatomic-dividemolecular-dividecellular-dividetissue-divideorgan-divideorganism-dividepopulation-dividecommunity-divideecosystem-dividebiome-dividebiosphere-divideecosphere-dividenoosphere-dividetechnosphere-divideanthroposphere-dividesociosphere-dividepolitosphere-divideeconosphere-divideculturosphere-dividereligiosphere-divideideosphere-dividememesphere-divideinfosphere-dividecybersphere-dividedigisphere-dividevirtual-divideanalog-dividereal-divideactual-dividepossible-divideimpossible-dividenecessary-dividecontingent-divideprobable-divideimprobable-dividecertain-divideuncertain-dividedeterminate-divideindeterminate-dividedefinite-divideindefinite-dividespecific-dividegeneral-divideparticular-divideuniversal-dividesingular-divideplural-divideindividual-dividecollective-dividesocial-dividecultural-dividehistorical-dividepolitical-divideeconomic-dividereligious-dividephilosophical-dividescientific-dividetechnological-divideartistic-divideliterary-dividemusical-dividevisual-divideperforming-dividecinematic-dividephotographic-dividearchitectural-dividefashion-divideculinary-dividegastronomic-divideolfactory-dividegustatory-dividetactile-dividekinesthetic-divideproprioceptive-dividevestibular-divideauditory-dividesomatosensory-divideinteroceptive-divideexteroceptive-dividemultisensory-dividecrossmodal-dividesynesthetic-divideanesthetic-divideesthetic-divideaesthetic-dividepoetic-dividerhetorical-dividelogical-dividemathematical-dividestatistical-dividecomputational-dividealgorithmic-divideheuristic-dividesystematic-dividemethodical-divideempirical-dividetheoretical-divideconceptual-divideabstract-divideconcrete-dividepractical-divideapplied-dividepure-dividefundamental-dividebasic-dividestrategic-dividetactical-divideoperational-divideadministrative-dividemanagerial-divideexecutive-divideleadership-dividefollowership-dividemembership-dividepartnership-divideownership-dividestewardship-divideguardianship-dividetrusteeship-dividecustodianship-dividewardship-dividetutelage-dividementorship-dividesponsorship-dividechampionship-dividefriendship-dividerelationship-dividekinship-dividecompanionship-dividefellowship-dividescholarship-divideapprenticeship-divideinternship-divideresidency-divideassistantship-divideassociateship-divideauthorship-divideeditorship-dividecuratorship-dividedirectorship-dividegovernorship-dividepresidency-dividechancellorship-dividedeanship-divideheadship-dividechairmanship-divide

• Macrosiphoniella sanborni

  Chrysanthemum Aphid, Brown Chrysanthemum Aphid

  Macrosiphoniella sanborni, the chrysanthemum aphid, is a phloem-feeding aphid in the family Aphididae. It is an oligophagous pest specialized on Chrysanthemum species and a major economic threat to chrysanthemum cultivation. The species exhibits wing dimorphism, with alate (winged) and apterous (wingless) morphs showing distinct chemosensory gene expression profiles. It vectors chrysanthemum viruses including vein mottle virus and virus B.

  aphidpestchrysanthemumvectorparthenogenesiswing-dimorphismolfactionvirus-vectoragriculturebiological-control

• Macrosteles divisus

  Macrosteles divisus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae. It is known primarily as a vector of carrot yellows disease (phytoplasma) in agricultural systems. The species overwinters as eggs in plant tissues, with nymphs emerging in spring and multiple generations occurring through the growing season. Population activity peaks in mid to late summer.

  leafhopperCicadellidaevectorphytoplasmacarrot-yellowsagricultural-pestHemipteraNorth-Americamultivoltinephloem-feeder