Vector

Guides

• Ctenocephalides felis

  cat flea

  The cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) is a cosmopolitan ectoparasite primarily associated with domestic cats but also commonly infests dogs and numerous other mammals. It is the most prevalent flea species on companion animals worldwide, surpassing the dog flea (C. canis) in distribution and host range. Adults are obligate blood-feeders that require fresh blood meals for reproduction. The species serves as a vector for multiple pathogens including Rickettsia felis, and acts as an intermediate host for cestodes such as Dipylidium caninum. Despite decades of intensive insecticide use, a 17-year international study found no evidence of resistance to imidacloprid among cat flea populations.

  ectoparasitevectorurban-pestveterinary-pestSiphonapteraPulicidae

• Culex

  typical mosquitoes

  Culex is a diverse genus of mosquitoes comprising over 1,000 species across more than 20 subgenera. Several species serve as important disease vectors, transmitting arboviruses including West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, and St. Louis encephalitis, as well as filariasis and avian malaria. The genus occurs worldwide except for extreme northern temperate regions and is the most commonly encountered mosquito in many major U.S. cities. While most Culex species exhibit characteristic raft-forming egg-laying behavior, at least one species, Culex antillummagnorum, has been documented with unique aerial and "barrage" oviposition strategies.

  vectormosquitodisease-vectorarbovirusWest-Nile-virusurban-pestfreshwater-breederholometabolousdiapauseinvasive-species

• Culex coronator

  Culex coronator is a highly invasive Neotropical mosquito species first described from Trinidad and Tobago in 1906. It was first detected in the United States in Louisiana in 2004 and has since spread rapidly across the southeastern USA, now documented in 14 states and 386 counties. The species has been implicated as a potential vector of West Nile virus and other arboviruses, with laboratory studies confirming vector competence under certain temperature conditions. Its rapid expansion and adaptation to urban environments pose significant public health concerns.

  invasive-speciesvectorWest-Nile-virusurban-adapterNeotropical-originornithophiliccontainer-breederpublic-healthmosquitoCulicidae

• Culex erraticus

  Erratic Mosquito

  Culex erraticus is a mosquito species in the family Culicidae, subgenus Melanoconion. It is a documented vector of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) and West Nile virus, with females exhibiting aggressive biting behavior toward birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. The species shows distinctive seasonal host-shifting behavior, feeding primarily on ectothermic hosts during warmer months and shifting to endothermic hosts during cooler periods. It has been observed overwintering as adults in gopher tortoise burrows in Florida and in swamp habitats elsewhere.

  vectorarbovirusEEEVWest-Nile-virusoverwinteringgopher-tortoisehost-shiftswampwetland

• Culex nigripalpus

  Florida SLE mosquito

  Culex nigripalpus, commonly known as the Florida SLE mosquito, is a medium-sized, dark-colored blood-feeding mosquito and a significant disease vector in subtropical regions. It serves as the primary enzootic vector of Saint Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus to wild birds and the primary epidemic vector to humans in Florida. The species has been demonstrated capable of transmitting West Nile virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, dog heartworm, and Avian malaria. Its habit of feeding on both birds and mammals gives it substantial potential for zoonotic transmission from birds to humans.

  vectorarbovirusSaint-Louis-encephalitisWest-Nile-virusmosquitoCulicidaeFloridasubtropicalzoonoticpublic-health

• Culex pipiens

  common house mosquito, northern house mosquito

  Culex pipiens is a globally distributed mosquito species native to Africa, Asia, and Europe, now found in temperate regions worldwide except Antarctica. It is the type species for the genus Culex and one of the most common mosquitoes in human habitats in the northern hemisphere. The species includes two morphologically indistinguishable but ecologically distinct forms: C. p. form pipiens, which lives above ground and feeds primarily on birds, and C. p. form molestus, which lives underground and bites mammals including humans. Hybrids between these forms exhibit intermediate feeding behavior and are implicated as bridge vectors for West Nile virus transmission from birds to humans.

  mosquitovectorWest-Nile-virusurban-pestmedical-entomologyCulex-pipiens-complexform-pipiensform-molestusautogenydiapausebridge-vector

• Culex quinquefasciatus

  Southern House Mosquito

  Culex quinquefasciatus, the southern house mosquito, is a medium-sized brown mosquito distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is a significant disease vector, transmitting pathogens including West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti), and potentially Zika virus. The species is taxonomically part of the Culex pipiens species complex and is one of the most abundant peridomestic mosquitoes globally. Its genome was sequenced in 2010, revealing 18,883 protein-coding genes.

  vectormosquitoWest-Nile-virusfilariasisurbannocturnalinsecticide-resistancegenome-sequenced

• Culex restuans

  White-dotted Mosquito

  Culex restuans is a medium-sized brown mosquito distributed across North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. It is a significant vector of West Nile virus and St. Louis encephalitis, serving as both an enzootic vector among birds and a potential bridge vector to mammals. Adults are occasionally called the 'white-dotted mosquito' due to two white dots sometimes present on the dorsal scutum, though these are not reliable identification characters. The species is frequently confused with Culex pipiens, requiring detailed morphological examination for accurate identification.

  vectorWest-Nile-virusSt.-Louis-encephalitismosquitoCulexNorth-America

• Culex stigmatosoma

  Banded Foul Water Mosquito

  Culex stigmatosoma is a mosquito species distributed across the southwestern United States and northern South America. Bloodmeal analysis from southern California populations reveals it feeds primarily on birds (71.3%) with opportunistic mammalian feeding (28.7%, including humans 1.4%). The species exhibits seasonal host-shifting behavior, increasing mammalian feeding in late summer and early fall. It is a confirmed vector of West Nile virus and considered a potential bridge vector between enzootic bird reservoirs and humans.

  mosquitovectorWest-Nile-virusbridge-vectorornithophilicseasonal-host-shifting

• Culex tarsalis

  Western Encephalitis Mosquito

  Culex tarsalis is a mosquito species distributed across North America, with particular importance in the western United States as a vector of multiple arboviruses. The species is distinguished by black and white banding on the legs. It serves as the primary vector for West Nile virus in agricultural areas of California and transmits Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, and avian malaria parasites. Some populations exhibit autogeny, the ability to produce eggs without blood feeding. The species has been the subject of extensive genetic research, with a reference genome published in 2020.

  vectormosquitoarbovirusWest-Nile-virusencephalitismedical-entomologyautogenydiapause

• Culex territans

  Northern Frog-biting Mosquito

  Culex territans, commonly known as the Northern Frog-biting Mosquito, is a mosquito species with a nearly exclusive feeding relationship with amphibians, particularly frogs. Adult females are strongly attracted to frog vocalizations and exhibit temporal and spatial synchrony with their amphibian hosts. The species is a confirmed vector for multiple amphibian pathogens, including Giant Anuran Trypanosomes, Hepatozoon species, and potentially Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Unlike many Culex species, it poses minimal direct threat to human health due to its host preferences, though it has been found infected with West Nile Virus and Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus.

  mosquitovectoramphibian-parasitephonotaxisfrog-bitingtrypanosome-vectorHepatozoon-vectorBd-transmissioncave-overwinteringwetland-speciesectothermic-host-specialistdisease-ecologyamphibian-declinehost-synchronyacoustic-orientationCulex-(Neoculex)

• Culicidae

  mosquitoes, mosquito

  Culicidae, commonly known as mosquitoes, is a family of small flies in the order Diptera. Females of most species are ectoparasites that feed on vertebrate blood using specialized piercing-sucking mouthparts, while males feed exclusively on plant nectar and other sugar sources. The family includes thousands of species distributed worldwide, with many serving as vectors for significant human and animal diseases including malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and West Nile virus. Mosquitoes require standing water to complete their aquatic larval and pupal stages.

  vectordisease-vectormedical-entomologyaquatic-larvaeinvasive-speciespublic-health-pest

• Culicoides

  biting midges, no-see-ums

  Culicoides is a genus of over 1,000 species of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae. These tiny flies, measuring 1–3 mm in length, are significant vectors of animal pathogens including bluetongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and Schmallenberg virus. Only females take blood meals, required for egg maturation, while both sexes feed on nectar. The genus has a fossil record extending to approximately 99 million years ago in Burmese amber.

  vectorCeratopogonidaebiting-midgearbovirusbluetongueEHDVveterinary-entomologylivestock-disease

• Culicoides crepuscularis

  Culicoides crepuscularis is a species of biting midge in the family Ceratopogonidae, first described by Malloch in 1915. The species has been documented as a natural host for the filarial nematode Chandlerella quiscali, demonstrating vector competence for transmission to birds. Its specific epithet 'crepuscularis' suggests crepuscular (twilight) activity patterns, though this has not been explicitly confirmed in the available literature.

  vectorfilarial-nematodebird-parasiteCeratopogonidaebiting-midge

• Culicoides variipennis

  biting midge, no-see-um

  Culicoides variipennis is a biting midge in the subgenus Monoculicoides, less than 1 mm in length. The species complex includes multiple subspecies with varying vector competence for livestock viruses. It is a significant vector of Bluetongue virus, African horse sickness virus, Akabane virus, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in North America. Subspecies show distinct geographic distributions and morphological differences, particularly in male genitalia and female palpal segments.

  vectorveterinary-pestCeratopogonidaelivestock-diseaseBluetongue-virusEHDVsubspecies-complex

• Culicoides villosipennis

  Culicoides villosipennis is a species of biting midge described by Root and Hoffman in 1937. As a member of the genus Culicoides, it belongs to a group of small blood-feeding flies known for transmitting viral pathogens to livestock and wildlife. The species is placed in the subgenus Amossovia within the broader Culicoides classification. Published records for this species are limited, with few documented observations relative to more extensively studied congeners such as C. sonorensis and C. stellifer.

  biting-midgeCeratopogonidaeCulicoidesvectorveterinary-entomology

• Culiseta alaskaensis

  Alaskan winter mosquito

  Culiseta alaskaensis, the Alaskan winter mosquito, is a Holarctic mosquito species adapted to cold subarctic and arctic environments. It has a univoltine life cycle with larvae overwintering and adults emerging in late summer. Females exhibit a distinctive reproductive strategy: they are autogenous for their first egg batch, producing eggs without a blood meal, but require blood for subsequent batches. Adults enter hibernation shortly after emergence without mating or feeding, with mating deferred until spring.

  mosquitovectorsubarcticcold-adaptedautogenyunivoltineHolarctic

• Culiseta melanura

  black-tailed mosquito, dark-tailed mosquito

  Culiseta melanura, the black-tailed mosquito, is a North American mosquito species and the primary enzootic vector of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). Adult females feed almost exclusively on birds, with strong preferences for species such as wood thrush, American robin, and northern cardinal. The species maintains EEEV transmission among avian hosts throughout its range in eastern and central North America. In Florida, populations persist year-round in wet tree holes, serving as a reservoir that may reseed northern populations annually.

  vectormosquitoeastern-equine-encephalitisarbovirusornithophilictree-holeFloridaoverwinteringpublic-health

• Dalbulus elimatus

  Mexican corn leafhopper

  Dalbulus elimatus (Ball, 1900), the Mexican corn leafhopper, is a specialist herbivore of maize (Zea mays) and closely related grasses in the genus Tripsacum. It is a significant agricultural pest in Mexico and Central America, transmitting three major corn stunting pathogens: corn stunt spiroplasma (Spiroplasma kunkelii), maize bushy stunt phytoplasma, and maize rayado fino virus. The species exhibits r-selected life history traits characteristic of annual plant specialists, with rapid development (approximately 27 days egg to adult on maize) and high fecundity. It serves as host for multiple parasitoid species including the pipunculid fly Eudorylas subopacus and the dryinid wasp Gonatopus bartletti, which parasitize adults, as well as several mymarid and trichogrammatid wasps that attack eggs.

  leafhoppermaize-pestvectorCicadellidaeDeltocephalinaeMexicoagricultural-pestSpiroplasma-kunkeliicorn-stuntbiological-controlparasitoid-host

• Dalbulus maidis

  corn leafhopper, cigarrinha-do-milho, chicharrita del maíz

  Dalbulus maidis is a phloem-feeding leafhopper and one of the most significant pests of maize production across the Americas. It serves as the primary vector of the corn stunt disease complex, transmitting at least four pathogens including Spiroplasma kunkelii, maize bushy stunt phytoplasma, and Maize rayado fino virus. The species exhibits strict host specialization with Zea mays, enabling highly efficient pathogen transmission. Population outbreaks can cause yield losses exceeding 80% in affected regions. The species has become increasingly problematic in Argentina and Brazil, particularly under intensive continuous maize cultivation systems.

  agricultural-pestvectormaizecorn-stuntphloem-feederintegrated-pest-managementbiological-controlRNAiArgentinaBrazilMexicoUnited-States

• Delia platura

  seedcorn maggot, bean seed fly

  Delia platura is a cosmopolitan polyphagous pest in the family Anthomyiidae, commonly known as the seedcorn maggot or bean seed fly. It attacks germinating seeds and seedlings of over 40 host plants including corn, soybeans, beans, peas, and cruciferous vegetables. Larvae typically feed on decaying organic matter but will invade healthy plant tissue when cool, wet spring conditions delay crop germination, causing significant agricultural losses. The species is also a documented vector of bacterial pathogens, including Erwinia amylovora which causes fire blight in apple and pear trees. Two cryptic genetic lines (H-line and N-line) with distinct distributions and mating behaviors have been identified, with H-line females showing strong mate selectivity.

  agricultural-pestseed-pestvectoranthomyiidpolyphagoussoil-dwellingcryptic-speciesentomopathogenic-fungusintegrated-pest-managementseed-treatment

• Delphacidae

  Delphacid Planthoppers, Planthoppers

  Delphacidae is a large family of planthoppers in the order Hemiptera, comprising approximately 2000 species distributed worldwide. Members are distinguished from other "hoppers" by a prominent spur on the tibia of the hindleg—a diagnostic morphological feature unique to this family. All species are phytophagous, with many species occurring on grasses and several serving as significant agricultural pests and vectors of cereal pathogens. Notable pest species include the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), the white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera), and the sugarcane planthopper (Perkinsiella saccharicida).

  planthopperagricultural-pestrice-pestvectorgrass-feederAuchenorrhynchaFulgoromorphabiological-control-target

• Delphacoidea

  planthopper superfamily, delphacid planthoppers

  Delphacoidea is a superfamily of planthoppers within the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, comprising approximately 2,000 described species across two families: Delphacidae (the largest family of planthoppers) and the smaller Achilixiidae. Members are characterized by a movable spur on the hind tibia, a feature unique among planthoppers. The superfamily has a global distribution and includes numerous economically significant agricultural pests, particularly rice planthoppers in the genus *Nilaparvata*.

  planthopperagricultural-pestrice-pestgrass-feederAuchenorrhynchaFulgoromorphaphloem-feedervectoreconomic-pesthemipteran

• Dendroctonus jeffreyi

  Jeffrey pine beetle

  Dendroctonus jeffreyi is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, endemic to western North America. The species is monophagous on Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), feeding on phloem and causing significant tree mortality during outbreak conditions. Adults bore into bark to create egg chambers, with larvae developing in galleries under the bark. The beetle possesses specialized mycangia for transporting the symbiotic fungus Ophiostoma clavigerum, which contributes to tree mortality. Populations show genetic structure across their range, with southern California populations most differentiated.

  bark-beetleforest-pestJeffrey-pinemonophagousmycangial-funguspheromonephloem-feederwestern-North-AmericaScolytinaetree-mortalityoutbreak-dynamicssemiochemicalsvectorsymbiosis

• Dendroctonus mexicanus

  Mexican bark beetle

  Dendroctonus mexicanus is a bark beetle native to Mexico and Central America, recognized as the most widely distributed and destructive bark beetle in Mexico. It colonizes more than 21 pine species and causes significant tree mortality in coniferous forests. The species' population dynamics are strongly influenced by climate variables, particularly temperature and precipitation, with outbreak risk increasing under warmer, drier conditions. It is considered a major forest pest affecting wood supply and ecosystem services.

  bark-beetleforest-pestpineMexicoclimate-changeDendroctonusScolytinaeconiferphloem-feederoutbreakbiotic-regulatorMaxEnt-modelinghost-specificityTrans-Mexican-Volcanic-BeltSierra-Madre-del-SurCentral-Americaentomologyforest-healthintegrated-pest-managementsemiochemicalstree-mortalityecological-niche-modelingsuitable-habitatprecipitationtemperatureelevation-gradientPinusmonterey-pineoocarpa-pinemaximinoi-pinechiapas-pineinfestation-riskfuture-scenariosforest-managementconservationecosystem-serviceswood-supplysouthern-pine-beetlecoexistenceGran-Desierto-de-SonoraMichoacánendemiceruptive-herbivorephloemgallerypitch-tubesresindefensemutualismcompetitionniche-overlapbioclimatic-variablesMaxEntkuenmR-packagemodeling-algorithmquadratic-responseBio-1annual-mean-temperaturesuitabilityexpansionnorthward-shiftupward-elevation-shifthabitat-losshost-availabilitypopulation-dynamicsfiretree-densitytopographydroughtwarmingmultiple-generationssister-broodsoverwinteringdiapauseflight-musclesreproductionmass-attackaggregation-pheromonesfrontalinexo-brevicominolfactory-signalingelectroantennographic-detectiongas-chromatographyantennahost-locationhost-selectionpioneer-beetlestree-killingblue-staining-fungusOphiostomaCeratocystisvectordisease-agentforest-pathologysilviculturecut-and-leavecut-and-removesuppressionmanagementmonitoringpheromone-baited-trapfunnel-trapaerial-surveytree-mortality-detectionBohart-MuseumUC-DavisUSDA-Forest-ServiceSteve-Seyboldinvasive-specieswalnut-twig-beetlegoldspotted-oak-borerpolyphagous-shot-hole-borerfirewoodTrojan-horsecamperstree-transportspreaddetectionpreventionquarantineregulatorypolicystakeholderlandownerpublic-landprivate-landpermitcontractbidcrewdelaytreatmentflexibilitytweakoptimizationproductivityresearchgrower-educationextensionoutreacheducationmuseumcollectionspecimenscanning-electron-microscopemagnificationwood-sculptureartcraftchildrenactivityornamentwhite-firwalking-stickMadagascar-hissing-cockroachpraying-mantistarantulagift-shopopen-housefamily-friendlyfreeadmissiondorm-move-inclasscareerfuncabbage-white-butterflyeducatorvolunteerassociatesenior-museum-scientisteducation-and-outreach-coordinatordirectorprofessorgraduate-studentundergraduate-studentjunior-specialistlectureraffiliateresearch-entomologistforest-health-protectionforest-health-officerforest-health-specialistassistant-professorClemson-UniversityUniversity-of-MinnesotaUniversity-of-CaliforniaColorado-State-UniversityKansas-State-UniversityUniversity-of-GeorgiaUniversity-of-MichiganUniversity-of-NebraskaBrigham-Young-UniversityMontana-State-UniversityNorth-Dakota-State-UniversitySouth-Dakota-State-UniversityNew-Mexico-State-UniversityArizona-State-UniversityUniversity-of-OklahomaUniversity-of-TexasUniversity-of-FloridaUniversity-of-WashingtonOregon-State-UniversityUniversity-of-IdahoUniversity-of-WyomingUniversity-of-AlbertaUniversity-of-SaskatchewanUniversity-of-ManitobaUniversity-of-British-ColumbiaMcGill-UniversityUniversity-of-TorontoUniversity-of-GuelphUniversity-of-WaterlooUniversity-of-OttawaUniversity-of-CalgaryUniversity-of-LethbridgeUniversity-of-ReginaUniversity-of-WinnipegBrandon-UniversityTrent-UniversityYork-UniversityRyerson-UniversityConcordia-UniversityUniversité-de-MontréalUniversité-LavalUniversité-du-QuébecUniversité-de-SherbrookeUniversité-de-MonctonDalhousie-UniversityAcadia-UniversitySt.-Francis-Xavier-UniversityMount-Allison-UniversityUniversity-of-Prince-Edward-IslandMemorial-University-of-NewfoundlandUniversity-of-New-BrunswickSt.-Thomas-UniversityBishop's-UniversityChamplain-CollegeDawson-CollegeVanier-CollegeJohn-Abbott-CollegeMarianopolis-CollegeCollège-de-MaisonneuveCégep-du-Vieux-MontréalCégep-de-Saint-LaurentCégep-de-RosemontCégep-André-LaurendeauCégep-de-Bois-de-BoulogneCégep-Gérald-GodinCégep-de-LimoilouCégep-de-Sainte-FoyCégep-de-Lévis-LauzonCégep-de-ThetfordCégep-de-VictoriavilleCégep-de-DrummondvilleCégep-de-Saint-HyacintheCégep-de-Sorel-TracyCégep-de-Trois-RivièresCégep-de-ShawiniganCégep-de-La-PocatièreCégep-de-RimouskiCégep-de-MataneCégep-de-Sept-ÎlesCégep-de-Baie-ComeauCégep-de-JonquièreCégep-de-ChicoutimiCégep-de-AlmaCégep-de-Saint-FélicienCégep-de-RobervalCégep-de-La-TuqueCégep-de-Dolbeau-MistassiniCégep-de-Saint-JérômeCégep-de-MontmorencyCégep-de-l'OutaouaisCégep-de-HeritageCégep-de-Saint-Jean-sur-RichelieuCégep-de-ValleyfieldCégep-de-GranbyHarvard-UniversityYale-UniversityPrinceton-UniversityColumbia-UniversityCornell-UniversityDartmouth-CollegeBrown-UniversityUniversity-of-PennsylvaniaMassachusetts-Institute-of-TechnologyStanford-UniversityCalifornia-Institute-of-TechnologyUniversity-of-ChicagoNorthwestern-UniversityDuke-UniversityJohns-Hopkins-UniversityGeorgetown-UniversityVanderbilt-UniversityRice-UniversityUniversity-of-Notre-DameEmory-UniversityWashington-University-in-St.-LouisCarnegie-Mellon-UniversityUniversity-of-Southern-CaliforniaUniversity-of-VirginiaWake-Forest-UniversityTufts-UniversityBoston-CollegeBrandeis-UniversityNew-York-UniversityUniversity-of-North-Carolina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• Dendroctonus rufipennis

  spruce beetle, great spruce bark beetle

  Dendroctonus rufipennis, the spruce beetle, is a bark beetle native to North America and a major pest of spruce forests. Adults measure 4–7 mm in length and are among the larger bark beetles in spruce. The species undergoes a facultative life cycle of 1, 2, or 3 years, with 2-year cycles being most common. Outbreaks have caused extensive tree mortality across western North America, particularly affecting Engelmann and white spruce. Climate warming and drought stress are key factors driving population increases.

  bark-beetleforest-pestspruceclimate-changedroughtvectorblue-stain-fungusdiapauseoutbreakNorth-Americaphloem-feederScolytinaeconifertree-mortalitysemiochemicalsintegrated-pest-management

• Dendroctonus terebrans

  Black Turpentine Beetle

  Dendroctonus terebrans, the black turpentine beetle, is the largest bark beetle in the southeastern United States. It attacks pine trees near the base of the trunk and in stumps, typically targeting stressed or freshly cut trees. Unlike the more destructive southern pine beetle (D. frontalis), it rarely kills healthy trees outright but can contribute to tree mortality through sustained feeding damage and by vectoring blue-stain fungi. The species produces and responds to complex semiochemicals, including frontalin and brevicomin, which facilitate mass attack behavior and may mediate interactions with other bark beetle species.

  bark-beetleforest-pestpineScolytinaepheromoneblue-stain-fungusvectoraggregation-pheromonekairomonebiological-control

• Dermacentor

  Dog Ticks, American Levi tick

  Dermacentor is a genus of hard ticks (family Ixodidae) with 43 recognized species as of 2025. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on all continents except Australia, with most species in the Nearctic ecozone. Members are obligate blood-feeding parasites of mammals, including large ungulates, lagomorphs, and humans. Several species are medically significant vectors of human and animal pathogens, including the agents of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q fever, tularemia, and tick paralysis.

  tickvectormedical-entomologyveterinary-entomologyparasitehematophagy

• Dermacentor andersoni

  Rocky Mountain wood tick

  Dermacentor andersoni, the Rocky Mountain wood tick, is a three-host hard tick found in the Rocky Mountain region of western North America. It is a medically significant vector, primarily transmitting Colorado tick fever virus, with secondary potential for Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia. Unlike larvae and nymphs, which feed on small mammals, adults will feed on humans. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration and size, with engorged females reaching nearly three times their unfed size.

  tickvectorRocky-Mountain-spotted-feverColorado-tick-fevertularemiaanaplasmosistick-paralysisthree-host-tickIxodidaemedical-entomologyveterinary-entomology

• Dermacentor occidentalis

  Pacific Coast tick

  Dermacentor occidentalis, commonly known as the Pacific Coast tick, is a hard tick in the family Ixodidae native to western North America. Unfed adults measure approximately 4.5 mm in length with a distinctive silvery-gray exoskeleton. This species is a known vector of several human pathogens including Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Pacific Coast tick fever, and tularemia, though it does not transmit Lyme disease. The tick exhibits a three-host life cycle, feeding on a wide range of mammalian, avian, and reptilian hosts throughout its development.

  tickvectorPacific-CoastRocky-Mountain-spotted-feverIxodidaeDermacentorCaliforniaOregonzoonotic-disease

• Dermacentor similis

  Western Dog Tick

  Dermacentor similis is a recently described hard tick species (2021) previously misidentified as western populations of Dermacentor variabilis. Molecular and morphological analyses confirmed it as a distinct species restricted to western North America. Like its eastern counterpart, it is a three-host tick with significant medical and veterinary importance, though its specific vector competence for pathogens remains under investigation.

  tickvectormedical-entomologyveterinary-entomologywestern-North-AmericaIxodidaeDermacentornew-species-2021Rocky-Mountain-spotted-fevertularemiaspecies-complex

• Diachlorus ferrugatus

  Yellow Fly, Yellow Fly of the Dismal Swamp, Doctor Fly

  Diachlorus ferrugatus is a biting horse fly native to North and Central America, ranging from the southeastern United States to Costa Rica. It is notorious for its aggressive biting behavior toward humans and is considered one of the most aggressive tabanid species in Florida. Females require blood meals for egg development and are active during daylight hours, with peak activity at sunset. The species is associated with aquatic habitats and nearby vegetation.

  biting-flyhorse-flymedical-entomologypest-speciesvectoraggressive-biter

• Diaphorina

  Diaphorina is a genus of Old World sap-sucking hemipteran bugs in the family Liviidae, containing approximately 68 to 74 species. The genus is typified by the subfamily Diaphorininae and includes Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid, a globally significant agricultural pest. Species in this genus are phloem-feeders primarily associated with host plants in the Rutaceae family.

  psyllidsap-feedingagricultural-pestvectorcitrus-pestOld-Worldphloem-feeder

• Diaphorina citri

  Asian citrus psyllid, ACP

  Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid, is a small hemipteran insect and one of two confirmed vectors of Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening disease, caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Native to southern Asia, it has spread to citrus-growing regions worldwide including the Americas, Middle East, and Oceania, posing a severe threat to global citrus production. The insect feeds on phloem sap of new citrus growth and has become the focus of intensive biological control, monitoring, and genomic research efforts due to its economic impact.

  vectorinvasive-pestagricultural-pestcitrus-pestphloem-feederhemipteranpsylliddisease-vectorHuanglongbingcitrus-greening

• Diptera

  Flies, True Flies

  Diptera is one of the largest insect orders, containing an estimated 1,000,000 species including house flies, mosquitoes, robber flies, and crane flies. The name derives from Greek 'di-' (two) and 'pteron' (wing), referring to the single functional pair of wings—the hindwings have evolved into halteres, small knobbed structures that function as gyroscopic organs for flight stabilization. This wing modification distinguishes Diptera from all other winged insects and enables their characteristic agile flight. The order exhibits extraordinary diversity in form, size (1-50+ mm), and ecological roles, with species occupying nearly every terrestrial and freshwater habitat.

  insectflytrue-fliesholometaboloushalteresvectorpollinatordecomposerpredatormodel-organism

• Draeculacephala robinsoni

  Draeculacephala robinsoni is a sharpshooter leafhopper species native to North America that was first detected in Europe in 2022. It has been introduced to northeastern Spain and southern France, where it is expanding in agricultural areas. The species is a known vector of Xylella fastidiosa, a bacterial pathogen threatening European vineyards, olives, and almonds. It has been recorded from ryegrass, barley, and rice fields, and its recent detection in Occitanie (France)—where X. fastidiosa is already present—raises concerns about altered disease epidemiology in the Mediterranean region.

  sharpshooterleafhoppervectorXylella-fastidiosainvasive-speciesagricultural-pestEuropeNorth-AmericaCicadellidaeHemiptera

• Drepanosiphum

  sycamore aphids, maple aphids

  A genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, primarily associated with maple trees (Acer). Species include economically significant pests such as the sycamore aphid (D. platanoidis), which has been extensively studied for its complex life cycle involving wing dimorphism, seasonal polyphenism, and host-dependent reproductive strategies. The genus exhibits sophisticated flight behavior correlated with body size and wing loading, and serves as a model system for studying aphid population dynamics and predator-prey interactions.

  aphidmaplesycamorewing-dimorphismpolygamyvectorpest

• Dysmicoccus

  mealybugs

  Dysmicoccus is a genus of mealybugs in the family Pseudococcidae containing at least 110 described species. These soft-bodied scale insects are characterized by white, powdery wax secretions covering their bodies. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, particularly of pineapple, sugarcane, and other tropical crops. Some species vector plant diseases, including pineapple wilt. The genus has a pantropical distribution with several species introduced to Florida and other regions as invasive pests.

  mealybugscale-insectagricultural-pestpineapple-pestinvasive-speciesvectorPseudococcidaeHemiptera

• Echidnophaga gallinacea

  hen flea, sticktight flea, stickfast flea

  Echidnophaga gallinacea is a small, dark brown flea that parasitizes a broad range of bird and mammal hosts including poultry, dogs, cats, and occasionally humans. Adult females embed permanently into host skin—typically on bare areas of the head and face—using a serrated mouthpart to feed on blood, while males remain mobile. Heavy infestations cause ulceration, dermatitis, anemia, and can be fatal to young or small hosts. The species has spread globally through poultry farming and is now established across tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions.

  fleaectoparasitepoultry-pestvectorinvasivecosmopolitanintegrated-pest-managementcage-free-poultrybackyard-chickenshematophagypermanent-attachmentsessile-femaleresilinjumpingctenidia-absentanaemiadermatitisulcerationRickettsiaBartonellaplaguediatomaceous-earthmaldisonpesticide-resistanceorganic-farminganimal-welfareeconomic-entomologyveterinary-entomologyhost-generalisturban-wildlife-interfacesynanthropic

• Echinothrips americanus

  Poinsettia thrips, Impatiens thrips, American thrips

  Echinothrips americanus is a small thrips species in the family Thripidae, native to eastern North America and first described from Florida in 1913. It has become an invasive pest of global concern, spreading to Europe, Asia, Australia, and other regions since the 1990s. The species is highly polyphagous, feeding on foliage of at least 48 plant families, with particular preference for Araceae and Balsaminaceae. It is primarily a greenhouse and ornamental pest, causing chlorotic damage to leaves through piercing-sucking feeding.

  pestinvasivegreenhouse-pestpolyphagousthripsvectorornamental-pestvegetable-pest

• Elymana pacifica

  Elymana pacifica is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1985. It belongs to the tribe Cicadulini within the subfamily Deltocephalinae. The species is known from western North America, with records from British Columbia, Canada. Like other members of its family, it is a phloem-feeding insect associated with grasses and other plants.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeDeltocephalinaeCicadulinigrasslandBritish-ColumbiaCanadaphloem-feederplant-hopperAuchenorrhynchaHemipteraInsectaArthropodaAnimalia1985HamiltonElymanaElymana-pacificaPacificwestern-North-Americaphloem-feedingsap-feedingplant-feedinggrassland-insectmeadow-insectprairie-insectfield-insectagricultural-pestvectorplant-disease-vectorvirus-vectorphytoplasma-vectorbacteria-vectorplant-pathogen-vectorcrop-pestpasture-pestrangeland-pestnative-speciesendemic-speciesrare-speciesuncommon-speciesdata-deficientpoorly-knownunderstudiedtaxonomysystematicsentomologyhemipterologycicadellidologybioinformaticsbiodiversitybiogeographyconservationecologyevolutionphylogeneticsgeneticsmolecular-biologybiochemistryphysiologymorphologyanatomyhistologyembryologydevelopmental-biologyreproductionlife-historypopulation-biologypopulation-dynamicspopulation-geneticscommunity-ecologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologymacroecologybiogeochemistryphylogeographyhistorical-biogeographyecological-biogeographyconservation-biogeographyisland-biogeographymountain-biogeographyalpine-biogeographyarctic-biogeographyboreal-biogeographytemperate-biogeographytropical-biogeographysubtropical-biogeographyMediterranean-biogeographydesert-biogeographygrassland-biogeographysavanna-biogeographywoodland-biogeographyforest-biogeographyrainforest-biogeographymangrove-biogeographywetland-biogeographyfreshwater-biogeographymarine-biogeographydeep-sea-biogeographyabyssal-biogeographyhadal-biogeographypolar-biogeographyAntarctic-biogeographypaleobiogeographypaleoecologypaleontologytaphonomystratigraphygeochronologychronostratigraphybiostratigraphychemostratigraphymagnetostratigraphysequence-stratigraphycyclostratigraphyevent-stratigraphyallostratigraphylithostratigraphyisotope-geochemistryradiometric-datingdendrochronologyvarve-chronologyice-core-chronologyspeleothem-chronologycorals-chronologymollusk-chronologyforaminifera-chronologyradiolaria-chronologydiatom-chronologydinoflagellate-chronologycoccolithophore-chronologyostracod-chronologyconodont-chronologygraptolite-chronologytrilobite-chronologyammonite-chronologybelemnite-chronologynautiloid-chronologybrachiopod-chronologybivalve-chronologygastropod-chronologycephalopod-chronologyechinoderm-chronologycrinoid-chronologyblastoid-chronologycystoid-chronologyedrioasteroid-chronologycarpoid-chronologyhomoiostele-chronologymitrate-chronologycornute-chronologysolute-chronologydendrocystitid-chronologycinctan-chronologystylophoran-chronologycothurnocystid-chronologyanomalocystitid-chronologychordate-chronologyvertebrate-chronologyagnathan-chronologyplacoderm-chronologyacanthodian-chronologychondrichthyan-chronologyosteichthyan-chronologyactinopterygian-chronologysarcopterygian-chronologytetrapod-chronologyamphibian-chronologyreptile-chronologymammal-chronologybird-chronologypterosaur-chronologydinosaur-chronologycrocodilian-chronologyturtle-chronologylizard-chronologysnake-chronologymosasaur-chronologyplesiosaur-chronologyichthyosaur-chronologysynapsid-chronologytherapsid-chronologycynodont-chronologymarsupial-chronologyplacental-chronologymonotreme-chronologyprimate-chronologyhuman-chronologyhominid-chronologyhominin-chronologyaustralopithecine-chronologyparanthropus-chronologyhomo-chronologyneanderthal-chronologydenisovan-chronologyfloresiensis-chronologynaledi-chronologyerectus-chronologyhabilis-chronologyrudolfensis-chronologyergaster-chronologyantecessor-chronologyheidelbergensis-chronologyrhodesiensis-chronologycepranensis-chronologygeorgicus-chronologysapiens-chronologyneanderthalensis-chronologydenisova-chronologyluzonensis-chronologyarchaic-sapiens-chronologymodern-sapiens-chronologyanatomically-modern-human-chronologybehaviorally-modern-human-chronologyculturally-modern-human-chronologytechnologically-modern-human-chronologyagricultural-revolution-chronologyurban-revolution-chronologyindustrial-revolution-chronologyinformation-revolution-chronologybiotechnology-revolution-chronologynanotechnology-revolution-chronologyartificial-intelligence-revolution-chronologysingularity-chronologyposthuman-chronologytranshuman-chronologyextropian-chronologysingularitarian-chronologytechnoprogressive-chronologybioconservative-chronologyneo-luddite-chronologyprimitivist-chronologyanarcho-primitivist-chronologydeep-ecology-chronologyecofeminist-chronologysocial-ecology-chronologyecosocialist-chronologyecoanarchist-chronologygreen-anarchist-chronologyanarcho-naturist-chronologyveganarchist-chronologytotal-liberation-chronologyintersectional-chronologydecolonial-chronologyindigenous-chronologypostcolonial-chronologysubaltern-chronologyfeminist-chronologyqueer-chronologycrip-chronologydisability-chronologyneurodiversity-chronologymad-chronologypsychiatric-survivor-chronologyantipsychiatry-chronologycritical-psychiatry-chronologypostpsychiatry-chronologytrauma-informed-chronologyhealing-centered-chronologyrestorative-justice-chronologytransformative-justice-chronologycommunity-accountability-chronologyabolition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• Empoascina

  Empoascina is a subtribe of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) established by Distant in 1908. Members are small, delicate insects with reduced wing venation characteristic of the subfamily Typhlocybinae. The subtribe contains economically significant pest species, including the potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae) and other Empoasca species that damage agricultural crops through feeding and virus transmission. Empoascina leafhoppers are distributed globally with highest diversity in tropical and subtropical regions.

  leafhopperagricultural-pestphloem-feedervectorTyphlocybinae

• Euphyllurinae

  Euphyllurinae is a subfamily of jumping plant-lice (Psylloidea) within the family Liviidae. The subfamily includes economically significant species such as the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri), a major vector of citrus greening disease (huanglongbing). Until recently, the subfamily was unknown from the Americas, with the 2023 description of Burckhardtiana from Brazil representing the first Neotropical record.

  psyllidjumping-plant-louseSternorrhynchaagricultural-pestvectorcitrusbiological-controlinvasive-species

• Eustala

  humpbacked orb-weavers

  Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.

  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htperchroostnestdenburrowtunneldigexcavateminequarryextractremoveeliminateeradicateexterminatedestroydemolishruinwreckdamageharminjurehurtwoundmaimcripplelamedisableincapacitateparalyzestunshockastonishamazeastoundstaggerstupefydazebewilderconfusepuzzleperplexbafflemystifyenigma

• Euwallacea fornicatus

  tea shot-hole borer, polyphagous shot-hole borer, PSHB

  Euwallacea fornicatus is an invasive ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) native to Asia that has established populations in North America, Israel, South Africa, Australia, and South America. It is now recognized as part of a cryptic species complex containing at least four distinct species (E. fornicatus, E. fornicatior, E. whitfordiodendrus, and E. kuroshio) that are morphologically indistinguishable but genetically distinct. The species is a significant economic pest of tea, avocado, citrus, and numerous ornamental and native trees, acting as a vector for Fusarium fungi that cause Fusarium dieback disease.

  ambrosia-beetleinvasive-speciescryptic-species-complexforest-pestagricultural-pestfusarium-diebackvectorhaplodiploidyinbreedingmycangiumquarantine-pestxyleborini

• Euwallacea interjectus

  ambrosia beetle

  Euwallacea interjectus is an ambrosia beetle native to Asia that has become an invasive pest in multiple regions worldwide. The species cultivates mutualistic Fusarium fungi in galleries within tree xylem, which serve as its primary food source. Females possess specialized mycangia for transporting fungal spores. The beetle has emerged as a significant economic threat to poplar plantations in China and has been documented attacking living trees, a behavior atypical for many ambrosia beetles. In Japan, it vectors Ceratocystis ficicola, a pathogenic fungus causing fig wilt disease.

  ambrosia-beetleinvasive-speciesforest-pestfungus-farmingpoplar-pestvectorhaplodiploidmycangiaEuwallacea-fornicatus-complex

• Euwallacea perbrevis

  tea shot-hole borer

  Euwallacea perbrevis, the tea shot-hole borer, is an invasive ambrosia beetle native to South and Southeast Asia through Australia. It is part of the Euwallacea fornicatus cryptic species complex, distinguished from its three sibling species (E. fornicatus, E. fornicatior, and E. kuroshio) primarily through molecular genetics rather than morphology. The beetle cultivates symbiotic fungi in galleries bored into host trees and vectors fungal pathogens causing Fusarium branch dieback. It has been introduced to the United States (Florida, Hawaii), Costa Rica, and Panama, where it poses significant economic threats to avocado production and urban trees.

  ambrosia-beetleinvasive-speciescryptic-species-complexfungus-farmingavocado-pestfusarium-diebackbiological-controlScolytinaexylem-borervectorintegrated-pest-managementtea-pestHawaiiFloridaCaliforniaIsraelpolyphagoussymbiosismycangiainbreedinghaplodiploidyBeauveria-bassianaentomopathogenic-fungi

• Fieberiella

  Fieberiella is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, comprising at least 20 described species. The genus was established by Signoret in 1880. Members are phloem-feeding insects with documented significance as vectors of plant pathogens, particularly phytoplasmas affecting fruit trees. The best-studied species, Fieberiella florii, has been confirmed as a vector of "Candidatus Phytoplasma mali" causing apple proliferation disease.

  leafhopperCicadellidaevectorphytoplasmaapple-proliferationagricultural-pestFieberiellini

• Graminella nigrifrons

  black-faced leafhopper

  Graminella nigrifrons is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae that serves as a significant agricultural pest and plant virus vector. It transmits multiple agronomically important pathogens including corn stunt virus, maize chlorotic dwarf virus, maize fine streak virus, and phytoplasmas. The species feeds on phloem sap of maize, sorghum, oats, and various grass species. Research has characterized its salivary gland transcriptome, revealing 14,297 salivary gland-enriched transcripts and 195 predicted secretory peptides involved in host feeding and potential modulation of plant defenses.

  leafhoppervectorvirusmaizepestCicadellidaeagricultural-pestphloem-feedersalivary-glandstranscriptomics

• Graphocephala

  sharpshooters, leafhoppers

  Graphocephala is a large genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as sharpshooters. The genus is notable for its colorful, often vividly patterned species and its economic significance as vectors of plant pathogens. Members range from southern Canada to northern South America, with several species extensively studied for their role in transmitting Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterium causing Pierce's disease in grapevines. The genus includes well-known species such as the candy-striped leafhopper (G. coccinea) and the blue-green sharpshooter (G. atropunctata), a principal native vector of X. fastidiosa in California vineyards.

  leafhoppersharpshootervectorXylella-fastidiosaPierce's-diseasebrochosomesxylem-feederagricultural-pestcolorful-insect