Taxonomic-revision
Guides
Monocrepidius suturalis
A click beetle species in the family Elateridae. Formerly classified under the genus Eleodes (family Tenebrionidae), this species was reclassified to Monocrepidius based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. The species is characterized by a reddish-brown sutural stripe on dark elytra and occurs in grassland habitats of the Great Plains region.
Monommatini
monommatid beetles, opossum beetles
Monommatini is a tribe of beetles within the ironclad beetle family Zopheridae, containing approximately 15 genera and 300 described species. These beetles are found worldwide, with highest diversity in Madagascar. They are strongly associated with decaying plant matter, particularly the dry rotting cambium of trees and plants in the family Agavaceae. Historically treated as a separate family (Monommidae) or subfamily (Monommatinae), they are now classified as a tribe within Zopherinae. Recent authors have proposed the common name 'opossum beetles' for this group.
Morophagoides
A genus of small moths in the family Tineidae, established by Petersen in 1957. The genus has a wide distribution and contains at least eight species in Japan, including four described in a 2015 revision based on adult morphological characters. The Japanese fauna comprises M. ussuriensis, M. moriutii, M. occidentalis, M. meridianus, and four newly described species: M. breviculus, M. robinsoni, M. aquilonis, and M. yakuensis. A potential synapomorphy has been proposed for this genus, though details of larval biology and host associations remain undocumented.
Myrmarachne
ant-mimic spiders, ant-mimicking jumping spiders
Myrmarachne is a large genus of ant-mimicking jumping spiders (Salticidae) first described by MacLeay in 1839. With approximately 188 described species, it is the most diverse genus of jumping spider in Southeast Asia. These spiders exhibit remarkable morphological and behavioral convergence with ants, including elongated cephalothoraxes with constricted waists, coloration matching local ant species, and foreleg waving to simulate antennae. The genus has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with several genera split off in recent years including Helicius (2016) and the revalidation of Emertonius (2018).
Mythenteles
Mythenteles is a genus of minute bee flies in the family Mythicomyiidae. The genus was established by Hall & Evenhuis in 1986 and contains species of very small size, consistent with the 'microbombyliid' designation. A 2011 world revision recognized eight new species and confirmed a disjunct Northern Hemisphere distribution pattern. The genus is taxonomically well-defined but biologically poorly known.
Nelphe carolina
little Carol's wasp moth, Florida eucereon
Nelphe carolina is a moth species in the subfamily Arctiinae, first described by Henry Edwards in 1887. It is known from southern Texas, Florida, Mexico, and Cuba. Adults have a wingspan of 31–34 mm and have been recorded on wing year-round. The larvae feed on Cynanchum species. The species is also known as the Florida eucereon or little Carol's wasp moth, and is currently placed in the genus Nelphe, though it was formerly treated under Eucereon.
Neobisnius
Neobisnius is a genus of large rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, established by Ganglbauer in 1895. The genus contains at least 39 recognized species in the New World, with additional species known from the Palearctic region. Species-level taxonomy has been extensively revised, with numerous synonymies resolved and subspecies recognized in some taxa.
Neobisnius jocosus
A rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, recognized as a valid species with *alternans* (Sharp) synonymized under it. Part of a genus revision that established species boundaries through morphological analysis of adult males.
Neobisnius sobrinus
A rove beetle in the genus *Neobisnius*, widely distributed across the Americas from Canada to Brazil. The species was revised taxonomically in 1995, with four names newly synonymized under it. Adults are described and illustrated in taxonomic literature, but detailed ecological and life history information remains sparse.
Neodexiopsis
house flies
Neodexiopsis is a genus of muscid flies (family Muscidae) established by Malloch in 1920. It is one of the two most species-rich genera in the tribe Coenosiini, with at least 80 described species. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, particularly in relation to species previously placed in the genus Austrocoenosia. Species-level taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships within Neodexiopsis have been investigated using morphological characters of adult flies, including male and female genitalia structures.
Neoethilla
Neoethilla is a genus of tachinid flies established in 2012 following taxonomic revision. Species in this genus were previously classified under Winthemia. As a tachinid, members are parasitoid flies, though specific host relationships for Neoethilla remain poorly documented.
Neomintho
Neomintho is a genus of tachinid flies in the tribe Euthelairini, characterized by taxonomic instability and recent revision. The genus was substantially redefined in 2024, with three genus-group names (Euthelaira, Iteuthelaira, Neominthoidea) newly synonymized under it, while Eupelecotheca was revived as a separate genus. Most species occur in the Neotropics, with only one confirmed Nearctic species, N. beckersi, described from Florida and the Cayman Islands. This species represents the first documented host association for the entire tribe, having been reared from the katydid Neoconocephalus triops.
Neoxorides
Neoxorides is a genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Poemeniinae. The genus was established by Clément in 1938 and has undergone taxonomic revision, with some species formerly placed here now reassigned to other genera such as Podoschistus. Members are ectoparasitoids of wood-boring beetle larvae. The genus has a Holarctic distribution, with records from Europe and North America.
Neoxorides pilusus
Neoxorides pilusus is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Poemeniinae. Species in this genus were historically classified under Xorides and Neoxorides before taxonomic revision. Members of Poemeniinae are ectoparasitoids of wood-boring beetle larvae. The genus Neoxorides contains species that target beetle hosts in forested habitats.
Niptus
spider beetles
Niptus is a genus of spider beetles (Coleoptera: Ptinidae) distributed across the Australian region, Palearctic (including Europe), Near East, Nearctic, and North Africa. The genus as currently circumscribed is polyphyletic; North American species have been transferred to the new genus Coleotestudus based on morphological and molecular evidence. The type species Niptus hololeucus (golden spider beetle) represents a distinct clade not closely related to the former North American members.
Norbanus
Norbanus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Pteromalidae, subfamily Pteromalinae. The genus was established by Walker in 1843 and contains species distributed across the Afrotropical region, Mediterranean, and other areas. A 2015 revision recognized four previously described Afrotropical species and described 21 new species from the region. The subgenus Picroscytoides was synonymized with Norbanus. Several species have been recorded as parasitoids of economically important crop pests.
Nycthia
Nycthia is a genus of tortricid moths established by Pogue in 1990. It is currently treated as a synonym of Cochylimorpha, a larger genus within the tribe Cochylini. The genus was erected based on morphological distinctions that subsequent taxonomic revision has determined do not warrant separate generic status. Species formerly placed in Nycthia are now classified under Cochylimorpha.
Nylanderia austroccidua
Nylanderia austroccidua is a species of ant in the subfamily Formicinae, originally described from a widespread distribution ranging from Utah to Costa Rica. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs) revealed that specimens matching the original description are paraphyletic with respect to Nearctic Nylanderia species, indicating the original concept encompassed multiple cryptic lineages. The species belongs to American Clade I (AC1), a group that includes a Neotropical subclade extending into Mesoamerica. An updated taxonomic description was published in 2024 as part of a revision that described eight new Nylanderia species from the region.
Ochromolopis
Ochromolopis is a genus of microlepidopteran moths in the family Epermeniidae, established by Jacob Hübner in 1824. The genus comprises approximately 13 currently recognized species distributed across multiple continents, with notable diversity in Australia, Africa, and the Palaearctic region. Species within this genus have undergone significant taxonomic revision, with many transferred from related genera such as Epermenia and Tinea. The taxonomic status of some species remains under investigation.
Ocydromiinae
Ocydromiinae is a subfamily of dance flies within the family Hybotidae (Diptera: Empidoidea). The subfamily comprises two recognized tribes: Ocydromiini and Bicellariini. It includes approximately 13 genera with distributions spanning the Neotropical, Australasian, and New Zealand regions. Several genera are endemic to restricted geographic areas, including Pseudoscelolabes and Austropeza in New Zealand, and Leptodromia in Australia. Taxonomic revisions have been published for multiple genera, indicating ongoing systematic research but limited ecological study.
Odontellidae
springtails
Odontellidae is a family of springtails (Collembola) in the order Poduromorpha, established by Massoud in 1967. The family comprises approximately 9 genera and more than 50 described species, distributed across diverse biogeographic regions including subantarctic, arctic, and temperate zones. Species-level identification relies heavily on chaetotaxy, particularly the number and arrangement of sensilla and chaetae on antennae, tibiotarsi, and the dens.
Olibroporus punctatus
A small beetle in the family Phalacridae, Olibroporus punctatus was described by Casey and has been subject to taxonomic revision to clarify its distinction from related genera. The species has a documented widespread distribution, though specific biological details remain poorly known in the accessible literature.
Omalium
Omalium is a genus of ocellate rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) containing at least 70 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus has been subject to extensive taxonomic revision, with species organized into morphologically-based species groups including the Acutangulum, Amplissimum, Caesum, Oxyacanthae, and Rivulare groups. Recent revisions have described numerous new species from the Himalayan region, China, Siberia, and the Far East.
Omalodes
clown beetles
Omalodes is a genus of clown beetles in the family Histeridae, comprising approximately 63-68 described species distributed across three subgenera. It represents the largest genus within the tribe Omalodini and has an exclusively Neotropical distribution, with some species extending into the southern United States. One species, Omalodes (Omalodes) fassli, has been reported on banana crops in Colombia where it may play a role in controlling the banana weevil. The genus is characterized by morphological features including complete apical stria on the elytra in some subgenera.
Omolicna fulva
Omolicna fulva is a planthopper species in the family Derbidae, order Hemiptera. Recent taxonomic revision based on multi-locus molecular analysis (COI, 18S rRNA, and 28S rRNA D9-D10 sequences) has transferred this species to the genus Agoo as A. fulvus comb. nov. The species was originally described by Van Duzee in 1909. No ecological, behavioral, or host-specific information has been documented for this species.
Oodes
Oodes is a genus of ground beetles (Carabidae) in the tribe Oodini. The genus has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with many species formerly classified in Oodes now placed in three new genera: Pseudoodes, Sundaoodes, and Nothoodes. The genus currently comprises seven recognized species, with five in Oodes s.str. and two in the subgenus Lachnocrepis. Oodes species are distributed across the Palaearctic and Oriental regions.
Opatrini
darkling beetles
Opatrini is a tribe of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) comprising approximately 281 genera and about 4,000 species, representing one of the most species-rich lineages within the family. The tribe was historically placed in subfamily Tenebrioninae but was transferred to the resurrected subfamily Blaptinae in 2021 based on phylogenetic analyses. The fossil genus Eupachypterus from Eocene Oise amber demonstrates that Opatrini-like morphology has persisted for over 50 million years. The tribe includes several subtribes, with molecular studies supporting the monophyly of Blapstinina and revealing complex relationships among geographically distributed genera.
Orchestia
Orchestia is a genus of talitrid amphipods comprising approximately 10-15 marine supralittoral species. The genus was revised in 2014, with three new species described from the North Atlantic and South America, and has been redefined to exclude terrestrial species now placed in Cryptorchestia. Species in this genus inhabit coastal environments including sandy beaches, driftwood, and estuaries, with some showing specialized ecological associations. Orchestia species serve as intermediate hosts for parasites and play roles in wrack decomposition.
Orconectes erichsonianus
Erichson's Crayfish
Orconectes erichsonianus is a freshwater crayfish species described by Faxon in 1898, currently classified under the genus Faxonius. The species has been treated as a synonym in modern taxonomic revisions, with its current accepted name being Faxonius erichsonianus. It belongs to the family Cambaridae, a diverse group of North American crayfishes. The species is part of the complex taxonomic history of the genus Orconectes, which has undergone substantial revision based on molecular phylogenetics.
Orconectes obscurus
Orconectes obscurus is a freshwater crayfish species originally described by Hagen in 1870. It is currently classified as a synonym of Faxonius obscurus following taxonomic revision that transferred species from Orconectes to Faxonius. The species occurs in North America, with distribution records from Canada. Limited specific ecological information is available in the provided sources.
Oreoneta
A genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) established in 1894, comprising approximately 30 species distributed across cold-temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species inhabit high-latitude or high-altitude environments. The genus was revised extensively by Saaristo & Marusik in 2004, resulting in numerous new species descriptions.
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A genus of braconid wasps in the subfamily Alysiinae, established by Ratzeburg in 1844. The genus has been subdivided into multiple subgenera including Whartonstigma and Patrisaspilota, with species described from Europe, Papua New Guinea, and broader Australasia. Taxonomic revisions indicate substantial morphological diversity within the genus, though biological data remain limited.
Ozophorini
dirt-colored seed bugs
Ozophorini is a tribe of true bugs within the family Rhyparochromidae, established by Sweet in 1967. The tribe comprises more than 30 genera and approximately 220 described species. Members are classified within the seed bug assemblage of the superfamily Lygaeoidea. The tribe has been subject to taxonomic revision, particularly for genera such as Vertomannus, and biological studies including life cycle documentation for species like Balboa variabilis.
Paectes nubifera
Clouded Paectes Moth
Paectes nubifera is a species of moth in the family Euteliidae, first described by Hampson in 1912. It is found in North America and is known by the common name Clouded Paectes Moth. The species has a Hodges number of 8965. It belongs to a genus that has been the subject of recent taxonomic revision, with several cryptic species complexes identified through detailed morphological study of genitalia.
Parastasia
Parastasia is a genus of scarab beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, currently classified within the subfamily Rutelinae but with strong molecular evidence suggesting placement in the subfamily Dynastinae near the tribe Cyclocephalini. The genus occurs in Southeast Asia and includes at least four described species. Adults are associated with the flowers of aroid plants (Araceae), particularly Amorphophallus and Epipremnum.
Parazumia
Parazumia is a genus of potter wasps (subfamily Eumeninae) distributed across the Neotropical and Nearctic regions. Species are medium to large in size compared to other eumenine wasps. Nearctic species were historically classified under the separate genus Paranortonia for much of the 20th century before taxonomic revision. The genus was established by Saussure in 1855 and has undergone significant taxonomic revision, most notably by Carpenter & Garcete-Barrett in 2005.
Pelecinobaccha
A genus of hoverflies in the family Syrphidae, endemic to the Neotropical region. Formerly treated as part of the paraphyletic genus Ocyptamus, it was reinstated as a distinct genus based on phylogenetic evidence. The genus contains four species groups and approximately 49 species, many described in a 2014 revision. Adults are presumably pollinators like other syrphid flies, though specific biological data remain poorly documented.
Pelenomus waltoni
Pelenomus waltoni is a species of weevil in the subfamily Ceutorhynchinae, first described by Boheman in 1843. It was newly recorded from China in a 2013 taxonomic revision, which raised the number of Chinese Pelenomus species from one to six. The species is one of four Pelenomus species newly documented from China in that study, alongside P. canaliculatus, P. quadricorniger, and P. roelofsi.
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
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Phaegopterina is a subtribe of tiger moths within the tribe Arctiini (subfamily Arctiinae, family Erebidae). First described by William Forsell Kirby in 1892, it was formerly classified as the tribe Phaegopterini of family Arctiidae. The subtribe contains approximately 750 species recorded in Brazil alone, with 469 species documented in the Amazon region and 254 in the Cerrado. It includes the arctiine tussock moths, a group sometimes confused with true tussock moths (Lymantriinae). Taxonomic revisions have clarified its placement, with the proposed subtribe Euchaetina ultimately synonymized under Phaegopterina.
Phelister panamensis
A histerid beetle in the P. panamensis species group, widely distributed across the Americas from the United States to Argentina. Frequently found in cattle dung, with distribution likely expanded through association with domestic cattle. The species group is defined by unique hooks on the apex of the male 8th sternite.
Pheloconus infector
Pheloconus infector is a species of true weevil in the family Curculionidae, first described by Boheman in 1845. The species has been historically classified under the genus Conotrachelus, and its taxonomic placement has been subject to revision. It is one of few documented species in the genus Pheloconus, a group of weevils with limited published biological information.
Phidippus cardinalis
cardinal jumper
Phidippus cardinalis is a jumping spider in the family Salticidae, commonly known as the cardinal jumper. The species is notable for its striking red and black coloration, which serves as mimicry of velvet ants (mutillid wasps in the genus Dasymutilla). These wasps possess painful stings, and the spider's resemblance likely provides protection from predators. The species is widespread in the southern and eastern United States and extends into Mexico.
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t-identificationhaving-having-basis-identificationhaving-having-foundation-identificationhaving-having-ground-identificationhaving-having-reason-identificationhaving-having-cause-identificationhaving-having-motive-identificationhaving-having-rationale-identificationhaving-having-explanation-identificationhaving-having-interpretation-identificationhaving-having-understanding-identificationhaving-having-comprehension-identificationhaving-having-grasp-identificationhaving-having-apprehension-identificationhaving-having-insight-identificationhaving-having-intuition-identificationhaving-having-wisdom-identificationhaving-having-knowledge-identificationhaving-having-information-identificationhaving-having-data-identificationhaving-having-fact-identificationhaving-having-truth-identificationhaving-having-reality-identificationhaving-having-actuality-identificationhaving-having-happening-identificationhaving-having-taking-place-identificationhaving-having-coming-about-identificationhaving-having-coming-to-pass-identificationhaving-having-transpiring-identificationhaving-having-unfolding-identificationhaving-having-developing-identificationhaving-having-evolving-identificationhaving-having-progressing-identificationhaving-having-advancing-identificationhaving-having-proceeding-identificationhaving-having-continuing-identificationhaving-having-persisting-identificationhaving-having-lasting-identificationhaving-having-enduring-identificationhaving-having-remaining-identificationhaving-having-staying-identificationhaving-having-abiding-identificationhaving-having-subsisting-identificationhaving-having-surviving-identificationhaving-having-living-identificationhaving-having-existing-identificationPhilocasca
Philocasca is a genus of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) established by Ross in 1941, containing species native to western North America. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with three species (P. alba, P. thor, and P. antennata) transferred to the new genus Montiphylax based on morphological distinctions in wing patterns, genitalia structure, and larval setae. Remaining Philocasca species include P. banksi, P. demita, P. oron, and P. rivularis. The genus exhibits notable ecological diversity, including both aquatic and terrestrial larval habits.
Phrurolithidae
Guardstone Spiders
Phrurolithidae is a family of araneomorph spiders commonly known as guardstone spiders. First described by Nathan Banks in 1892, the family was long treated as a subfamily (Phrurolithinae) within Corinnidae until phylogenetic studies established its separate family status. The family currently comprises 27 genera and approximately 421 species. Members are small to medium-sized spiders, predominantly found in the Northern Hemisphere with exceptional diversity in southern China, where many species are endemic to specific mountain localities.
Phymatodes
Phymatodes is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the tribe Callidiini, with more than 50 described species distributed across the northern hemisphere. The genus is most diverse in western North America, where 26 species are currently recognized. Species exhibit considerable taxonomic complexity, with recent nomenclatural revisions clarifying misapplied names and synonymies. Some species are associated with specific host plants, including grape vines (Vitis) and maple (Acer), while others have broader host associations.
Phymatodes nigrescens
Phymatodes nigrescens is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Hardy & Preece in 1927. The species was previously known under the synonym Phymatodes oregonensis, which was synonymized under P. nigrescens by Swift & Ray in 2010 based on examination of type specimens. It is one of 26 currently recognized species in the genus Phymatodes in North America.
Physoclypeus
A genus of small flies in the family Lauxaniidae, restricted to the Neotropical region. Contains 14 recognized species, including seven described in a 2008 revision. Most species are known only from type specimens collected at specific localities across Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Mexico.
Physoclypeus coquilletti
A species of fly in the family Lauxaniidae, genus Physoclypeus, originally described by Hendel in 1908 as a replacement name for Lauxania lutea Coquillett. The genus is restricted to the Neotropical region. This species has been redescribed in a 2008 taxonomic revision that included seven new species descriptions for the genus.
Piezogaster
leaf-footed bugs
Piezogaster is a genus of leaf-footed bugs in the family Coreidae, containing at least 30 described species distributed across the New World. Recent taxonomic revision has clarified species boundaries, resurrected P. alternatus from synonymy, and described two new species. Members of this genus are found from the southwestern United States through Mexico, Central America, and South America.