Sexual-dimorphism
Guides
Spathidexia
Spathidexia is a New World genus of tachinid flies in the tribe Thelairini, characterized by females possessing a blade-like ovipositor (from Latin 'spatha', sword). The genus contains approximately 24 nominal species distributed across the Americas, with seven species north of Mexico and 12 in the Neotropics showing minimal geographic overlap. All species studied from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica are parasitoids of caterpillars in Nymphalidae (Satyrinae) and Hesperiidae (Hesperiinae) that feed on monocots. Males and females exhibit sexual dimorphism in orbital bristles and abdominal coloration patterns.
Speyeria mormonia
Mormon fritillary
Speyeria mormonia, commonly known as the Mormon fritillary, is a small montane butterfly distributed across western North America from the Yukon to California and Nevada. The species exhibits extreme protandry, with males emerging at least two weeks before females, leading to skewed adult sex ratios toward males. It occupies diverse habitats including rocky mountainsides, meadows, grasslands, and forest clearings, with populations typically occurring in small, semi-isolated patches. Multiple subspecies have been described, reflecting the species' broad geographic range and high genetic variability.
Sphaeromatidae
seapills, Typical Seapills
Sphaeromatidae is a family of marine isopods commonly known as seapills, containing approximately 100 genera and 619 marine species with about 65 additional species in freshwater. Members are frequently encountered on rocky shores and in shelf waters of temperate zones. Many species exhibit dorsoventrally compressed body shapes, often with vaulted dorsums, though some are strongly flattened and scale-like. The family includes both free-living and symbiotic forms, with some genera associating with sponges or other marine organisms.
Sphaeropthalma imperialis
Sphaeropthalma imperialis is a species of velvet ant (family Mutillidae), a group of solitary wasps known for their aposematic coloration and potent sting. Females are wingless and resemble large, hairy ants, while males possess wings. The species was described by Blake in 1871. Like other mutillids, this species exhibits sexual dimorphism and is parasitoid in its life history. The genus Sphaeropthalma is diverse and primarily distributed in the Americas.
Sphaeropthalma pensylvanica
velvet ant
Sphaeropthalma pensylvanica is a velvet ant (family Mutillidae), a group of solitary wasps known for their striking aposematic coloration and painful sting. The species exhibits notable sexual dimorphism: females are wingless and resemble ants, while males possess wings. It has been documented as a parasitoid of mud dauber wasps, particularly developing within cocoons of the organ pipe mud dauber (Trypoxylon politum). Research has revealed unusual reproductive characteristics including facultative size-dependent sex allocation, where larger females produce proportionally more female offspring. The species is also notable for phoretic copulation, a mating behavior in which the male transports the female by flight or foot from the initial contact site before mating occurs.
Sphaeropthalminae
Sphaeropthalminae is a species-rich subfamily of velvet ants (Mutillidae), a group of solitary wasps in which females are wingless and males are winged. Phoretic copulation—where a male physically transports a female by flight and/or foot from their initial site of contact before mating—has been documented in at least one member, Sphaeropthalma pensylvanica, representing the first record of this behavior for the subfamily. The subfamily exhibits sexual dimorphism, with flightless females and winged males.
Sphecius
Cicada-killer Wasps, Cicada Killers
Sphecius is a genus of large, solitary, ground-dwelling predatory wasps commonly known as cicada-killer wasps. The genus comprises 21 recognized species worldwide, with highest diversity in the region between North Africa and Central Asia. Females hunt adult cicadas, sting them into paralysis, and provision underground nests with these prey items for their larval offspring. The genus is notable for pronounced sexual size dimorphism, with females approximately twice the size of males, and for complex male territorial behavior. Four species occur in the Americas: S. speciosus (eastern), S. grandis (western), S. convallis (Pacific), and S. hogardii (Caribbean).
Sphecius grandis
Western Cicada Killer, Western Cicada-killer Wasp
Sphecius grandis is a large, solitary wasp endemic to western North America, ranging from Central America through Mexico to the Western United States. Females construct burrows in sandy, well-drained soils, often forming nest aggregations with hundreds of individual nests. They provision underground cells with paralyzed cicadas (primarily Tibicen duryi, T. dealbata, and T. parallela) as food for their larvae. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: females are larger (forewing length 2.5–3 cm, mass ~256 mg) and live approximately one year, while smaller males (~95 mg) emerge earlier, live only a few days, and engage in aggressive territorial competition for mating access. Activity is concentrated in July and early August, synchronized with cicada emergence. Despite their large size and formidable appearance, they are not habitually aggressive toward humans.
Sphecius speciosus
Eastern cicada-killer wasp, cicada killer, cicada hawk
Sphecius speciosus is a large, solitary digger wasp and one of the largest wasps in eastern North America. Females hunt cicadas, paralyzing them with venom to provision underground nest cells for their larvae. Despite their formidable size and appearance, they pose minimal threat to humans—females rarely sting unless roughly handled, and males lack stingers entirely. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females substantially larger to accommodate egg-laying and prey transport duties.
Sphex lucae
katydid hunter
Sphex lucae is a solitary thread-waisted wasp in the family Sphecidae, native to western North America. This species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: females have a black body with red abdomen and yellowish to violaceous wings, while males are entirely black with violaceous wings. Females are fossorial hunters that excavate subterranean burrows and provision them with paralyzed katydids as food for their larvae. Males form communal sleeping clusters in sheltered locations. The species is the sole North American representative of the subgenus Fernaldina, named for entomologist Henry Torsey Fernald.
Sphodros niger
Black purse-web spider, Black Purseweb Spider
Sphodros niger is a mygalomorph spider native to northeastern North America. Males reach approximately 11 mm in body length (29 mm with legs extended) and possess distinctive chocolate-brown legs contrasting with an otherwise black body. Females were not described until 1980, 138 years after the species was first named, due to their sedentary tube-dwelling behavior. The species is listed as a special concern species in Connecticut and ranked as vulnerable in Virginia.
Sphodros rufipes
Red-legged Purseweb Spider
Sphodros rufipes is a mygalomorph spider in the purseweb spider family Atypidae, native to eastern and southern North America. First described as Atypus rufipes by Latreille in 1829, it was transferred to the genus Sphodros in 1980. The species is notable for its distinctive hunting strategy using a silk tunnel constructed against trees or other objects, and for the pronounced sexual dimorphism in leg coloration. Females have been documented living up to 7 years.
Spilomicrini
Spilomicrini is a tribe of small parasitoid wasps within the family Diapriidae (Hymenoptera). Members are generally melanic (dark-colored), with body lengths ranging from 1.5–4.5 mm. The tribe includes at least 14 genera and exhibits high sexual dimorphism and intraspecific morphological variation, which complicates species identification. The genus Spilomicrus alone contains over 100 described species with worldwide distribution.
Spragueia apicalis
Yellow Spragueia Moth
Spragueia apicalis is a small noctuid moth commonly known as the Yellow Spragueia Moth. Adults exhibit sexual dimorphism in size, with males slightly larger than females. The species has a broad distribution across the Americas, from the southern United States through Central America to South America. Larvae have been documented feeding on Gutierrezia sarothrae, a species of snakeweed.
Stagmomantis carolina
Carolina mantis, Carolina mantid
Stagmomantis carolina, the Carolina mantis, is a native North American mantid species ranging from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Arizona. It is smaller than introduced mantid species such as the Chinese mantis (Tenodera sinensis) and European mantis (Mantis religiosa), typically exhibiting gray or brown coloration. The species overwinters as eggs in protective cases called oothecae, with nymphs emerging in spring and adults present from July through October. It serves as an important predator in gardens and natural landscapes, with documented parasitism by the tachinid fly Masiphya confusa.
Stagmomantis limbata
bordered mantis, Arizona mantis, bosque mantis, New Mexico praying mantis
Stagmomantis limbata is one of the largest native mantids in North America, reaching approximately 3 inches in length. It exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: females are flightless, robust, and typically plain green or gray with a dark spot on the tegmina, while males are slender, long-winged, and capable of flight. The species is notable for female-emitted sex pheromones that attract males, with pheromone production linked to female nutritional status and receptivity. Sexual cannibalism occurs, particularly when females are food-limited.
Statilia maculata
Asian jumping mantis, 小蟷螂, ko-kamakiri, 좀사마귀, joem-sa-ma-gui
Statilia maculata is a medium-sized praying mantis native to East Asia, commonly known as the Asian jumping mantis. Adults range from 40–50 mm (males) to 45–58 mm (females). The species inhabits low-lying vegetation including weeds and shrubs, distinguishing it from canopy-dwelling relatives. First described by Carl Peter Thunberg in 1784 from specimens thought to be from eastern India, it is now recognized across a broad Asian range. The species exhibits notable sexual dimorphism in cercal structure, with females possessing more articles and longer cerci than males.
Stenacidia violacea
Stenacidia violacea is a springtail species in the family Sminthurididae, characterized by distinctive coloration with yellowish body and purple lateral markings. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration, with females sometimes appearing dark purple. A notable behavioral trait involves antenna contact during mating, described as resembling a 'kiss'. The species has a broad distribution spanning the Nearctic and Palearctic regions, with a recent range extension to Iran documented in 2019.
Stenocorus vestitus
Flower longhorn
Stenocorus vestitus is a species of longhorn beetle (family Cerambycidae) found in North America. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration: females are black while males are brown, a pattern shared with the congeneric Stenocorus meridianus. Adults are attracted to ultraviolet light and have been documented visiting fermenting bait traps. The species belongs to the subfamily Lepturinae, whose members are commonly known as flower longhorns.
Stenomorphus sinaloae
Stenomorphus sinaloae is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Darlington in 1936. It belongs to the S. sinaloae species group, which also includes S. penicillatus. The species exhibits allometric trends in prothorax shape and hind tibia proportions, with evolutionary trends associated with burrowing behavior and sexual selection.
Sternorrhyncha
plant-parasitic hemipterans
Sternorrhyncha is a suborder of Hemiptera containing aphids, whiteflies, scale insects, and psyllids—groups formerly classified in the obsolete order 'Homoptera'. The name refers to the rearward position of the mouthparts relative to the head. All members are obligate plant-feeders with piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for extracting phloem or xylem sap. Many species exhibit highly modified life cycles including parthenogenesis, sexual dimorphism, flightless morphs, and eusociality. The group includes numerous economically important agricultural and horticultural pests.
Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
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aloeus
ox beetle, Aloeus ox beetle
Strategus aloeus is a large rhinoceros beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, native to the Americas. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism and male polymorphism, with "major" males possessing three prominent thoracic horns resembling Triceratops, while "minor" males have reduced horns and females bear only a small horn used for digging. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to lights. The species has been documented as a significant pest of young oil palm crops in Latin America, where population dynamics are strongly influenced by plantation management practices.
Strepsiptera
Twisted-wing Insects, Twisted-wing Parasites, Stylops
Strepsiptera is an order of obligate endoparasitic insects comprising approximately 600 described species across 11 extant families. The group exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism: males are free-living, short-lived adults with reduced forewings modified into halteres and large fan-shaped hindwings, while females are neotenic, larviform, and remain permanently within their insect hosts. All strepsipterans are parasites of other insects, with documented hosts spanning seven orders including Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Blattodea, Mantodea, Zygentoma, and Diptera. The order is believed to be most closely related to Coleoptera, forming the clade Coleopterida.
Strongylophthalmyia
Strongylophthalmyia is a genus of slender, long-legged flies in the family Strongylophthalmyiidae. Most species occur in the Oriental and Australasian regions, with some extending into the Palearctic. Males exhibit highly modified antennal structures with variable processes on the first flagellomere. The genus contains approximately 40 described species, including several named in honor of public figures.
Strymon bazochii
Lantana Scrub-Hairstreak, Smaller Lantana Butterfly
Strymon bazochii is a small lycaenid butterfly native to the Neotropics, ranging from Paraguay through Central America and the Caribbean to southern Texas. It was deliberately introduced to Hawaii in 1902 as a biological control agent for invasive Lantana species, but failed to establish effective control. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in wing pattern and has a documented association with Lippia and Lantana host plants.
Stylopidae
Stylopidae is a family of obligate parasitic insects in the order Strepsiptera, comprising approximately 15 genera and over 330 described species. All members are endoparasites of bees (Hymenoptera), with infected hosts referred to as "stylopized." Females are neotenic, remaining within the host body throughout their adult life, while males are free-living with reduced morphology. The family exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism and a unique reproductive strategy involving traumatic insemination via a paragenital organ.
Stylops
stylops
Stylops is a genus of obligately endoparasitic insects in the family Stylopidae, order Strepsiptera. Members are endoparasites of Hymenoptera, particularly bees in the family Andrenidae. The genus exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism: males are free-living with wings and functional limbs, while females are neotenic, legless, and remain permanently embedded within host abdomens with only the cephalothorax protruding. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution with numerous described species, though taxonomic status of many remains problematic due to reliance on poor female morphological characters.
Supella
brown-banded cockroaches
Supella is a genus of small, synanthropic cockroaches in the family Ectobiidae, with the brown-banded cockroach (S. longipalpa) being the most widespread and well-known species. Native to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, the genus has achieved cosmopolitan distribution through human-mediated transport. Members of this genus are distinguished by transverse pale bands across the wings and abdomen, pronounced sexual dimorphism in wing development, and a preference for warm, dry indoor environments. The type species S. longipalpa is a significant public health pest that completes its entire life cycle within human-built structures.
Supella longipalpa
brown-banded cockroach, brownbanded cockroach, TV roach
Supella longipalpa, commonly known as the brown-banded cockroach, is a small synanthropic pest of presumed African origin that has become established in human-built structures worldwide. It is notable for pronounced sexual dimorphism: males are slender with long, functional wings and are capable of flight, while females are broader with short, non-functional wings. The species completes its entire life cycle indoors and shows distinct behavioral preferences for warmer, drier locations compared to other domestic cockroaches, often inhabiting furniture, appliances, and upper wall areas.
Synalocha gutierreziae
Synalocha gutierreziae is a small tortricid moth described by Powell in 1985. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and exhibits sexual dimorphism in forewing length. Adults are active in autumn, and larvae feed on specific host plants in the genus Gutierrezia.
Synanthedon albicornis
Western Willow Clearwing Moth
Synanthedon albicornis is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, commonly known as the Western Willow Clearwing Moth. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with males possessing highly bipectinate (feathery) antennae and distinctive white thoracic tufts composed of hair-like scales. Like other sesiids, it is a wasp mimic with reduced wing scaling that creates a transparent appearance. The species is diurnal and generally not attracted to light traps.
Tabanus lineola
striped horse fly
Tabanus lineola, commonly known as the striped horse fly, is a biting horse fly native to eastern and southern North America. Females are aggressive blood-feeders of humans and livestock, recognized by a pale median stripe on the abdomen, while males lack this feature, do not bite, and have bare eyes. The species has a univoltine life cycle with larvae developing in saturated sandy soils near water bodies.
Tabanus petiolatus
petiolate horse fly
Tabanus petiolatus is a species of horse fly in the family Tabanidae, characterized by distinctive sexually dimorphic eye coloration. Males possess a dark brown streak across the light-colored upper lenses of their compound eyes, while females have uniformly dark brown eyes. The species occurs in the United States and is frequently confused with Tabanus melanocerus and Tabanus trimaculatus.
Tachinini
tachinid flies
Tachinini is a tribe of bristle flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) comprising numerous parasitoid species. Members exhibit diverse morphological features including sexual dimorphism in some genera, with males of certain taxa displaying distinctive sexual patches on abdominal tergite 5. The tribe includes important biological control agents targeting lepidopteran pests, particularly defoliators of palm trees.
Tachypompilus unicolor
Western Red-tailed Spider Wasp, Red-tailed Spider Hunter
Tachypompilus unicolor is a solitary spider wasp endemic to western North America. The species exhibits striking sexual dimorphism in coloration and wing morphology. Adults are nectar-feeders, while females provision nests with paralyzed spiders as food for their larvae. Two subspecies are recognized, distinguished primarily by body and wing coloration.
Tanyptera dorsalis
Antlered Crane Fly
Tanyptera dorsalis is a species of crane fly in the family Tipulidae, commonly known as the Antlered Crane Fly. Males are distinguished by prominent antler-like projections on the head. The species occurs in eastern North America, with records from Canada and the United States.
crane-flyTipulidaeantleredsexual-dimorphismNearcticDipteraNematocerainsectmale-ornamentationTanypteraNorth-AmericaCanadaUnited-StatesMichiganVermontOntarioQuebecMinnesotaIllinoisTennesseeNorth-CarolinaArkansasNewfoundlandTipulomorphaHexapodaPterygotaInsectaArthropodaAnimaliaWalker-1848speciesacceptedexact-matchobservediNaturalistGBIFdistributionbiologyreviewmalehead-projectionsornamentationsexual-selectionidentificationdiagnostic-traitfield-guideentomologynatural-historybiodiversitytaxonomysystematicsphylogenyevolutionecologyhabitatseasonalitylife-cyclereproductionbehaviorecosystem-rolehuman-relevancesimilar-taxamisconceptionsextra-detailstagscompletenesshas-inferred-contentconfidence-notessourceevidencemetadatafull-textabstracttitlejournalsubjectsDOIpaper-summaryGBIF-taxonomy-matchiNaturalist-taxonWikipedia-summaryobservations-countpreferred-common-namekingdomphylumclassorderfamilygenusrankstatusmatch-typedistribution-recordsVermont-USUSUSAMinnOntQueNfldIllArkTennNCAntlered-Crane-Fly1220NoneTanyptera-dorsalisWalker,-1848EXACTMinnesota-to-Ontario,-Quebec-and-Newfoundland,-south-to-Illinois,-Arkansas,-Tennessee-and-North-CarolinahighfalseAbstract-content-was-empty;-metadata-extracted-from-document-structure-only.-Full-text-not-available-in-provided-source.-Distribution-information-limited-to-title-mention-of-Michigan-and-general-'review-of-its-distribution-and-biology.'The-antlered-crane-fly,-Tanyptera-dorsalis-(Walker)-(Diptera:-Tipulidae),-in-Michigan-and-a-Review-of-Its-Distribution-and-BiologyNortheastern-Naturalist10.1656/045.017.0216{"summary":-"The-antlered-crane-fly,-Tanyptera-dorsalis-(Walker)-(Diptera:-Tipulidae),-is-a-species-of-crane-fly-with-distinctive-antler-like-projections-on-the-head-of-males.-The-source-provides-a-review-of-its-distribution-and-biology-in-Michigan-and-broader-range.",-"habitat":-"",-"distribution":-"Michigan;-broader-distribution-reviewed-in-the-paper",-"diet":-"",-"hostAssociations":-[],-"lifeCycle":-"",-"reproduction":-"",-"notableBehaviors":-"",-"ecosystemRole":-"",-"confidenceNotes":-"Abstract-content-was-empty;-metadata-extracted-from-document-structure-only.-Full-text-not-available-in-provided-source.-Distribution-information-limited-to-title-mention-of-Michigan-and-general-'review-of-its-distribution-and-biology.'"}Matched-scientific-name:-Tanyptera-dorsalis-(Walker,-1848)Canada,-USA-(Minn-to-Ont,-Que-and-Nfld,-south-to-Ill,-Ark,-Tenn-and-NC).;-Nearctic;-Canada,-USA-(Minn-to-Ont,-Que-and-Nfld,-south-to-Ill,-Ark,-Tenn-and-NC).;-Nearctic;-Vermont-US,-USTarachodidae
bark mantises
Tarachodidae is a family of mantises commonly known as bark mantises, found in Africa and Asia. The family has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with former subfamilies Caliridinae and Tarachodinae now reassigned to other families. The genus Galepsus, a primary representative of this family, has been studied for its distribution across Southern Africa and its life history traits. Research on Galepsus species has revealed distinctive reproductive strategies, including extended female longevity and extended intervals between ootheca production to reduce sibling competition.
Telamona excelsa
Telamona excelsa is a North American treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Léon Fairmaire in 1846. It exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration and pronotum structure: males are yellow-brown with a dark brown anterior pronotal crest, while females are green with a higher pronotal crest edged in black or brown. The species feeds on a broad range of woody host plants including hickories, walnuts, oaks, and other trees.
Teleasinae
Teleasinae is a subfamily of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Scelionidae. Members are exclusively egg parasitoids of ground beetles (Carabidae), making them unique among Scelionidae in this host specialization. The subfamily contains approximately 14 genera and over 480 described species worldwide, with Trimorus alone comprising 389 species. Taxonomic placement has shifted historically, having been treated previously as a subfamily of Platygastridae before molecular analyses reclassified Scelionidae as a subfamily within Platygastridae.
Tetraopes tetrophthalmus
Red Milkweed Beetle
Tetraopes tetrophthalmus, commonly known as the red milkweed beetle, is a longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) specialized on milkweed host plants. Both its genus and species names derive from Ancient Greek for "four eyes," referring to the extreme adaptation where antennal bases bisect the compound eyes. Adults are aposematically colored in red and black, warning predators of their toxicity derived from sequestered cardiac glycosides. The species exhibits specialized behaviors including vein-cutting to disable latex defenses, vibrational communication for mating and territorial contests, and substrate-borne signaling distinct for different social contexts.
Tetropium parvulum
Northern Spruce Borer
Tetropium parvulum, the northern spruce borer, is a small cerambycid beetle specialized on spruce hosts. It was elevated from synonymy with T. cinnamopterum based on distinct morphological differences in larvae and adults, and exhibits strict host specificity to Picea compared to the conifer generalist T. cinnamopterum. The species has a one-year life cycle and is an economically important borer of white and Engelmann spruce logs in western Canada.
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n-managementreform-managementreorganization-managementrestructuring-managementreengineering-managementredesign-managementreplanning-managementreinvestment-managementreallocation-managementredistribution-managementreconfiguration-managementrealignment-managementreorientation-managementrepositioning-managementrebranding-managementremarketing-managementrelaunch-managementreintroduction-managementreestablishment-managementreinstatement-managementreintegration-managementreconciliation-managementreunification-managementrebuilding-managementrebirth-managementresurrection-managementreincarnation-managementreemergence-managementreappearance-managementreturn-managementcomeback-managementrebound-managementresurgence-managementrevival-managementreawakening-managementrekindling-managementreignition-managementrelighting-managementreillumination-managementrebrightening-managementTeuchocnemis bacuntius
Orange Spur Fly
Teuchocnemis bacuntius is a rare species of syrphid fly in the family Syrphidae, commonly known as the Orange Spur Fly. Adults are medium-sized hoverflies distinguished by orange coloration and sexually dimorphic leg modifications. The species has been documented in the eastern United States with historical records from Georgia and Texas, though it remains poorly known with larvae undescribed.
Thasus
giant mesquite bug
Thasus is a genus of large, robust leaf-footed bugs in the family Coreidae, distributed from the southwestern United States through Mexico to South America. The genus includes species commonly known as giant mesquite bugs, which are strongly associated with mesquite trees (Prosopis spp.) where they feed on plant sap and complete their entire life cycle. Several species are notable for their substantial size, with males reaching over 35 mm in length and exhibiting sexually dimorphic hind leg morphology—males possess thickened, armed hind femora while females have more slender, banded legs. Some species are consumed as food in Mexico and represent examples of traditional entomophagy, though recent studies indicate potential health risks from bacterial contamination.
Thasus neocalifornicus
giant mesquite bug
Thasus neocalifornicus is a large, distinctive true bug in the family Coreidae, commonly known as the giant mesquite bug. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism, with males possessing heavily armed, thickened hind legs compared to the more slender, red-and-black banded hind legs of females. It is associated with mesquite trees (Prosopis spp.) in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, where adults feed on sap and developing seeds. The species has been documented as a host for the egg parasitoid wasp Neorileya ashmeadi (family Eurytomidae).
Thermosphaeroma thermophilum
Socorro isopod, Socorro sowbug
Thermosphaeroma thermophilum is a small, thermophilic isopod endemic to thermal spring habitats in Socorro County, New Mexico. It is one of the most endangered crustaceans in North America, having been driven to extinction in the wild in 1988 when a tree root burst the water pipeline that formed its only remaining habitat following spring diversion in 1947. The species persists through captive breeding programs and has been reintroduced to artificial habitats. It exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in body size and complex social behaviors including cannibalism and mate-guarding.
Thesprotia graminis
American grass mantis, grass-like mantis
Thesprotia graminis is a small, cryptic mantid native to the southeastern United States. It exhibits remarkable camouflage resembling pine needles or grass blades, achieved through both coloration and posture. The species is notable as the only member of its genus occurring outside South America. It can reproduce both sexually and parthenogenetically.
cryptic-colorationparthenogenesissexual-dimorphismwing-dimorphismgrass-mimicrypine-needle-mimicrysoutheastern-US-endemichemimetabolousoothecabeneficial-insectThespidaemantodeapredatorycamouflage-behaviorpronotum-elongatesingle-dorsal-spine-forelegnon-feeding-first-instarpseudo-iteroparous-reproductionsemelparous-with-multiple-oothecaetympana-present-(unstudied)sexual-cannibalism-unknownThomisidae
crab spiders, flower spiders, flower crab spiders
Thomisidae is a large family of spiders comprising approximately 172 genera and over 2,100 species worldwide. Members are commonly called crab spiders or flower spiders due to their laterigrade leg orientation—legs twisted at the base to project horizontally—enabling sideways and backward movement reminiscent of true crabs. These spiders are ambush predators that do not construct prey-capture webs, instead relying on stealth, camouflage, and rapid leg strikes to subdue prey. Many species exhibit remarkable color change abilities to match floral backgrounds, while others mimic bird droppings or hunt in leaf litter and bark crevices.
Thylodrias contractus
Odd Beetle, tissue paper beetle
Thylodrias contractus, commonly known as the odd beetle or tissue paper beetle, is the sole species in the monotypic genus Thylodrias within the family Dermestidae. Native to Asia, it has been introduced and become widespread in North America and parts of South America. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism, with males and females differing substantially in appearance. It is occasionally reported as a pest.
Thynnidae
thynnid wasps, flower wasps, thynnid flower wasps
Thynnidae is a family of solitary wasps formerly classified within Tiphiidae but now recognized as a distinct lineage based on molecular and morphological studies. Adults feed on nectar and function as minor pollinators, with some species involved in specialized pollination systems including orchid sexual deception. Larvae are parasitoids, primarily attacking scarab beetle larvae (Scarabaeoidea), though some species parasitize tiger beetle larvae (Cicindelinae) and other hosts including bees and ants. The family exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism: in many subfamilies, females are wingless and fossorial while males are winged and aerial.