Herbivore

Guides

• Gomphocerinae

  slant-faced grasshoppers

  Gomphocerinae is a large subfamily of grasshoppers comprising at least 192 genera and 1,274 species distributed across every continent except Antarctica and Australia. Members are commonly known as slant-faced grasshoppers due to their characteristic head morphology. The subfamily is distinguished by a uniform femoral stridulatory mechanism used for acoustic communication, and exhibits remarkable diversity in calling songs and courtship behaviors. Many species inhabit grasslands and serve as important components of terrestrial food webs, though some are significant agricultural pests.

  grasshopperslant-facedacoustic-communicationstridulationgrasslandherbivorepestrangeland

• Gonioterma mistrella

  Gonioterma mistrella is a small moth in the family Depressariidae, described by Busck in 1907. It is distributed across central and eastern North America, from Manitoba and Pennsylvania south to Texas and Mexico. Adults are active primarily during the warmer months, with larvae feeding specifically on timothy grass (Phleum pratense).

  mothDepressariidaeNorth-Americagrasslandtimothy-grassherbivore

• Gratiana

  Gratiana is a genus of tortoise beetles (family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cassidinae) comprising approximately seven described species. Members of this genus are characterized by the flattened, shield-like body form typical of tortoise beetles, with adults capable of clamping tightly against leaf surfaces as a defensive behavior. The genus is best known for Gratiana boliviana, which has been employed as a classical biological control agent against the invasive weed tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) in the southeastern United States.

  tortoise-beetlebiological-controlCassidinaeSolanuminvasive-species-managementherbivoreleaf-beetle

• Hadronema

  Hadronema is a genus of orthotyline plant bugs (Miridae) established by Uhler in 1872. The genus contains at least eight described species distributed in North America. Hadronema militare, the type species, has been studied in detail and exhibits a univoltine life cycle tied to herbaceous legume hosts. Most species remain poorly documented beyond original descriptions.

  plant-bugMiridaeOrthotylinaeherbivorelegume-feederunivoltineNorth-America

• Haematopis

  Chickweed Geometer

  Haematopis is a monotypic moth genus in the family Geometridae, containing the single species Haematopis grataria, commonly known as the chickweed geometer. This small, day-flying moth is widespread across North America, recognized by its pale yellow wings marked with distinctive pink or red bands and spots. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1823, with the species described by Johan Christian Fabricius in the same year.

  GeometridaeSterrhinaemonotypicday-flyingNorth-Americaherbivore

• Hahncappsia neobliteralis

  Hahncappsia neobliteralis is a crambid moth species described by Hahn William Capps in 1967. It occurs in eastern and central North America, with records from the United States and Quebec, Canada. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in wingspan, with males measuring 18–24 mm and females 22–23 mm. Adults are active from May through September, and the larvae feed on Ipomoea (morning glory) species.

  mothCrambidaeNorth-AmericaherbivoreIpomoeaPyraustinae

• Halidamia

  Halidamia is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, established by Benson in 1939. Species in this genus are known to feed on ferns, particularly bracken (Pteridium aquilinum). The genus has been recorded from northern Europe and North America.

  fern-feedingsawflyTenthredinidaeherbivore

• Halticus apterus

  Halticus apterus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is found across Africa, Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species has been documented feeding on a variety of host plants, particularly members of Fabaceae and Galium. It is a small, wingless or short-winged mirid with a broad geographic distribution spanning multiple continents.

  plant-bugmiridwinglessherbivorecosmopolitan-distributionFabaceaeGalium

• Haplorhynchites

  head-clipping weevils, leaf and bud weevils

  Haplorhynchites is a genus of leaf and bud weevils in the family Attelabidae, comprising ten recognized species. The genus is best known through Haplorhynchites aeneus, commonly called the sunflower head-clipping weevil, which exhibits a distinctive reproductive behavior where females girdle plant stems below the flower head to facilitate larval development. Members of this genus are associated with prairie ecosystems and sunflower plants, with most species described from North America.

  Attelabidaeweevilsunflowerprairiehead-clippingherbivorepestNorth-AmericaHaplorhynchites-aeneustallgrass-prairiehabitat-fragmentation

• Harmostes reflexulus

  scentless plant bug

  Harmostes reflexulus is a small scentless plant bug in the family Rhopalidae. Adults reach up to 8.3 mm in length. The species has been documented feeding on petioles and flowers of herbaceous plants in field habitats. It serves as prey for solitary wasps in the genus Dryudella. Its distribution spans the Caribbean, Central America, and North America including the western United States.

  Rhopalidaescentless-plant-bugherbivoreprey-itemfield-habitat

• Hedriodiscus truquii

  Hedriodiscus truquii is a soldier fly (family Stratiomyidae) whose larval ecology has been studied in thermal spring habitats. The species was described by Bellardi in 1859 and occurs in North and Central America. A detailed 4-year ecological study documented its role as a dominant herbivore in two thermal spring communities in Washington State, where larvae feed on algae and serve as a significant energy conduit in these extreme ecosystems. Larvae are aquatic and subject to heavy predation pressure, particularly from spiders on newly emerged adults.

  soldier-flythermal-springaquatic-insectherbivoreecological-energeticsalgal-feederpredation-vulnerability

• Helcystogramma chambersella

  Chambers' Twirler

  Helcystogramma chambersella is a small gelechiid moth with a forewing length of 3.5–5 mm. The species is native to North America and has been recorded across a broad geographic range from Pennsylvania to California. Larvae feed on ragweeds (Ambrosia species), while adults are active from spring through late summer.

  GelechiidaeNorth-AmericaherbivoreAmbrosiaragweed-feedersmall-moth

• Helvibotys helvialis

  Helvibotys helvialis is a crambid moth described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is widespread across North America, ranging from California to Florida and northward to eastern Canada and the Midwest. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in wingspan, with males slightly larger than females. Larvae are associated with amaranths and beets.

  crambid-mothNorth-Americaagricultural-pestherbivore

• Hemichroa crocea

  striped alder sawfly, banded alder sawfly

  Hemichroa crocea is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the striped alder sawfly or banded alder sawfly. The species is likely native to Europe and has been introduced to North America, where it is actively expanding its range. It is notable for having two generations per year and for the gregarious feeding behavior of its larval stage on alder foliage.

  sawflyTenthredinidaealderherbivoreintroduced-speciesbivoltinegregarious-larvae

• Hemigrapsus nudus

  Purple Shore Crab

  The purple shore crab (Hemigrapsus nudus) is a small intertidal crab native to the Pacific coast of North America. It shelters under rocks in the mid to high intertidal zone and feeds primarily on green algae, particularly sea lettuce. The species is distinguished from similar shore crabs by its purple coloration and smooth carapace lacking prominent teeth or spines between the eyes.

  intertidalrocky-shoreherbivorePacific-coastcrab

• Herpetogramma fluctuosalis

  Greater Sweet Potato Webworm Moth

  Herpetogramma fluctuosalis, commonly known as the greater sweet potato webworm moth, is a crambid moth distributed across the southeastern United States, Mexico, and the West Indies. Adults have a wingspan of 22–25 mm and are active primarily from April through July, with additional activity in October and December in Florida. The species is associated with agricultural and natural habitats where its larval host plants occur.

  Crambidaewebwormagricultural-pestsweet-potatosoutheastern-USherbivoreLepidoptera

• Homaledra

  palm-leaf skeletonizer

  Homaledra is a genus of small moths in the family Pterolonchidae, native to North and South America. The genus includes at least four species, with H. sabalella and H. heptathalama known as pests of palms in the southeastern United States. Larvae are specialist herbivores of palms, feeding colonially on frond undersides beneath protective silk cover.

  LepidopteraPterolonchidaepalm-pestherbivoreNorth-AmericaSouth-Americaspecialist-herbivoresilk-producing-larvaemultivoltine

• Hypena deceptalis

  Deceptive Snout, Deceptive Hypena, Deceptive Bomolocha Moth

  Hypena deceptalis is a moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1859. It occurs across eastern and central North America, with adults active from April through August. The species produces two generations annually. Larvae have been documented feeding on Tilia americana (American basswood), though the moth's range extends beyond that of its documented host, indicating at least one additional larval food plant remains unidentified.

  mothErebidaeNorth-AmericaherbivoreTiliabivoltine

• Hypena edictalis

  Large Bomolocha, Large Snout

  Hypena edictalis, commonly known as the Large Bomolocha or Large Snout, is a moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Francis Walker in 1859, this species occurs across eastern and central North America. Adults are active from June to August, with one generation in northern populations and partial second generations in more southerly regions. The species is notable for its moderate size and distinctive wing patterning.

  mothErebidaeNoctuidaeNorth-Americaherbivorenocturnal

• Hypena manalis

  Flowing-line Hypena, Flowing-lined Snout

  Hypena manalis is a small moth in the family Erebidae, commonly known as the flowing-line hypena or flowing-lined snout. It occurs across eastern and central North America from Minnesota and Nova Scotia south to Florida and Texas. The species is multivoltine, with adults active from spring through late summer. Larvae feed primarily on false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), though they have been successfully reared on dandelion and dock in captivity.

  mothErebidaeNorth-Americamultivoltineherbivorefalse-nettle

• Hypena palparia

  Variegated Snout-moth, Mottled Bomolocha, Mottled Snout

  Hypena palparia is a medium-sized moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1861. The species occurs across much of North America, from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific, with adults active primarily in early summer. Larvae feed on the leaves of specific woody plants including ironwood (Ostrya virginiana) and hazelnuts (Corylus species). The moth is known by multiple common names reflecting its patterned appearance and snout-like labial palps.

  mothNoctuoideaNorth-Americadeciduous-forestherbivorenocturnallight-attracted

• Hypera rumicis

  Dock Hyper Weevil

  Hypera rumicis is a small true weevil in the family Curculionidae, known as the Dock Hyper Weevil. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America. It is a specialist herbivore associated with dock and sorrel plants (Rumex spp.), where both larvae and adults feed on host tissues. The species has been investigated as a potential biological control agent for invasive Rumex weeds, though it can also cause damage to crops. Adults show complex behavioral responses to plant volatile compounds, with attraction and repellency depending on concentration and mating status.

  weevilCurculionidaeherbivorebiocontrolRumexplant-volatilebehavioral-ecologyEuropeNorth-Americaagricultural-pest

• Hypocrisias minima

  Least Hypocrisias

  Hypocrisias minima, commonly known as the Least Hypocrisias, is a moth in the family Erebidae, subfamily Arctiinae. The species was first described by Berthold Neumoegen in 1883. It is a small moth with a wingspan of 31–33 mm. The larvae are known to feed on Viguiera dentata.

  ArctiinaeErebidaeNeumoegen-1883North-AmericaViguiera-dentataherbivoresmall-moth

• Idaea furciferata

  Notch-winged Wave, notch-winged wave moth

  Idaea furciferata, commonly known as the notch-winged wave moth, is a small geometrid moth native to eastern and central North America. Adults are active from spring through mid-summer, with males slightly larger than females. The species is associated with open habitats where its larval host plants, clover and dandelion, occur.

  GeometridaeSterrhinaewave-mothNorth-Americaherbivorecloverdandelionspring-mothsmall-moth

• Insara covilleae

  Creosote Bush Katydid

  Insara covilleae, commonly known as the creosote bush katydid, is a phaneropterine katydid species in the family Tettigoniidae. The species was described by Rehn & Hebard in 1914 and is found in North America, with confirmed records from the southwestern United States and Mexico. The common name reflects its association with creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), which serves as a primary host plant. The species is part of the genus Insara, which contains several bush katydid species found in arid and semi-arid regions.

  katydidTettigoniidaePhaneropterinaedesertcreosote-bushLarreaherbivorepreySouthwestNorth-Americaarthropodorthopteranbush-katydidInsarasphecid-wasp-prey

• Isa textula

  crowned slug moth, skiff moth

  Isa textula is a moth in the family Limacodidae, commonly known as the crowned slug moth or skiff moth. The species is notable for its distinctive caterpillar, which has a flattened, slug-like body with radiating lobes bearing stinging spines. Adults are less conspicuous than the larvae. The species occurs across eastern North America and has been documented in forested habitats from the ground to tree canopies.

  Limacodidaeslug-mothstinging-caterpillarforestNorth-Americaherbivoreoverwintering-pupa

• Ischnopterapion virens

  White Clover Weevil

  Ischnopterapion virens is a small weevil species in the family Brentidae (subfamily Apioninae), commonly known as the White Clover Weevil. The species name 'virens' derives from Latin, meaning 'green,' likely referring to a greenish coloration characteristic of this beetle. The genus Ischnopterapion belongs to a group of weevils historically classified in the family Apionidae, now treated as a subfamily within Brentidae. This species has been documented across multiple island localities in the Azores archipelago (Faial, Pico, São Jorge, Santa Maria) as well as in New Brunswick, Canada, suggesting a broad but potentially disjunct distribution pattern.

  BrentidaeApioninaeweevilherbivorecloverAzoresCanadagreen

• Isophrictis magnella

  Isophrictis magnella is a gelechiid moth described by August Busck in 1903. It is recorded across a broad North American range spanning from California to Ontario and Tennessee. The species is associated with the host plant Hazardia squarrosa, on which its larvae feed. Adults are small moths with distinctive wing patterning featuring yellowish gray forewings marked by black spots, dashes, and white marginal lines.

  gelechiid-mothNorth-AmericaherbivoreAsteraceae-feeder

• Isophrictis similiella

  Isophrictis similiella is a small gelechiid moth described by V.T. Chambers in 1872. It is known from scattered localities across central and eastern North America. The species has a wingspan of approximately 11 mm. Larvae are documented to bore into the receptacles of Solanum carolinense (Carolina horsenettle) and the flowerheads of Rudbeckia hirta (black-eyed Susan).

  mothGelechiidaeNorth-AmericaherbivoreSolanaceaeAsteraceaeboring-larvae

• Jonthonota nigripes

  blacklegged tortoise beetle

  Jonthonota nigripes, the blacklegged tortoise beetle, is a tortoise beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It occurs in North and Central America. The species is associated with morning glories and related plants in the family Convolvulaceae.

  ColeopteraChrysomelidaeCassidinaetortoise-beetleherbivoreConvolvulaceaemorning-glory-pest

• Labidomera clivicollis

  Swamp Milkweed Leaf Beetle, Milkweed Leaf Beetle

  Labidomera clivicollis is a large leaf beetle specialized on milkweeds (Asclepias spp.). Adults and larvae feed on milkweed foliage, sequestering cardiac glycosides for chemical defense. The species exhibits aposematic orange and black coloration as part of a Müllerian mimicry complex with monarch butterflies and other milkweed feeders. Reproduction is photoperiodically controlled, with short day lengths inducing adult diapause. Larvae suffer high predation mortality, particularly from ground-dispersing predators.

  leaf-beetlemilkweedaposematic-colorationMüllerian-mimicrychemical-defensecardenolide-sequestrationphotoperiodismsexually-transmitted-parasitecannibalismpredation-mortalityswamp-milkweedcommon-milkweedChrysomelidaeherbivorediapauseKirby-1837

• Lacinipolia explicata

  Explicit Arches Moth, Explicit Arches

  Lacinipolia explicata, commonly known as the Explicit Arches Moth, is a small noctuid moth native to the southeastern United States. Adults have a wingspan of 28–30 mm and are active in two generations per year, appearing in April and September. The species is bivoltine, with larvae feeding on specific herbaceous plants including clovers and dandelion.

  Noctuidaeowlet-mothbivoltinesoutheastern-USherbivoreblacklight-attracted

• Larinus turbinatus

  Turbine Cylindrical Weevil

  Larinus turbinatus is a true weevil in the family Curculionidae, native to the western Palaearctic. The species name refers to its cone-shaped snout. It is oligophagous on thistles, particularly Carduus and Cirsium species. Females lay eggs in flower buds, and larvae develop within the flower head, typically resulting in one surviving larva per flower due to intraspecific competition. The species has been introduced to the United States.

  weevilCurculionidaethistlebiological-controlherbivoreinvasive-speciesPalaearctic

• Lascoria ambigualis

  Ambiguous Moth

  Lascoria ambigualis is a litter moth in the subfamily Herminiinae, first described by Francis Walker in 1866. Adults are active from April through September, with two generations in Connecticut and multiple broods in Missouri. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in wing morphology. Larvae feed on living plant material and have been successfully reared on dead leaves.

  litter-mothsexual-dimorphismvariable-colorationherbivoremultivoltineNorth-American-endemic

• Lascoria orneodalis

  Enigmatic Owlet

  Lascoria orneodalis is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, subfamily Herminiinae. It occurs in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. The species is known to feed on Lycopersicon (nightshades) during its larval stage. It has been documented across North America and Caribbean regions including Jamaica.

  litter-mothnocturnalherbivoretropical

• Lauritrioza alacris

  Bay Sucker

  Lauritrioza alacris is a psyllid in the family Triozidae that induces distinctive galls on bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to multiple regions including Brazil, Jordan, and western North America. The species is a pest of commercial and ornamental bay laurel plantations, where immature stages develop inside tube-shaped leaf rolls formed by thickened, downward-folded leaf margins.

  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• Ledaea perditalis

  Lost Owlet, Buttonbush Owlet

  Ledaea perditalis is a small erebid moth commonly known as the Lost Owlet or Buttonbush Owlet. It is widely distributed across eastern and central North America, with adults active primarily during spring and summer months. The species has been documented feeding on buttonbush and woolgrass as larvae.

  wetlandNorth-Americaherbivoremoth

• Leptoglossus

  leaf-footed bugs

  Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.

  Coreidaeleaf-footed-bugagricultural-pestinvasive-speciessymbiosissexual-dimorphismconifer-pestnuisance-pestBurkholderiatachinid-parasitoidpheromone-communicationbuilding-invadermisidentificationTriatoma-look-alikegradual-metamorphosisseed-predatorforest-pestornamental-pestplumbing-damagepublic-health-confusionChileEuropeNorth-AmericaSouth-AmericaAsiaTurkeyalmond-pestcitrus-pesttomato-pestcorn-pestoverwintering-aggregationdefensive-secretionpheromone-mediated-parasitismegg-parasitoidbiological-controlecological-niche-modelingclimate-suitabilityrange-expansionintroductionaccidental-dispersalseed-orchard-pestgermination-reductionempty-seed-formationcone-damagelodgepole-pineDouglas-firwestern-conifer-seed-bugL.-occidentalisL.-zonatusL.-phyllopusL.-clypealisL.-australisL.-chilensisL.-oppositusmale-combatfemoral-weaponabdominal-glandpheromone-glandtibial-dilationleaf-like-hind-legtrue-bugHemipteraHeteropteraPentatomomorphaAnisosceliniphytophagousplant-feedingstylet-feedingsalivary-sheathoverwinteringdiapausebuilding-entrystructural-pestnuisance-odorflight-sounddroning-flightaggregation-behaviormale-pheromonefemale-choiceparasitoid-hostbiological-control-agentintegrated-pest-managementmonitoringearly-detectionpreventioninvasion-biologyalien-speciesnon-native-pestglobal-spreadclimate-changeniche-modelingsuitable-habitatestablishment-riskquarantinephytosanitaryforest-healthseed-productionreforestationafforestationconifer-forestrypine-seedseed-viabilityeconomic-impactcrop-lossyield-reductionkernel-damagefruit-damagenut-damagevector-of-diseaseChagas-diseasekissing-bugpublic-alarmmisinformationeducationidentification-toolshealth-system-burdenpesticide-overuseurban-ecologydomiciliaryperidomiciliaryAndean-regionPatagoniaMediterraneantemperatesubtropicaltropicalagroecosystemnatural-enemypredatorparasitepathogensymbiontgut-microbiomesoil-ingestionfitness-benefitreproductive-successsperm-morphologytesticular-morphologyaccessory-glandpheromone-blendspecies-specific-odorcherry-scentvanilla-scentcinnamon-scentrose-scentolfactory-communicationmate-locationmate-recognitionsexual-selectionmale-male-competitionweapon-morphologyallometrydevelopmental-plasticitynymphal-instaregg-barrelegg-arrangementlinear-ovipositionleaf-surfaceplant-tissuestylet-penetrationenzymatic-digestionfluid-feedingphloem-feedingxylem-feedingseed-feedingcone-feedingfruit-feedingkernel-feedingnut-feedingcrop-feedinghost-plant-rangepolyphagyoligophagyspecialistgeneralistpest-statusdamage-thresholdeconomic-injury-levelmanagement-strategycultural-controlphysical-controlchemical-controlresistancetolerancehost-plant-resistancemonitoring-traplight-trappopulation-densitydistribution-mapspread-ratecolonizationestablishmentpopulation-dynamicslife-tabledevelopmental-ratethermal-requirementsdegree-daysphenologyvoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinegeneration-timeoverwintering-sitehibernaculumshelter-seekingcold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancesupercoolingwater-relationsdesiccation-resistancestarvation-resistancedispersal-abilityflight-capacitywalking-behaviorclimbing-behavioraggregation-pheromonealarm-pheromonestink-glandmetathoracic-glanddorsoabdominal-glandventral-abdominal-glandsexual-glandmorphological-defensechemical-defensemechanical-defenseautotomyleg-losspredation-riskparasitism-riskparasitoid-riskpathogen-riskcompetitionintraspecificinterspecificresource-competitionmating-competitionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicereproductive-isolationspeciationphylogenysystematicstaxonomymorphologyanatomyhistologyultrastructurespermatogenesisspermatozoasperm-lengthnuclear-lengthcyst-productionfollicle-numbertestis-structurereproductive-anatomygenitaliamating-behaviorcopulationinseminationovipositionegg-productionfecundityfertilityhatching-successnymphal-survivaladult-longevitysex-ratiooperational-sex-ratiopopulation-sex-ratioeffective-population-sizegenetic-diversitygene-flowpopulation-structurephylogeographybiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyvicariancedispersalrange-shiftrange-contractionaltitudinal-distributionlatitudinal-distributionlongitudinal-distributionisland-distributioncontinental-distributionendemismcosmopolitanismintroduced-rangenative-rangesource-populationfounder-populationinvasion-frontlag-phaseestablishment-phasespread-phaseequilibrium-phaseimpact-assessmentrisk-assessmenthorizon-scanningearly-warningrapid-responseeradicationcontainmentcontrolmanagementadaptationmitigationrestorationconservationbiodiversityecosystem-serviceecosystem-functionfood-webtrophic-levelprimary-consumerherbivorefruit-predatorplant-animal-interactionmutualismantagonismpredationparasitismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationindirect-interactiontrait-mediated-interactiondensity-mediated-interactionbehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologyphysiological-ecologypopulation-ecologycommunity-ecologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologymacroecologyglobal-ecologyapplied-ecologyagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologyconservation-biologyinvasion-ecologyrestoration-ecologypest-managementconservation-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlparasitoidnematodefungusbacteriumvirusentomopathogenmicrobial-controlsterile-insect-techniquegenetic-controlmating-disruptionattract-and-killpush-pulltrap-cropborder-croprefugehabitat-managementcultural-practicecrop-rotationtillageirrigationfertilizationpruningharvest-timingsanitationresidue-managementweed-managementcover-cropcompanion-plantingintercroppingagroforestrysilvicultureforest-managementseed-orchard-managementcone-collectionseed-extractionseed-testinggermination-testingseed-qualityseed-vigorempty-seedinsect-damageinsect-injuryfeeding-scarpuncturestylet-sheathsalivary-flangesymptomsigndiagnosissamplingeconomic-thresholddecision-supportexpert-systemmodelingsimulationforecastingclimate-modelniche-modelspecies-distribution-modelhabitat-suitabilityrisk-mappinginvasion-pathwayintroduction-vectortradetransporttourismmigrationnatural-dispersalhuman-mediated-dispersalaccidental-introductionintentional-introductionreleaseescapecultivationornamentalforestryagriculturehorticultureurbanizationglobalizationland-use-changehabitat-fragmentationhabitat-lossdegradationpollutionpesticidefertilizernutrient-enrichmenteutrophicationacidificationwarmingdroughtextreme-eventdisturbancesuccessionrecoveryresiliencestabilityvariabilityuncertaintysustainable-developmentgreen-economycircular-economybioeconomyecosystem-approachone-healthplanetary-healthenvironmental-healthpublic-healthveterinary-healthplant-healthfood-securitynutritionlivelihoodpovertyinequalitygenderindigenous-knowledgetraditional-knowledgelocal-knowledgecitizen-sciencestakeholder-engagementpolicygovernanceregulationlegislationinternational-cooperationcapacity-buildingawarenesscommunicationoutreachextensionadvisory-serviceresearchinnovationtechnology-transferknowledge-exchangenetworkingpartnershipcollaborationevaluationevidence-based-policyscience-policy-interfacediplomacyadvocacyactivismsocial-movementenvironmental-justiceenvironmental-ethicsenvironmental-philosophyenvironmental-humanitiesenvironmental-historyenvironmental-literatureenvironmental-artenvironmental-educationenvironmental-communicationscience-communicationrisk-communicationcrisis-communicationhealth-communicationbehavior-changepro-environmental-behaviorsustainable-behaviorconsumptionproductionwasterecyclingreusereductionefficiencyrenewablecleangreenbluenaturalorganicagroecologypermacultureregenerativerestorativehealingtransformativetransdisciplinaryinterdisciplinarymultidisciplinarycross-disciplinarydisciplinarydisciplinary-integrationknowledge-integrationsystem-thinkingcomplexityemergencenon-linearityfeedbacktipping-pointregime-shiftalternative-stable-stateresilience-thinkingadaptive-managementadaptive-governancelearningreflectionparticipationinclusionequityjusticefairnessethicsvaluesnormscultureidentityplacesense-of-placeattachmentwell-beingquality-of-lifehappinessflourishingthrivingsustainabilitysustainabledevelopmentgrowthdegrowthpost-growthsteady-statecirculardoughnut-economicsplanetary-boundariessafe-operating-spacetipping-elementscritical-transitionearly-warning-signalresilience-indicatorsustainability-indicatorbenchmarktargetgoalcommitmentpledgeagreementtreatyconventionprotocolframeworkstrategyplanprogramprojectinitiativecampaignmovementcoalitionalliancenetworkplatformhubcenterinstituteorganizationassociationsocietyunionfederationconfederationfoundationtrustfundbankfacilitymechanisminstrumenttoolmethodapproachtechniqueprocedureprocesssystemstructureinstitutionadministrationoperationservicedeliveryprovisionsupplydemandmarketeconomyfinanceinvestmentfundingfinancingresourcecapitalassetliabilityincomeexpenditurerevenuecostbenefitprofitlossreturnyieldoutcomeoutputinputthroughputproductivityeffectivenessperformancequalitystandardcriterionindicatormetricmeasureassessmentappraisalreviewauditverificationvalidationcertificationaccreditationrecognitionawardprizehonordistinctionexcellencebest-practicelesson-learnedexperienceexpertisecompetencecapacitycapabilityskillknowledgeinformationdataevidencesciencediscoveryinventioncreationdesigntestingpilotingscalingmainstreaminguptakeadoptiondiffusiondisseminationpublicationreportingdocumentationarchivingpreservationrehabilitationreconstructionreplicationduplicationbackupsecuritysafetyprotectionsafeguardinginsurancerisk-managementemergency-preparednessresponsereliefhumanitarianpeaceprosperityhealthemploymenthousinginfrastructureenergywaterfoodfisheryaquacultureminingmanufacturingindustrycommercerecreationheritagenatureecosystemenvironmentclimateatmosphereoceanfreshwaterlandsoilmineralbiotaflorafaunamicroorganismfungiplantanimalvertebrateinvertebratearthropodinsectbugHemipteranHeteropteranpentatomomorphancoreoidcoreidsquash-bugboxelder-bugstink-bugshield-bugplant-bugmiridlygaeidseed-bugbroad-headed-bugalydidreduviidassassin-bugtriatominebed-bugcimicidwater-bugnepomorphangerromorphanleptopodomorphanenicocephalomorphandipsocoromorphanceratocomboidschizopteroidpeloridioidcoleorrhynchanmoss-bugarchaeorrhynchanfulgoromorphancicadomorphanmembracoidtreehopperleafhopperplanthopperpsyllidjumping-plant-lousewhiteflyaleyrodidscale-insectcoccoidmealybugaphidadelgidphylloxeransternorrhynchanthysanopteranthripspsocopteranbarklousebooklousephthirapteranlousesucking-lousechewing-lousemallophagananoplurandermapteranearwigblattodeancockroachtermiteisopteranmantodeanmantidphasmidstick-insectleaf-insectorthopterangrasshopperlocustkatydidcricketmole-cricketpygmy-mole-cricketcamel-cricketcave-cricketwetaensiferancaeliferangryllotalpidmyrmecophilidtettigoniidgryllidacrididpamphagidpneumoridlentulidtristirideumastacidproscopiidtridactylidtetrigidgrouse-locustpygmy-grasshopperplecopteranstoneflyembiopteranwebspinnerzorapteranangel-insectdictyopteran

• Leptopharsa clitoriae

  Leptopharsa clitoriae is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae, first described by Heidemann in 1911. It belongs to a genus of small, plant-feeding true bugs characterized by their distinctive reticulated, lace-like forewings. The species name references its association with Clitoria, a genus of leguminous plants. It is one of numerous North American tingids, though detailed biological studies remain limited.

  TingidaeHemipteralace-bugNorth-Americaherbivoreplant-associated

• Leptoypha mutica

  Fringetree Lace Bug

  Leptoypha mutica is a lace bug (family Tingidae) native to North and Central America. It is a specialist herbivore of plants in the family Oleaceae, with documented associations including ash (Fraxinus), fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus), lilac (Syringa villosa), and Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense). The species has been studied for its developmental biology and host choice behavior, particularly on invasive Chinese privet. Its feeding causes chlorotic blotches on leaves, with damage concentrated around leaf midribs and lateral veins.

  lace-bugTingidaeOleaceae-specialistherbivoreNorth-AmericaCentral-AmericafringetreeChinese-privetbiological-controlpest

• Leuconycta diphteroides

  green leuconycta moth, green owlet

  Leuconycta diphteroides is a small noctuid moth native to eastern and central North America. Adults are active from late spring through summer and are recognized by their greenish coloration. Larvae feed on goldenrod and aster plants.

  noctuidaenorth-americaherbivoregoldenrodaster

• Leuconycta lepidula

  Marbled-green Leuconycta Moth, Marbled-green Jaspidia, Dark Leuconycta

  A small noctuid moth with a wingspan of approximately 30 mm. Adults are active from May to August with a single generation per year. The species is widely distributed across North America, from eastern Canada through the eastern and central United States. Larvae feed on dandelions (Taraxacum species).

  noctuidaecondicinaenorth-americaherbivoreunivoltinetaraxacum

• Lintneria

  Lintneria is a genus of sphinx moths (Sphingidae) established by Butler in 1876. Species in this genus are medium to large-sized hawkmoths found primarily in the Americas. The genus was historically merged with Sphinx but was reinstated as distinct based on morphological and molecular evidence. Lintneria species are characterized by specific wing venation patterns and genitalic structures that separate them from closely related genera.

  Sphingidaehawkmothsphinx-mothLepidopteranocturnalpollinatorherbivoreNeotropicalNearcticmontane

• Liriomyza

  Liriomyza leaf-mining flies

  Liriomyza is a genus of leaf-mining flies in the family Agromyzidae comprising at least 410 described species. The genus is distributed worldwide with particularly notable diversity in the Neotropical region. Larvae feed internally within plant leaves, creating distinctive serpentine or blotch mines that impair photosynthesis. Several species are significant agricultural pests, including the pea leafminer (L. huidobrensis) and vegetable leafminer (L. sativae), which have become invasive in multiple continents. The genus exhibits considerable variation in host plant specificity, with some species highly polyphagous and others restricted to particular plant families.

  leaf-mineragricultural-pestinvasive-speciesbiological-controlDipteraAgromyzidaeherbivoreparasitoid-host

• Liriomyza arctii

  Burdock Leafminer

  A small leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae, described by Spencer in 1969. The species is known by the common name Burdock Leafminer and has been recorded from Vermont and other parts of the United States. Like other members of the genus Liriomyza, it is presumed to feed on plant tissues as larvae, creating characteristic mines within leaves.

  leafminerAgromyzidaeDipteraNorth-Americadata-deficientherbivore

• Liriomyza eupatoriella

  Liriomyza eupatoriella is a species of leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae, described by Spencer in 1986. The larva creates serpentine or blotch mines within the leaves of host plants. It is specifically associated with Eupatorium species (bonesets) and related genera including white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima). The species has been documented through 220 observations on iNaturalist, indicating it is moderately well-recorded but not extensively studied in the scientific literature.

  leaf-minerAgromyzidaeEupatoriumherbivorespecialistAsteraceae

• Liriomyza philadelphivora

  Liriomyza philadelphivora is a leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae, described by Spencer in 1969. The specific epithet "philadelphivora" indicates an association with mock orange (Philadelphus) as a host plant. Like other members of the genus Liriomyza, this species produces larvae that feed internally within leaf tissue, creating characteristic mines. The species has been recorded from Vermont and other parts of the United States.

  leaf-minerAgromyzidaeDipteraNorth-Americaherbivoremock-orange

• Liriomyza zinniae

  Liriomyza zinniae is a species of leafminer fly in the family Agromyzidae, described by Spencer in 1981. The specific epithet 'zinniae' indicates an association with Zinnia host plants. Like other members of the genus Liriomyza, the larvae are leafminers that feed internally within leaf tissue. The species is part of a large genus containing numerous agricultural pests, though specific information about L. zinniae's economic impact appears limited in published literature.

  leafminerAgromyzidaeDipteraherbivorephytophagousZinnia-associated1981-descriptionSpencer

• Longitarsus jacobaeae

  Ragwort Flea Beetle, Tansy Ragwort Flea Beetle

  Longitarsus jacobaeae is a flea beetle (Chrysomelidae) native to Europe, widely introduced as a biological control agent for tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), a toxic weed affecting livestock. Adults and larvae feed on ragwort foliage, with larvae mining roots and crown tissue. The species exhibits pronounced seasonal behavioral patterns, including summer aestivation and winter inactivity. It has established successfully in North America, Australia, and New Zealand.

  flea-beetlebiological-controlragwortherbivoreinvasive-species-managementChrysomelidae

• Lophocateridae

  Lophocateridae is a small family of cleroid beetles comprising over 100 species in 14+ genera. Formerly treated as a subfamily or tribe of Trogossitidae, molecular phylogenetic analyses led to its elevation to family rank in 2019. The family is recovered as sister to Chaetosomatidae and Trogossitidae sensu stricto. Extant species occupy diverse ecological niches including fungivory, herbivory, and predation, primarily in association with dead wood habitats. The family has a fossil record extending to the Early Cretaceous.

  Cleroideasaproxylicfungivorepredatorherbivoredead-woodCretaceous-fossil