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Euryopis funebris
Euryopis funebris is a small cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, subfamily Hadrotarsinae. It is native to North America and has been introduced to South Africa. Unlike typical theridiids that build tangled webs, this species is an active ant-hunting specialist that uses silk to immobilize prey rather than construct capture webs.
spider Theridiidae ant-predator ground-dwelling cobweb-spider introduced-species North-America South-Africa
Eustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
Araneidae orb-weaver spider humpbacked myrmecophily ant-plant-mutualism Neotropical Nearctic Eustala-anastera Eustala-oblonga Eustala-illicita web-building predator acacia Pseudomyrmex Panama Brazil Galápagos Simon-1895 arachnology entomology tropical-ecology commensalism ontogeny ballooning overwintering juvenile spider-wasp-prey Caliadurgus-hyalinatus host-parasitoid-interactions third-party-exploitation mutualism-exploitation cryptic-coloration nocturnal-foraging diurnal-hiding-behavior thorn-defense orb-web-architecture sawtoothed-web population-ecology substrate-selection spatial-distribution species-diversity endemic-species taxonomic-revision nomen-dubium genitalic-morphology microscopy-identification temperate-North-America Central-America South-America Caribbean Pacific-islands conservation-biology climate-change-vulnerability phenology-disruption winter-activity spring-emergence forest-understory dry-forest moist-forest riparian grassland scrub edge-habitat woodland parkland urban-adapted generalist-predator specialist-predator ant-alate-predation herbivore-interception ecosystem-service biological-control natural-history field-identification cryptic-species-complex sexual-dimorphism wingless-female-moths ballooning-dispersal silk-production web-ontogeny instar-development overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness metabolic-suppression diapause voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine seasonal-polyphenism color-morph pattern-polymorphism habitat-specificity host-plant-specificity ant-colony-integration alarm-pheromone-avoidance sting-avoidance predator-avoidance bird-predation lizard-predation wasp-predation assassin-bug-predation stink-bug-predation defensive-behavior thanatosis camouflage masquerade mimicry aggressive-mimicry foraging-ecology prey-capture web-maintenance web-repair silk-recycling energetics reproductive-output fecundity egg-sac-construction maternal-care male-searching-behavior mate-location pheromone-communication vibratory-communication visual-signaling territoriality web-site-fidelity web-site-tenacity dispersal-behavior colonization-ability range-expansion invasive-potential non-native-species introduced-species synanthropic agricultural-landscape orchard vineyard forest-plantation conservation-status data-deficient IUCN CITES protected-area national-park soberania chiribiquete galapagos floreana ecuador peru bolivia chile argentina uruguay paraguay venezuela colombia costa-rica nicaragua honduras guatemala belize mexico usa canada cuba hispaniola jamaica puerto-rico trinidad tobago barbados lesser-antilles greater-antilles west-indies caribbean-basin amazon-basin orinoco parana pantanal cerrado caatinga atlantic-forest pampas chaco yungas valdivian magellanic fynbos none research-model educational-resource citizen-science inaturalist gbif catalogue-of-life ncbi wikipedia zootaxa journal-of-natural-history psyche entomology-today bug-eric araneology chelicerate-biology arthropod-ecology tropical-biology neotropical-fauna nearctic-fauna holartic pantropical gondwanan biogeography phylogeography molecular-systematics morphological-taxonomy integrative-taxonomy species-concept cryptic-diversity undescribed-species new-species-description redescription neotype-designation lectotype-designation type-locality type-specimen museum-collection voucher-specimen dna-barcoding coi its phylogenomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics ecological-genomics adaptation local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity canalization evolutionary-developmental-biology evo-devo behavioral-ecology sensory-ecology visual-ecology chemical-ecology mechanoreception proprioception neuroethology hunting-behavior web-building-behavior construction-behavior tool-use extended-phenotype niche-construction ecosystem-engineering trophic-cascade food-web energy-flow nutrient-cycling decomposition predator-prey-dynamics population-dynamics metapopulation source-sink-dynamics habitat-fragmentation edge-effects corridors connectivity landscape-ecology macroecology biogeochemistry climate-envelope species-distribution-modeling maxent bioclim worldclim remote-sensing gis spatial-analysis geostatistics abundance density biomass productivity diversity-index richness evenness dominance rarity endemism beta-diversity gamma-diversity alpha-diversity turnover nestedness community-assembly neutral-theory niche-theory competition facilitation apparent-competition indirect-effects interaction-networks mutualism parasitism predation herbivory detritivory scavenging cannibalism intraspecific-competition interspecific-competition character-displacement resource-partitioning niche-differentiation coexistence stability resilience resistance recovery succession disturbance perturbation extinction colonization invasion establishment spread impact risk-assessment management control eradication restoration reintroduction rewilding conservation-breeding ex-situ in-situ protected-area-network gap-analysis systematic-conservation-planning prioritization hotspot coldspot majority minority flagship umbrella keystone foundation ecosystem-engineer indicator sentinel bioindicator biomonitor ecosystem-health environmental-quality pollution pesticide heavy-metal contaminant bioaccumulation biomagnification toxicology risk hazard exposure dose-response no-observed-effect-concentration lowest-observed-effect-concentration median-lethal-concentration median-effective-concentration safety-factor uncertainty-factor probabilistic-risk-assessment life-cycle-assessment carbon-footprint water-footprint ecological-footprint sustainability sustainable-development green-economy circular-economy ecosystem-services natural-capital green-infrastructure nature-based-solutions ecological-restoration habitat-restoration species-recovery population-recovery genetic-rescue outbreeding-depression inbreeding-depression genetic-diversity heterozygosity effective-population-size bottleneck founder-effect genetic-drift gene-flow isolation-by-distance isolation-by-environment landscape-genetics seascape-genetics conservation-genetics molecular-ecology population-genetics quantitative-genetics genomics epigenetics reaction-norm norm-of-reaction genotype-environment-interaction heritability selection natural-selection sexual-selection artificial-selection domestication breeding cultivar variety landrace wild-relative crop-wild-relative genetic-resource germplasm seed-bank frozen-zoo cryopreservation assisted-reproduction cloning genetic-engineering synthetic-biology gene-drive biocontrol augmentative inundative conservation classical natural-enemy parasitoid pathogen nematode fungus bacterium virus viroid prion microbiome holobiont metaorganism symbiosis endosymbiosis ectosymbiosis amensalism neutralism symbiogenesis horizontal-gene-transfer virulence pathogenicity infectivity transmissibility reservoir vector host definitive-host intermediate-host paratenic-host accidental-host dead-end-host zoonosis emerging-infectious-disease pandemic epidemic endemic sporadic outbreak cluster index-case contact-tracing quarantine isolation social-distancing masking vaccination herd-immunity reproduction-number basic-reproduction-number effective-reproduction-number doubling-time generation-time serial-interval incubation-period latent-period infectious-period clinical-period pre-symptomatic asymptomatic pauci-symptomatic mild moderate severe critical fatal case-fatality-rate infection-fatality-rate attack-rate secondary-attack-rate excess-mortality years-of-life-lost disability-adjusted-life-year quality-adjusted-life-year burden-of-disease global-burden-of-disease one-health planetary-health ecohealth conservation-medicine veterinary-medicine human-medicine comparative-medicine translational-medicine precision-medicine personalized-medicine genomic-medicine regenerative-medicine stem-cell tissue-engineering organoid organ-on-chip microphysiological-system in-silico in-vitro ex-vivo in-vivo animal-model non-human-primate rodent mouse rat guinea-pig rabbit dog cat livestock poultry aquaculture fishery wild-capture mariculture algaculture seaweed-farming integrated-multi-trophic-aquaculture recirculating-aquaculture-system aquaponics hydroponics aeroponics vertical-farming controlled-environment-agriculture precision-agriculture smart-farming digital-agriculture agriculture-4.0 internet-of-things artificial-intelligence machine-learning deep-learning neural-network computer-vision drone unmanned-aerial-vehicle satellite gps gnss geographic-information-system decision-support-system expert-system knowledge-based-system ontology semantic-web linked-data open-data big-data data-mining data-science data-analytics predictive-analytics prescriptive-analytics descriptive-analytics diagnostic-analytics business-intelligence artificial-intelligence-ethics algorithmic-bias fairness accountability transparency explainability interpretability privacy security safety reliability robustness adaptability flexibility scalability efficiency effectiveness efficacy performance profitability cost-benefit cost-effectiveness economic-analysis financial-analysis investment return-on-investment net-present-value internal-rate-of-return payback-period break-even sensitivity-analysis scenario-analysis monte-carlo-simulation decision-tree real-options game-theory behavioral-economics nudge choice-architecture default framing anchoring availability-heuristic representativeness-heuristic affect-heuristic confirmation-bias availability-bias anchoring-bias framing-bias loss-aversion endowment-effect status-quo-bias sunk-cost-fallacy planning-fallacy optimism-bias pessimism-bias overconfidence underconfidence dunning-kruger-effect imposter-syndrome stereotyping prejudice discrimination implicit-bias explicit-bias structural-bias systemic-bias institutional-bias interpersonal-bias intrapersonal-bias unconscious-bias conscious-bias affinity-bias similarity-bias in-group-bias out-group-bias halo-effect horns-effect contrast-effect recency-effect primacy-effect serial-position-effect mere-exposure-effect familiarity-principle propinquity-effect social-proof authority scarcity reciprocity commitment consistency liking unity influence persuasion compliance conformity obedience empowerment agency autonomy self-determination motivation intrinsic-motivation extrinsic-motivation self-efficacy self-esteem self-concept self-identity social-identity collective-identity cultural-identity national-identity gender-identity sexual-orientation religion spirituality values beliefs attitudes norms customs traditions rituals ceremonies celebrations festivals holidays commemorations memorials monuments heritage legacy history historiography archaeology paleontology anthropology sociology psychology cognitive-science neuroscience linguistics philosophy ethics morality justice equity equality inclusion diversity belonging representation participation engagement capacity-building skill-development knowledge-transfer technology-transfer innovation invention discovery creativity imagination curiosity wonder awe beauty elegance simplicity complexity chaos order pattern structure function form process dynamics mechanism causation correlation association relationship interaction connection network system emergence self-organization autopoiesis homeostasis allostasis stress acclimation acclimatization plasticity fragility vulnerability sensitivity uncertainty ignorance surprise novelty serendipity chance luck fortune destiny fate karma dharma tao zen mindfulness meditation contemplation reflection introspection self-awareness consciousness subconscious unconscious dream sleep circadian biological-clock chronobiology seasonality phenology migration dispersal nomadism sedentism home-range habitat-use resource-selection foraging hunting gathering farming herding hunting-gathering subsistence livelihood economy market trade exchange barter currency money capital wealth poverty inequality development growth progress well-being happiness life-satisfaction quality-of-life human-development social-development economic-development millennium-development-goals sustainable-development-goals paris-agreement kyoto-protocol montreal-protocol basel-convention stockholm-convention rotterdam-convention unfccc cbd cms ramsar world-heritage man-and-biosphere ipcc ipbes encyclopedia-of-life wikidata wikimedia creative-commons open-access open-science faire-data research-data-management data-stewardship data-curation digital-preservation long-term-archiving repository archive library museum herbarium collection specimen voucher type holotype paratype syntype lectotype neotype epitype isolectotype isoneotype topotype homotype allotype cotype genotype phenotype ecotype chemotype morphotype karyotype idiogram chromosome genome proteome transcriptome metabolome lipidome glycome interactome connectome epigenome virome mycobiome bacteriome archaeome eukaryome phytobiome rhizobiome endobiome ectobiome exo-biome astrobiome planetary-biome earth-system climate-system ocean-system terrestrial-system freshwater-system atmospheric-system cryospheric-system anthroposphere technosphere noosphere biosphere hydrosphere lithosphere atmosphere magnetosphere heliosphere cosmosphere universe multiverse dimension space time spacetime relativity quantum-mechanics string-theory m-theory loop-quantum-gravity cosmology astronomy astrophysics planetary-science earth-science geology geophysics geochemistry geomorphology soil-science pedology edaphology hydrology limnology oceanography meteorology climatology paleoclimatology stratigraphy sedimentology mineralogy petrology volcanology seismology tectonics plate-tectonics continental-drift orogeny epeirogeny isostasy erosion weathering deposition transport sedimentation lithification diagenesis metamorphism melting crystallization igneous sedimentary metamorphic rock-cycle water-cycle carbon-cycle nitrogen-cycle phosphorus-cycle sulfur-cycle oxygen-cycle hydrogen-cycle biogeochemical-cycle nutrient-cycle trophic-pyramid food-chain ecological-network interaction-web mutualistic-network antagonistic-network competition-network facilitation-network ecosystem-function ecosystem-process provisioning-service regulating-service cultural-service supporting-service habitat-service refuge nursery corridor stepping-stone buffer-zone core-area periphery matrix patch landscape seascape riverscape skyscape soundscape smellscape tastescape touchscape mindscape dreamscape memoryscape heritagescape futurescape possibility-space scenario-space decision-space policy-space governance-space institutional-space social-space cultural-space economic-space political-space legal-space ethical-space moral-space spiritual-space sacred-space profane-space liminal-space transitional-space threshold boundary edge frontier margin center core hinterland heartland homeland motherland fatherland native-land ancestral-land promised-land wilderness pioneer settler colonist immigrant emigrant refugee asylum-seeker displaced-person stateless-person nomad traveler tourist pilgrim explorer adventurer discoverer inventor innovator creator maker builder craftsman artisan artist designer architect engineer scientist scholar academic researcher investigator detective journalist reporter correspondent chronicler historian biographer memoirist autobiographer diarist letter-writer poet novelist playwright screenwriter essayist critic reviewer editor publisher librarian archivist curator conservator restorer preservationist conservationist environmentalist ecologist naturalist botanist zoologist entomologist arachnologist herpetologist ichthyologist ornithologist mammalogist primatologist anthropologist archaeologist paleontologist geologist geographer cartographer surveyor navigator expedition voyage journey travel tour trip visit stay residence habitation dwelling shelter home house building construction architecture design plan blueprint model prototype mock-up draft sketch drawing painting sculpture installation exhibition display presentation demonstration show spectacle event occasion ceremony ritual celebration festival fair bazaar commerce business industry manufacturing production fabrication assembly processing refining purification synthesis analysis separation extraction identification characterization quantification measurement assessment evaluation appraisal valuation estimation calculation computation simulation modeling prediction forecast projection scenario outlook prospect expectation anticipation hope fear worry concern care attention focus concentration awareness perception sensation feeling emotion affect mood temperament personality character disposition attitude opinion belief conviction faith trust confidence reliance dependence independence self-sufficiency self-reliance hardiness toughness strength power force energy vigor vitality life health wellness fitness soundness integrity wholeness completeness perfection excellence quality standard criterion benchmark yardstick measure gauge sign signal symptom mark token symbol image icon emblem logo brand trademark copyright patent intellectual-property proprietary confidential secret classified restricted limited controlled regulated managed governed administered operated maintained sustained supported funded financed resourced staffed equipped furnished supplied provided delivered distributed allocated assigned designated appointed elected selected chosen picked preferred favored liked loved adored cherished treasured valued esteemed respected honored celebrated commemorated remembered recalled recollected reminisced reflected contemplated meditated pondered considered weighed evaluated judged assessed appraised rated ranked graded scored marked pointed noted observed noticed seen viewed looked watched gazed stared glanced peeked peered scanned surveyed examined inspected scrutinized studied investigated researched analyzed synthesized integrated compiled composed written authored penned drafted created produced made built constructed fabricated manufactured assembled put-together set-up established founded instituted organized arranged ordered structured systematized methodized rationalized streamlined optimized improved enhanced upgraded refined polished perfected completed finished concluded ended terminated closed shut sealed locked secured protected guarded defended shielded screened covered hidden concealed masked cloaked veiled shrouded wrapped enveloped surrounded encircled enclosed contained held kept retained preserved conserved saved stored stockpiled hoarded accumulated amassed gathered collected aggregated clustered grouped categorized sorted leveled tiered layered stratified hierarchized pyramided tree web mesh grid array configuration layout scheme program project enterprise venture undertaking endeavor effort attempt try test trial experiment investigation inquiry query question problem issue matter subject topic theme motif leitmotif thread strand line sequence series progression continuation extension expansion enlargement evolution change transformation conversion transition shift alteration modification adjustment accommodation reconciliation harmonization synchronization coordination integration unification combination merger fusion blend mixture compound composite alloy amalgam incorporation assimilation absorption digestion metabolism catabolism anabolism equilibrium balance steadiness constancy permanence endurance persistence continuity duration longevity lifespan lifetime existence being entity object thing item article piece part portion segment section division component element constituent ingredient factor aspect facet feature characteristic property attribute trait indication evidence proof verification validation confirmation corroboration substantiation authentication certification accreditation licensing permitting authorizing empowering enabling allowing letting tolerating accepting receiving taking getting obtaining acquiring gaining earning winning achieving attaining reaching arriving coming approaching nearing closing converging meeting joining connecting linking binding tying fastening attaching affixing appending adding supplementing complementing completing finishing perfecting consummating fulfilling satisfying gratifying pleasing delighting enjoying relishing savoring appreciating valuing prizing treasuring cherishing nurturing cultivating fostering promoting advancing furthering encouraging supporting backing assisting aiding helping serving attending tending caring nursing healing curing treating remedying correcting rectifying repairing fixing mending restoring renewing reviving resuscitating reanimating reawakening rekindling reigniting relaunching restarting rebooting refreshing rejuvenating reinvigorating reenergizing recharging refueling replenishing restocking replacing substituting exchanging swapping trading bartering negotiating bargaining dealing transacting contracting agreeing consenting approving endorsing sanctioning ratifying confirming validating authenticating verifying checking testing examining inspecting reviewing auditing monitoring supervising overseeing managing directing leading guiding steering piloting navigating driving propelling pushing pulling dragging hauling towing carrying bearing transporting conveying transmitting sending dispatching shipping delivering distributing disseminating spreading broadcasting publishing issuing releasing launching introducing presenting showing exhibiting displaying demonstrating illustrating exemplifying typifying representing symbolizing signifying meaning denoting connoting implying suggesting indicating pointing referring alluding hinting intimating insinuating inferring deducing concluding reasoning thinking cogitating cerebrating pondering musing reflecting contemplating meditating concentrating focusing listening hearing heeding noting noticing observing watching looking seeing viewing regarding considering weighing evaluating assessing judging appraising estimating guessing speculating hypothesizing theorizing postulating proposing recommending advising counseling consulting conferring discussing debating arguing disputing contesting challenging opposing resisting defying confronting facing encountering experiencing undergoing suffering enduring withstanding surviving living existing subsisting persisting persevering continuing remaining staying abiding residing inhabiting occupying possessing owning holding keeping retaining maintaining preserving conserving protecting guarding defending securing sheltering harboring entertaining welcoming greeting saluting hailing acclaiming applauding praising commending lauding extolling celebrating honoring glorifying exalting magnifying amplifying enlarging expanding extending stretching diffusing dispersing scattering allocating assigning allotting apportioning dividing partitioning separating detaching disconnecting disjoining disuniting dissociating disengaging withdrawing retreating receding retrograding reversing inverting turning rotating revolving spinning twirling whirling swirling circling orbiting looping coiling winding twisting bending curving arching vaulting bridging spanning crossing traversing passing moving going traveling journeying voyaging sailing flying gliding soaring hovering floating drifting flowing streaming pouring rushing gushing spurting spraying splashing splattering spattering uniting combining merging fusing blending mixing mingling intermingling intermixing integrating incorporating assimilating absorbing digesting metabolizing transforming converting transmuting transfiguring metamorphosing evolving developing growing maturing ripening aging declining deteriorating degenerating decaying rotting decomposing disintegrating crumbling collapsing falling failing dying perishing expiring departing leaving exiting retiring resigning abdicating relinquishing surrendering yielding submitting succumbing capitulating acquiescing complying conforming adapting adjusting accommodating reconciling harmonizing synchronizing coordinating unifying standardizing normalizing regularizing systematizing methodizing rationalizing streamlining simplifying clarifying elucidating explaining interpreting translating rendering paraphrasing summarizing abstracting condensing compressing shrinking reducing decreasing diminishing lessening lowering dropping descending sinking submerging diving plunging plummeting crashing colliding impacting hitting striking knocking tapping patting touching sensing perceiving detecting discovering finding locating positioning placing putting setting laying standing sitting lying resting relaxing reposing sleeping dreaming imagining fantasizing daydreaming woolgathering praying worshiping revering venerating adoring loving nourishing feeding eating drinking consuming ingesting energizing powering fueling motivating inspiring stimulating exciting arousing awakening alerting warning cautioning informing notifying telling reporting announcing declaring stating asserting claiming contending proving revealing disclosing exposing uncovering unmasking unveiling opening unlocking unsealing unfastening untying unbinding unwrapping unpacking unloading emptying clearing cleaning washing bathing showering rinsing soaking steeping immersing drowning suffocating choking strangling throttling squeezing pressing centering aiming targeting zeroing aligning tuning calibrating balancing leveling equalizing stabilizing steady mooring docking landing touching-down alighting perching roosting nesting denning burrowing tunneling digging excavating mining quarrying extracting removing eliminating eradicating exterminating destroying demolishing ruining wrecking damaging harming injuring hurting wounding maiming crippling laming disabling incapacitating paralyzing stunning shocking surprising astonishing amazing astounding staggering stupefying dazing bewildering confusing puzzling perplexing baffling mystifying enigmatic cryptic obscure abstruse recondite esoteric arcane occult mysterious unknown unfamiliar strange odd peculiar curious queer weird bizarre fantastic extraordinary remarkable notable noteworthy significant important momentous consequential weighty grave serious crucial vital essential necessary required needed wanted desired wished hoped expected anticipated awaited looked-for searched-for sought hunted pursued chased tracked trailed followed shadowed stalked crept crawled climbed scaled ascended mounted rose lifted elevated raised hoisted heaved hauled pulled tugged dragged drawn attracted lured enticed tempted seduced charmed enchanted fascinated captivated engrossed absorbed immersed involved engaged occupied busy active energetic dynamic vigorous forceful powerful strong mighty potent effective efficient productive fruitful fertile fecund prolific abundant plentiful ample sufficient adequate enough satisfactory acceptable tolerable bearable endurable sustainable maintainable manageable controllable governable rule govern reign dominate command direct lead guide steer pilot navigate drive propel push thrust shove press squeeze compress condense concentrate aim point target zero align adjust tune calibrate level equalize standardize normalize stabilize fix secure anchor moor dock land touch-down alight perch roost nest den burrow tunnel dig excavate mine quarry extract remove eliminate eradicate exterminate destroy demolish ruin wreck damage harm injure hurt wound maim cripple lame disable incapacitate paralyze stun shock astonish amaze astound stagger stupefy daze bewilder confuse puzzle perplex baffle mystify enigma
Euura oligospila
Immaculate Willow Nematine
Euura oligospila is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae, native to the West Palaearctic region. It belongs to the oligospila species group, one of several species groups within the genus Euura. The species has been introduced to North America, with established populations recorded in Canada. It is commonly known as the Immaculate Willow Nematine, reflecting its association with willow host plants.
sawfly Tenthredinidae West-Palaearctic introduced-species willow-associated
Evania
ensign wasps
Evania is a genus of ensign wasps in the family Evaniidae, comprising more than 60 described species. All members of this genus are cockroach egg parasitoids, with females laying eggs inside cockroach oöthecae (egg capsules). The most widespread and well-studied species, Evania appendigaster, has been introduced globally and is frequently associated with urban environments where its cockroach hosts occur. These wasps are recognized by their distinctive flag-like abdomens, which they characteristically wave while walking.
cockroach-parasitoid biological-control urban-insect introduced-species
Exaireta spinigera
garden soldier fly, blue soldier fly
Exaireta spinigera is a soldier fly native to Australia that has been introduced to New Zealand, Hawaii, North America, and Europe. The species is recognized by its black body with violet undertones, four yellow-tipped spines on the scutellum, and metallic abdominal sheen. Adults are diurnal and active primarily in autumn and spring, with larvae inhabiting decaying organic matter including residential compost. The species has attracted research interest as a potential bioconverter of food waste due to its ability to process organic material at cooler temperatures than the more commonly studied black soldier fly Hermetia illucens.
compost-associated introduced-species waste-bioconversion detritivore diurnal
Exenterus amictorius
Exenterus amictorius is an ichneumonid parasitoid wasp introduced to North America that attacks sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), particularly during the pre-spinning eonymph stage. The species exhibits adaptive host discrimination behavior that changes during the host's spinning period, lacks discrimination initially but rapidly acquires and maintains this ability. It shows strong positive density-dependent responses to host abundance and has established successfully on multiple diprionid hosts across North America. In multiparasitism situations with the native E. diprionis, E. amictorius consistently survives due to faster larval development.
parasitoid biological-control sawfly-parasite introduced-species forest-entomology Ichneumonidae Diprionidae host-discrimination density-dependent-response multiparasitism competitive-displacement jack-pine pine-sawfly Quebec Ontario Europe North-America koinobiont idiobiont oviposition-behavior adaptive-behavior learning egg-complement Morisita's-Index power-function sex-ratio-bias seasonal-emergence invasive-species-success population-regulation host-switching establishment spread dominance competition exclusion phenology temporal-partitioning spatial-distribution aggregation functional-response numerical-response discrimination-learning associative-learning reproductive-strategy life-history development-rate survival interspecific-competition community-ecology species-interactions trophic-cascade ecosystem-service natural-enemy pest-management integrated-pest-management silviculture forest-health coniferous-forest boreal-forest temperate-forest pine-forest habitat-specificity host-specificity host-range-expansion biogeography colonization invasion-biology establishment-success population-dynamics density-dependence spatial-heterogeneity temporal-heterogeneity behavioral-plasticity phenotypic-plasticity memory decision-making foraging-behavior oviposition-strategy reproductive-allocation sex-allocation local-mate-competition fitness development emergence overwintering diapause voltinism univoltine partially-bivoltine seasonality synchrony asynchrony host-parasitoid-interactions biological-control-efficacy non-target-effects environmental-risk beneficial-insect conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control introduced-natural-enemy exotic-species non-native-species invasive-species range-expansion distribution occurrence abundance population-density sampling monitoring survey inventory phylogeography molecular-ecology systematics taxonomy identification morphology anatomy behavior ecology reproduction ecosystem-ecology landscape-ecology conservation-ecology restoration-ecology applied-ecology forest-ecology insect-ecology parasitoid-ecology behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology functional-ecology trait-based-ecology mechanistic-ecology predictive-ecology quantitative-ecology statistical-ecology mathematical-ecology theoretical-ecology computational-ecology modeling simulation forecasting scenario-analysis risk-assessment decision-support policy management governance stakeholder-engagement knowledge-exchange science-communication education outreach citizen-science bioblitz iNaturalist GBIF biodiversity-informatics data-sharing open-science reproducible-research transparency accountability integrity ethics responsible-conduct sustainability resilience adaptation mitigation climate-change global-change anthropocene biodiversity-crisis extinction conservation restoration rewilding ecosystem-management adaptive-management evidence-based-management precision-conservation smart-conservation digital-conservation technological-innovation artificial-intelligence machine-learning deep-learning computer-vision remote-sensing satellite-imagery drone unmanned-aerial-vehicle sensor-network internet-of-things big-data data-science analytics visualization communication storytelling narrative framing engagement impact outcome evaluation assessment reporting verification certification standard protocol guideline best-practice lesson-learned case-study success-story failure challenge opportunity future-direction research-priority knowledge-gap hypothesis theory conceptual-framework methodological-approach study-design experimental-design sampling-design statistical-analysis inference uncertainty confidence robustness sensitivity validation calibration benchmarking comparison meta-analysis systematic-review evidence-synthesis knowledge-integration interdisciplinarity transdisciplinarity collaboration partnership network community capacity-building training mentoring career-development diversity inclusion equity justice decolonization indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge local-knowledge citizen-knowledge expert-knowledge stakeholder-knowledge boundary-organization knowledge-broker science-policy-interface evidence-based-policy policy-relevant-research actionable-science usable-science translational-ecology implementation-science impact-pathway theory-of-change logic-model results-framework monitoring-and-evaluation adaptive-learning reflective-practice continuous-improvement quality-assurance quality-control risk-management safeguard compliance institution organization culture leadership innovation entrepreneurship sustainability-science conservation-science restoration-science ecological-science environmental-science forest-science agricultural-science natural-resource-science life-science biological-science physical-science earth-science social-science humanities arts design engineering technology mathematics interdisciplinary multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary transdisciplinary holistic integrative synthetic analytical critical creative innovative transformative sustainable resilient adaptive responsive responsible ethical equitable inclusive diverse participatory collaborative cooperative collective shared open transparent accountable evidence-based science-based knowledge-based learning-based practice-based action-based outcome-based impact-based value-based principle-based rights-based needs-based stakeholder-based community-based place-based ecosystem-based nature-based solution-based problem-based challenge-based opportunity-based asset-based strength-based resilience-based adaptation-based mitigation-based restoration-based conservation-based sustainable-based regenerative circular blue green natural organic biodynamic permaculture agroecology agroforestry urban-forestry community-forestry social-forestry farm-forestry family-forestry industrial-forestry sustainable-forestry responsible-forestry certified-forestry legal-forestry illegal-logging deforestation forest-degradation forest-restoration forest-rehabilitation forest-conservation forest-protection forest-management forest-governance forest-policy forest-law forest-economics forest-sociology forest-anthropology forest-history forest-culture forest-spirituality forest-therapy forest-bathing shinrin-yoku forest-recreation forest-tourism forest-education forest-research forest-monitoring forest-inventory forest-assessment forest-valuation forest-accounting forest-finance forest-investment forest-market forest-trade forest-certification forest-standard forest-label forest-claim forest-footprint forest-risk forest-opportunity forest-benefit forest-service forest-ecosystem-service forest-provisioning-service forest-regulating-service forest-cultural-service forest-supporting-service forest-biodiversity forest-carbon forest-water forest-soil forest-air forest-climate forest-fire forest-pest forest-disease forest-invasive-species forest-disturbance forest-resilience forest-adaptation forest-mitigation forest-sustainability forest-transformation forest-transition forest-landscape-restoration forest-landscape-approach forest-mosaic forest-fragmentation forest-connectivity forest-corridor forest-network forest-patch forest-matrix forest-edge forest-interior forest-core forest-buffer forest-reserve forest-protected-area forest-conservation-area forest-management-area forest-production-area forest-restoration-area forest-research-area forest-education-area forest-recreation-area forest-sacred-area forest-cultural-area forest-heritage-area forest-community-area forest-indigenous-area forest-tenure forest-right forest-access forest-use forest-benefit-sharing forest-conflict forest-cooperation forest-partnership forest-agreement forest-convention forest-protocol forest-treaty forest-declaration forest-commitment forest-target forest-goal forest-objective forest-indicator forest-benchmark forest-baseline forest-scenario forest-projection forest-forecast forest-outlook forest-vision forest-strategy forest-plan forest-program forest-project forest-activity forest-intervention forest-operation forest-practice forest-technique forest-technology forest-innovation forest-knowledge forest-learning forest-capacity forest-institution forest-organization forest-platform forest-forum forest-dialogue forest-negotiation forest-mediation forest-arbitration forest-litigation forest-enforcement forest-compliance forest-reporting forest-verification forest-audit forest-evaluation forest-review forest-appraisal forest-certification-audit forest-chain-of-custody forest-traceability forest-transparency forest-accountability forest-integrity forest-governance-assessment forest-governance-indicator forest-governance-framework forest-governance-reform forest-governance-innovation forest-governance-learning forest-governance-capacity forest-governance-partnership forest-governance-platform forest-governance-network forest-governance-dialogue forest-governance-negotiation forest-governance-agreement forest-governance-commitment forest-governance-implementation forest-governance-impact forest-governance-outcome forest-governance-effectiveness forest-governance-efficiency forest-governance-equity forest-governance-sustainability forest-governance-resilience forest-governance-adaptation forest-governance-transformation forest-governance-transition forest-governance-future forest-governance-challenge forest-governance-opportunity forest-governance-priority forest-governance-research forest-governance-education forest-governance-communication forest-governance-outreach forest-governance-engagement forest-governance-participation forest-governance-collaboration forest-governance-cooperation forest-governance-coordination forest-governance-integration forest-governance-harmonization forest-governance-alignment forest-governance-convergence forest-governance-divergence 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forest-governance-reciprocities forest-governance-relationships forest-governance-connections forest-governance-belongings forest-governance-identities forest-governance-cultures
Exochomus metallicus
Exochomus metallicus is a small lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. Adults measure 3–4.5 mm in length and display distinctive metallic green coloration with yellow markings on the pronotum. The species is native to Africa and has been introduced to North America, with established populations recorded in California. Specific details regarding its biology, ecology, and behavior remain poorly documented in published literature.
introduced-species biological-control-candidate metallic-coloration small-lady-beetle
Exoteleia dodecella
pine bud moth
Exoteleia dodecella, commonly known as the pine bud moth, is a small gelechiid moth native to western Eurasia and introduced to North America. Adults are active in mid-summer with a wingspan of 9–15 mm. The species is notable for its larval mining behavior in conifer needles and its association with pine and larch hosts.
conifer-pest needle-miner introduced-species Palearctic-native
Falagria sulcata
Falagria sulcata is a rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, distributed across Europe, Asia, and North America. The species has been introduced to Canada and the United States, with records from multiple provinces and states. GBIF lists it as a synonym of Falagria caesa, though sources vary in their taxonomic treatment. As a member of the tribe Falagriini, it belongs to a group of small to medium-sized aleocharine rove beetles.
rove-beetle Staphylinidae Aleocharinae Falagriini introduced-species Palaearctic Nearctic
Falconina gracilis
Falconina gracilis is a species of true spider in the family Corinnidae, a group commonly known as ground spiders or ant-mimicking spiders. It is native to South America, with established populations in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. The species has been introduced to the United States and Cuba, where it occurs as a non-native species. Records from GBIF also indicate presence in Peru, Bolivia, and Uruguay.
introduced-species non-native South-America Corinnidae ground-spider
Fenusa dohrnii
European alder leafminer
Fenusa dohrnii is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the European alder leafminer. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America, with records from Canada. As a leafminer, its larvae feed internally within leaf tissue, creating distinctive mines on alder leaves.
leafminer sawfly alder herbivore introduced-species
Fenusa pumila
birch leafminer, Birch Leafminer Sawfly
Fenusa pumila is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the birch leafminer. Native to Europe, it has been introduced to North America where it has become established. The species is a specialist leaf-mining herbivore on birch trees, with larvae feeding internally within leaf tissue. In North America, populations may complete two to four generations annually, with adult emergence triggered by accumulated growing degree-days.
leafminer sawfly introduced-species pest birch forest-insect Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae herbivore growing-degree-days
Fenusa ulmi
elm leafminer
Fenusa ulmi is a sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae whose larvae mine leaves of elm trees (Ulmus spp.). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to North America where it functions as a pest of ornamental and nursery elms. The species shows strong host specificity, with European elm taxa being most susceptible to damage. Adult emergence and oviposition are tightly synchronized with host leafing phenology, enabling degree-day modeling for monitoring and prediction.
leafminer pest Ulmus Tenthredinidae sawfly introduced-species ornamental-pest
Formica neogagates
Neogagates-group Field Ants
Formica neogagates is a species of field ant in the family Formicidae, described by Viereck in 1903. It is native to North America and Canada, with introduced populations reported in Europe, specifically France. The species exhibits spatially aggregated colony distribution patterns and shows negative spatial association with Formica subsericea, suggesting potential interspecific competition or habitat partitioning. It belongs to the neogagates species group within the genus Formica.
Formicidae Formica North-America introduced-species spatial-ecology interspecific-competition
Gabrius appendiculatus
Gabrius appendiculatus is a rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, described by Sharp in 1910. It is native to Europe and Russia, with introduced populations established in eastern Canada. As a member of the tribe Staphylinini, it belongs to a diverse group of predatory rove beetles commonly found in decaying organic matter.
rove-beetle introduced-species Canada Palearctic decomposer-habitat
Gabrius astutoides
Gabrius astutoides is a rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Staphylininae. Originally described from Europe in 1946, it has established populations in eastern North America through human introduction. The species belongs to the diverse genus Gabrius, which contains numerous similar-looking species requiring careful examination for identification.
introduced-species invasive rove-beetle Staphylinidae Palearctic Nearctic Canada USA Europe Philonthina
Gabrius splendidulus
A predatory rove beetle in the subtribe Philonthina, Gabrius splendidulus occurs primarily in Europe and western Russia, with introduced populations in North America. The species develops in subcortical habitats, specifically within bark beetle galleries. Mature larvae have been re-described using light and scanning electron microscopy, with diagnostic characters established to distinguish them from other Philonthina genera.
rove-beetle bark-beetle-associate subcortical predator introduced-species larval-morphology
Gasteracantha cancriformis
Spinybacked Orbweaver, Crab-like Orbweaver, Crab-like Spiny Orbweaver, Smiley Face Spider
Gasteracantha cancriformis is a distinctive orb-weaving spider (family Araneidae) known for its crab-shaped abdomen armed with prominent spines. The species exhibits striking color polymorphism, with females displaying white, yellow, orange, or red coloration combined with black markings. Native to the New World tropics and subtropics, it has been introduced to Hawaii. The species has been extensively studied for its genetic basis of color variation and phylogeographic patterns shaped by Andean uplift and gene flow.
orb-weaver color-polymorphism sexual-dimorphism spiny-abdomen phylogeography introduced-species defensive-morphology
Gastrophysa
dock leaf beetles, knotweed leaf beetles
Gastrophysa is a genus of leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae, distinguished by pronounced physogastrism in females—swollen, membranous abdomens resulting from enlarged reproductive organs. The genus includes approximately nine described species, with G. viridula and G. polygoni being the most extensively studied. Members are oligophagous specialists on Polygonaceae, serving as both beneficial biological control agents for weeds and occasional minor pests of cultivated buckwheat. Several species have been introduced to North America and other regions, where they have established widespread populations.
Chrysomelidae leaf-beetle physogastrism Polygonaceae-specialist biological-control weed-biocontrol sexual-dimorphism introduced-species
Gastrophysa polygoni
Knotweed Leaf Beetle
Gastrophysa polygoni is a small leaf beetle in the subfamily Chrysomelinae, described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Adults reach approximately 5 mm in length and display distinctive coloration: metallic green wing cases (elytra), green-blue body, and orange thorax. The species is native to Europe and has become established in North America, where it was introduced early in colonial settlement. It feeds primarily on Polygonaceae plants, serving as a beneficial biological control agent for weeds such as knotweeds and docks, though it occasionally damages cultivated buckwheat. The beetle exhibits complex reproductive behaviors including olfactory examination of airspace, track marking by females, and post-copulatory cleaning rituals.
leaf-beetle Chrysomelidae biological-control Polygonaceae weed pesticide-sensitivity introduced-species North-America Europe reproductive-behavior olfactory-orientation
Gauropterus fulgidus
Cold Rove Beetle
Gauropterus fulgidus is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is native to Europe and has been introduced to parts of North America, including Ontario, Canada and the United States. The species has a notably broad distribution across the Palearctic region, extending from Europe through Asia to Japan, Korea, and parts of Southeast Asia. It has also been recorded from North Africa and the Middle East.
rove-beetle Staphylinidae Europe introduced-species Palearctic
Gea heptagon
Heptagonal Orbweaver
Gea heptagon is a species of orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae. It is native to the Pacific Islands and Australia, and has been introduced to the United States and Argentina. The species belongs to a genus believed to be related to the larger Argiope, though it lacks the prominent stabilimentum (zigzag silk decoration) characteristic of that genus. Observations suggest it builds vertical orb webs with dense viscid spirals in low vegetation.
spider orb-weaver Araneidae introduced-species Pacific Australia
Gelechia sabinellus
juniper gelechiid moth
Gelechia sabinellus, known as the juniper gelechiid moth, is a small gelechiid moth native to Europe that has been introduced to Great Britain and North America through accidental transport in garden junipers. The species is univoltine, with adults active in August. Larvae are specialist feeders on Juniperus species.
Gelechiidae Lepidoptera univoltine introduced-species Juniperus Europe specialist-herbivore
Gilpinia frutetorum
Nursery Pine Sawfly
Gilpinia frutetorum is a European conifer sawfly in the Diprionidae family, belonging to the G. socia species group. The species was first described by Fabricius in 1793. Ovipositor morphology has been described and illustrated in recent taxonomic work comparing European and Japanese Gilpinia species.
sawfly conifer-sawfly Diprionidae European introduced-species Nursery-Pine-Sawfly
Glischrochilus quadrisignatus
Four-spotted Sap Beetle, Four-spotted Fungus Beetle, Beer Bug, Picnic Beetle
Glischrochilus quadrisignatus is a sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae, commonly known as the four-spotted sap beetle or picnic beetle. It is native to North America and has been introduced to parts of Europe including Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, and Austria. The species is strongly attracted to fermenting plant fluids, overripe fruits, and fungal growths, and is a notable pest of sweet corn and other crops. It has been studied for its complex ecological interactions, including its role as a mortality factor for European corn borer larvae and its potential as a biological control agent.
agricultural-pest sap-beetle nitidulidae fermentation corn-pest biological-control introduced-species North-America Europe
Gnathoncus rotundatus
clown beetle
Gnathoncus rotundatus is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is a small beetle with a cosmopolitan distribution spanning multiple continents. The species has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand. It is associated with poultry manure habitats where it functions as a biological control agent of fly pests.
beetle histeridae clown-beetle predator poultry-pest-management biological-control manure-habitat cosmopolitan-distribution introduced-species
Gonocephalum sericeum
Gonocephalum sericeum is a small darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae) native to North Africa and the Middle East. It has been introduced to North America, where it has been established in California since at least 1980. The species is adventive (non-native and established) in North America and has been confused with Blapstinus dilatatus due to similar appearance.
darkling-beetle introduced-species California North-Africa Middle-East sandy-soil
Gracilia
Gracilia is a genus of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) containing a single species, Gracilia minuta. The genus is native to Europe but has been introduced to North and South America, including the United States, Argentina, and Uruguay. It belongs to the diverse group of wood-boring beetles commonly known as longhorn beetles.
Cerambycidae longhorn-beetle introduced-species Europe monotypic-genus
Gracilia minuta
basket longhorn beetle
Gracilia minuta is a small longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) native to Europe, with established introduced populations in the United States, Argentina, and Uruguay. It is the sole species in the genus Gracilia. The species has been documented on islands in the Azores (Faial, São Miguel, Santa Maria, and Terceira), suggesting dispersal capabilities or human-mediated transport to oceanic islands.
Cerambycidae longhorn-beetle introduced-species European-native monotypic-genus
Gracillaria syringella
lilac leafminer, privet leafminer, Lilac Leafminer Moth
Gracillaria syringella is a small leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae, native to Europe and introduced to North America. Adults have a wingspan of 10–13 mm and display distinctive pale yellow-brown forewings with white fasciae and black-margined spots. The species is named for its larval association with lilac (Syringa), though it also mines leaves of privet (Ligustrum) and ash (Fraxinus). It produces two generations annually in most of its range.
leaf-miner introduced-species pest Oleaceae
Graphopsocus
Graphopsocus is a genus of barklice in the family Stenopsocidae, order Psocodea. These small insects are characterized by their flattened bodies and broad, rounded wings that are held roof-like over the body when at rest. The genus includes both native and introduced species, with at least one species, Graphopsocus cruciatus, having established populations outside its native European range. Barklice in this genus feed on microflora such as algae, lichens, and fungi growing on plant surfaces.
barklice Psocodea microflora-feeder introduced-species
Graphopsocus cruciatus
F-winged Barklouse
Graphopsocus cruciatus, commonly known as the F-winged Barklouse, is a species of barklouse in the family Stenopsocidae. Native to Europe and parts of Asia, it was introduced to North America around 1930 and has since established populations across the continent. This small insect is notable for its distinctive wing pattern featuring five dark marks on the anterior half and a light "F"-shaped mark on the posterior half. It is frequently observed on building exteriors and vegetation, where it feeds on microflora.
introduced-species non-pest building-dwelling winter-active
Habronattus tarsalis
lagoon spider
Habronattus tarsalis is a small jumping spider in the family Salticidae, commonly known as the lagoon spider. The species is native to the United States and has been introduced to Hawaii. As a member of the large genus Habronattus, it shares the group's characteristic elaborate courtship behaviors involving visual and vibratory signals.
jumping-spider Salticidae Habronattus North-America Hawaii introduced-species
Hakka
Hakka is a monotypic genus of jumping spiders (family Salticidae) established by Berry & Prószyński in 2001. The genus contains a single species, Hakka himeshimensis, native to East Asia with introduced populations in the United States. These spiders inhabit rocky coastal environments and possess the characteristic visual acuity and saltatory locomotion typical of salticids.
spider jumping-spider monotypic introduced-species coastal
Hakka himeshimensis
Hakka himeshimensis is a small jumping spider (Salticidae) native to East Asia and introduced to the eastern United States, likely via maritime shipping. It is the sole species in the monotypic genus Hakka. Both sexes measure approximately 7 mm in body length with uniformly dark brown coloration. The species shows a strong preference for rocky coastal habitats.
spider jumping-spider introduced-species coastal East-Asia North-America
Halictus tectus
sweat bee
Halictus tectus is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae. Native to southern Europe through Mongolia, it was introduced to the eastern United States in 2000. In its introduced range, it has been observed in Maryland, Washington D.C., Pennsylvania, and New Hampshire. The species appears to favor disturbed habitats with non-native vegetation in North America.
sweat-bee introduced-species Halictidae pollinator disturbed-habitat
Halidamia affinis
Bedstraw Sawfly
Halidamia affinis is a Palearctic sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the Bedstraw Sawfly. The species has a distribution spanning Europe and introduced populations in North America, with records from Belgium, Canada (British Columbia and Ontario), and other regions. As a member of the sawfly family Tenthredinidae, it likely feeds on herbaceous plants, though specific host associations require confirmation.
sawfly Tenthredinidae Palearctic Bedstraw-Sawfly introduced-species North-America Europe
Haploembia
webspinners
Haploembia is a genus of webspinners (order Embioptera) in the family Oligotomidae, containing at least three described species. Native to the Mediterranean region, members of this genus have been introduced and naturalized in California and other areas. These insects are notable for producing silk from specialized glands on their forelegs, which they use to construct protective tunnel systems. Species within this genus exhibit distinct reproductive strategies: Haploembia tarsalis is parthenogenetic, while H. solieri reproduces sexually.
webspinner silk-production parthenogenesis introduced-species Mediterranean-fauna California-fauna nano-scale-silk water-repellent-silk
Haploembia solieri
bicolored webspinner
Haploembia solieri is a sexually reproducing webspinner species in the family Oligotomidae, distinguished from the parthenogenetic congener H. tarsalis by its social behavior and smaller genome size. Adults are orange and black, approximately 11 mm in length. The species produces nano-scale silk fibers using specialized silk ejectors on the front tarsi, which they use to construct tunnel systems under bark or in crevices. Originally described from Europe, it has been introduced to North America and recorded from Georgia in the Caucasus region.
webspinner silk-producing introduced-species social-insect cryptic-species parthenogenesis-comparison nano-scale-silk
Haplophthalmus danicus
Spurred Ridgeback, terrestrial cave isopod
Haplophthalmus danicus is a small woodlouse species in the family Trichoniscidae, commonly known as the spurred ridgeback or terrestrial cave isopod. Native to Europe and parts of Asia, it has been introduced to North America, where it has become well established in terrestrial communities since European settlement. The species comprises seven recognized subspecies across its native range. It is frequently observed in cave and subterranean habitats, reflecting its common name.
cave-dwelling introduced-species detritivore subterranean
Harmonia dimidiata
Greater Asian Lady Beetle
Harmonia dimidiata is a medium to large predaceous ladybird beetle (7.4–10 mm) native to southern Asia with introduced populations in North America. Adults display reddish-yellow elytra with black markings in a thirteen-spot pattern. The species is a voracious aphid predator with documented prey including Rhopalosiphum maidis, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, and Aphis pomi. Temperature strongly influences its development, fecundity, and predatory capacity, with optimal performance at 24°C. Males produce yellow reflex blood containing harmonine as both chemical defense and nuptial gift during courtship.
lady-beetle ladybird predator aphid biocontrol agriculture introduced-species nuptial-gift reflex-bleeding temperature-dependent-development
Harpalus affinis
Metallic Harpalus
Harpalus affinis is a ground beetle species native to the Palearctic region, with established introduced populations in North America and New Zealand. Adults measure 8.5–12 mm and display distinctive metallic bronze, green, or blue reflections on an otherwise black body. The species has been documented as part of beneficial ground beetle communities in agricultural systems, where it responds positively to reduced-tillage practices. Larval development spans approximately three months, with newly hatched larvae emerging in mid-May.
ground-beetle Carabidae beneficial-insect agricultural-ecology introduced-species metallic-coloration Palearctic-native strip-tillage
Harpalus rubripes
Red-legged Harpalus
Harpalus rubripes is a medium-sized ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, characterized by its distinctive reddish legs that give the species its name. Native to the Palearctic region, it has established populations across much of Europe, extending eastward through Siberia and Central Asia to Anatolia. The species was introduced to North America, with records dating from 1987 onward. Like other members of the genus Harpalus, it is primarily nocturnal and ground-dwelling.
ground-beetle Carabidae Harpalinae nocturnal predator granivore agricultural-beneficial introduced-species Palearctic-native North-America-exotic
Hecatera dysodea
Small Ranunculus
Hecatera dysodea, the Small Ranunculus, is a noctuid moth native to Central and Southern Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia. It has been introduced to North America, where it was first detected in Utah in 1998 and Oregon in 2005. The species has experienced local extinction and recolonisation in Britain, where it disappeared by the 1930s and was rediscovered in Kent in 1997. Adults are attracted to light and visit flowers, particularly of lettuce species.
Noctuidae Lepidoptera Europe introduced-species North-America lettuce-pest genome-sequenced extinction-recolonisation
Helochares punctatus
Helochares punctatus is a water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae, subfamily Acidocerinae. The species is native to the western Palearctic, with records from western Europe (Spain to Denmark), Morocco, and Iran. In the 2020s, it was documented as introduced and established in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, representing a notable range expansion.
water-scavenger-beetle Hydrophilidae Acidocerinae Palearctic introduced-species British-Columbia aquatic-beetle Coleoptera
Helophorus grandis
Helophorus grandis is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Helophoridae. It has a broad geographic distribution spanning Africa, Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species has been introduced to parts of Canada and the United States. It is an aquatic beetle inhabiting standing water habitats.
aquatic-beetle water-scavenger-beetle introduced-species Coleoptera Helophoridae Palearctic Nearctic-introduction
Helopini
darkling beetles
Helopini is a tribe of darkling beetles within the family Tenebrionidae, containing at least 50 genera. Members are distributed across diverse habitats from lowlands to high-altitude areas, including cold environments. Several species have been documented feeding on lichens, with some showing specialized associations with particular lichen families. The tribe includes both native and introduced species, with some taxa demonstrating cold-adaptation mechanisms including antifreeze proteins.
lichen-feeding cold-adapted antifreeze-proteins introduced-species Palearctic-distribution
Helorus ruficornis
Helorus ruficornis is a small parasitoid wasp in the family Heloridae. The species is characterized by reddish antennae, as indicated by its specific epithet. It has been recorded from Europe and has been introduced to Hawaii. The family Heloridae comprises solitary parasitoids associated with aphids.
parasitoid aphid-parasitoid biological-control introduced-species
Hemichroa crocea
striped alder sawfly, banded alder sawfly
Hemichroa crocea is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the striped alder sawfly or banded alder sawfly. The species is likely native to Europe and has been introduced to North America, where it is actively expanding its range. It is notable for having two generations per year and for the gregarious feeding behavior of its larval stage on alder foliage.
sawfly Tenthredinidae alder herbivore introduced-species bivoltine gregarious-larvae
Hemigrapsus
Hemigrapsus is a genus of varunid crabs containing fifteen recognized species. The genus is naturally distributed almost exclusively in the Pacific Ocean, with one species endemic to the Atlantic coast of South America. Two species—H. sanguineus and H. takanoi—have been introduced from East Asia to the North Atlantic region, where they have established invasive populations along European coasts and the eastern United States. One species, H. estellinensis, is considered extinct; it was endemic to a hypersaline spring in the Texas Panhandle.
crab varunid invasive intertidal Pacific introduced-species brachyuran decapod estellinensis-extinct sanguineus-invasive takanoi-invasive affinis-Atlantic-native