Introduced-species
Guides
Hemithea aestivaria
Common Emerald
Hemithea aestivaria, the Common Emerald, is a geometrid moth native to Eurasia and accidentally introduced to North America. Its blue-green wing coloration derives from the pigment geoverdin, which is light-sensitive and fades in both living individuals and dried specimens. The species has been sequenced with a 501.7 Mb genome assembly containing 31 chromosomal pseudomolecules and 18,477 protein-coding genes. In its native range it is univoltine, while introduced populations in Japan have been observed to be bivoltine.
Heterarthrus
Heterarthrus is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae. Species occur in Eurasia and North America. The genus includes leafmining species that feed on trees in the family Betulaceae. Heterarthrus vagans, a Palaearctic species, has been introduced to southwestern British Columbia, Canada, where it mines leaves of native red alder.
Heterarthrus nemoratus
Late Birch Leaf Edgeminer Sawfly
Heterarthrus nemoratus is a Palearctic sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae. The larvae are specialized leaf-miners that feed on birch leaves (Betula species), creating distinctive mines along leaf edges. Adults are active during late spring and summer. The species has been introduced to North America, where established populations occur in Canada.
Heteroonops spinimanus
Heteroonops spinimanus is a small spider in the family Oonopidae (dwarf goblin spiders), first described by Eugène Simon in 1892. The species has a notably broad distribution, having been recorded across the Americas and subsequently introduced to multiple regions worldwide including Europe, Africa, and the Pacific. Its wide geographic spread suggests human-mediated dispersal, though specific transport mechanisms remain undocumented. As a member of Oonopidae, it belongs to one of the most species-rich spider families, characterized by minute body size and simplified eye arrangements.
Holocnemus
cellar spiders
Holocnemus is a genus of cellar spiders (family Pholcidae) first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1873. The genus is distinguished by dark marks on the leg femora and tibiae in both sexes, a trait shared with related genera Crossopriza, Stygopholcus, and Maghreba. As of October 2025, the genus comprises four species, with H. pluchei being the most widely distributed due to human-mediated introduction outside its native range.
Holocnemus pluchei
Marbled Cellar Spider
Holocnemus pluchei is a cellar spider native to the Mediterranean region that has been introduced to North America, Australia, and other regions. It is notable for its group-living behavior, with multiple individuals often sharing communal webs. Both sexes possess stridulatory organs, an unusual trait among spiders. The species exhibits a unique defensive behavior called 'bouncing' when disturbed. It has been identified as a source of allergenic proteins that can trigger asthma in sensitive individuals.
Homadaula
Homadaula is a genus of small moths in the family Galacticidae, established by Lower in 1907. The genus contains approximately 15 described species distributed across Africa, Asia, and Australia. Several species are known as webworms, with larvae that construct silk webs on host foliage. Homadaula anisocentra, the mimosa webworm, is the most economically significant species and has been introduced to North America as a pest of ornamental honeylocust and mimosa trees.
Homadaula anisocentra
mimosa webworm, Mimosa Webworm Moth
Homadaula anisocentra, commonly known as the mimosa webworm, is an introduced moth species in the family Galacticidae (formerly placed in Plutellidae). Native to China, it was accidentally introduced to the United States in the 1940s and has become a significant pest of ornamental trees. The species primarily attacks mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) and honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos), where larvae construct silk webbing to feed on leaves. It completes two generations annually in the Mid-Atlantic region, with an additional third generation in southern states.
Homidia sauteri
Homidia sauteri is a species of slender springtail in the family Entomobryidae. It is native to East Asia and has been introduced to other regions including Hawaii. The species possesses a characteristic dorsal chaetotaxy pattern that has been formally described from Japanese specimens. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate H. s. sauteri and H. s. formosana from Taiwan.
Homotoma
fig psylla
Homotoma is a genus of psyllids (jumping plant-lice) erected by Félix Guérin-Méneville in 1844. Members are primarily Palaearctic in distribution and represent the type genus of the subfamily Homotominae. Species in this genus are strongly associated with Ficus (fig) host plants, with several species documented as pests of cultivated figs. The genus includes economically significant species such as Homotoma ficus and Homotoma indica.
Homotoma ficus
Mediterranean fig psyllid, fig psylla
Homotoma ficus is a Mediterranean psyllid species in the family Homotomidae, commonly known as the Mediterranean fig psyllid or fig psylla. It has been introduced to regions outside its native range, including Serbia, through the cultivation of fig plants. The species can cause economic damage to its host plant in certain years. First described by Linnaeus in 1758 as Chermes ficus, it is now classified under the genus Homotoma.
Hybosorus illigeri
Illiger's Scavenger Scarab
A small scarab beetle in the family Hybosoridae with a remarkably broad global distribution spanning the Palaearctic, Afrotropical, Oriental, Madagascan, Nearctic, and Neotropical regions. First described from North Africa in 1853, it has established populations across multiple continents and is considered introduced in the United States, where its range continues to expand. The species is associated with decomposing organic matter.
Hydraecia micacea
Rosy Rustic, Potato Stem Borer
Hydraecia micacea, known as the rosy rustic or potato stem borer, is a noctuid moth native to the Palearctic realm and introduced to eastern North America. The species exhibits significant agricultural pest status, particularly affecting hop cultivation and potato crops through subterranean larval feeding on roots and crowns. Adults are active from July to November in temperate regions. The species is univoltine with a single generation per year.
Hylaeus communis
Common Masked Bee
Hylaeus communis is a small, nearly hairless solitary bee native to the Palearctic region and recently introduced to North America. It is one of the most common and adaptable species in its genus, exhibiting extreme generalism in habitat use and floral visitation. Females transport nectar and pollen internally in a crop, rather than on body hairs, and nest in pre-existing cavities. The species is partially bivoltine with flight activity from late May through September.
Hylaeus euxanthus
Yellow-collared Masked Bee
A small, nearly hairless bee in the family Colletidae, native to Australia and introduced to Argentina. First described by Cockerell in 1910, it was originally named Prosopis xanthopoda but renamed due to preoccupation. It belongs to the subgenus Gnathoprosopis and exhibits typical masked bee characteristics including reduced pilosity and internal pollen transport.
Hylaeus leptocephalus
Slender-faced Masked Bee
Hylaeus leptocephalus is a small solitary bee in the family Colletidae, commonly known as the Slender-faced Masked Bee. Native to the Palearctic region, it has been established in North America since 1912. Like other masked bees, it is nearly hairless and transports pollen and nectar internally rather than on body hairs. The species nests in pre-existing cavities such as hollow stems and twigs.
Hylastes
Hylastes is a genus of crenulate bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, comprising over 90 species. Members are primarily associated with coniferous hosts, particularly pines and spruces, where they breed in stumps, roots, and stressed or dying trees. Several species are economically significant as vectors of fungal pathogens causing tree mortality. The genus has a fossil record extending to the Eocene, with Hylastes perkovskyi described from Rovno amber.
Hylastes opacus
crenulate bark beetle
Hylastes opacus is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, native to the Palearctic region and recently introduced to North America. The species breeds in stumps and roots of dead or dying pines (Pinus) and occasionally other conifers. Adults use host volatiles as chemical cues to locate suitable breeding material, with documented attraction to nonanal, ethanol, and (-)-α-pinene. The species has been recorded in North American locations including Vermont and New York.
Hylecoetus
ship-timber beetles
Hylecoetus is a genus of ship-timber beetles in the family Lymexylidae, historically noted for the European species Hylecoetus flabellicornis that infested wooden ship timbers. Adults are attracted to light and are primarily nocturnal. The genus belongs to a family whose evolutionary placement has shifted historically, now generally placed within Cucujiformia near Cleroidea and Cucujoidea, though some analyses suggest a position within Tenebrionoidea.
Hylota ochracea
Hylota ochracea is a rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Aleocharinae, described by Casey in 1906. The species has been introduced from North America to parts of Europe. It is a member of the tribe Oxypodini, a group of small to medium-sized aleocharines often associated with decaying organic matter and fungal habitats.
Hylotrupes
House Longhorns, House Longhorn Beetle, Old House Borer, European House Borer, Italian Beetle
Hylotrupes is a monotypic genus of woodboring beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing only the species Hylotrupes bajulus. The genus is the sole member of the tribe Hylotrupini. The species has been introduced globally through timber trade and is recognized as a significant pest of structural softwood timber. Adults are active in summer months, while larvae develop slowly within wood.
Hypera nigrirostris
lesser clover leaf weevil, black-beaked green weevil
Hypera nigrirostris, commonly known as the lesser clover leaf weevil, is a small curculionid beetle native to Europe and northern Africa that has been introduced to North America and Japan. It is a specialized herbivore of leguminous plants, particularly red clover (Trifolium pratense), and has become a significant agricultural pest in red clover seed production systems where larval feeding can reduce yields by up to 50%.
Hypera postica
Alfalfa Weevil
Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, is a small curculionid beetle native to Europe and a major pest of alfalfa in North America following accidental introductions. Adults measure 4–5.5 mm and are brown with a dark mid-dorsal stripe; larvae are yellowish-green with a black head and white dorsal stripe, reaching about 1 cm before pupation. The species causes significant economic damage through larval skeletonization of alfalfa foliage, with yield reductions up to 15%. Multiple biological control agents, particularly parasitoid wasps in the genus Bathyplectes, have been introduced to manage populations.
Hypocacculus metallescens
clown beetle
Hypocacculus metallescens is a small histerid beetle first described from Europe in 1834. The species has a broad Old World distribution spanning the Mediterranean basin, North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia, with introduced populations established in Florida, USA. As a member of the clown beetle family Histeridae, it likely occupies habitats associated with decaying organic matter.
Hypothenemus obscurus
apple twig beetle, tropical nut borer
Hypothenemus obscurus is a small scolytine bark beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is known by two common names: "apple twig beetle" in North America and "tropical nut borer" in tropical regions. The species attacks several crops including macadamia nut and coffee, and has been documented developing on artificial diets of both macadamia and coffee. Its life cycle from egg to adult has been estimated at approximately 28.5 days under laboratory conditions. The species is native to tropical regions and has been introduced to North America.
Hypurus bertrandi
Portulaca leafmining weevil
Hypurus bertrandi is a small weevil in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the Portulaca leafmining weevil. The species is native to the Palearctic region but has been introduced to North America and Hawaii. It is associated with plants in the genus Portulaca, where larvae create distinctive leaf mines. The species has been documented in iNaturalist with over 90 observations, indicating established populations in introduced ranges.
Icius subinermis
Icius subinermis is a jumping spider native to the western Mediterranean region. It shows sexual dimorphism in coloration. The species favors moist habitats near water sources, where it constructs silken retreats in vegetation or under rocks. It has been introduced to several locations outside its native range, including greenhouses in Germany and an established population in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Icosium tomentosum
Icosium tomentosum is a longhorn beetle and the sole species in the monotypic genus Icosium. Native to the Mediterranean region, it has been introduced to California. The species is notable for its larval acoustic behavior: larvae produce audible sounds through mandible scraping against bark and exhibit chorusing behavior, responding to vibrations from other larvae in nearby branches.
Inopus
sugarcane soldier fly, soldier fly
Inopus is a genus of soldier flies in the family Stratiomyidae, comprising approximately six described species native to Australia. The genus includes economically significant agricultural pests, particularly Inopus rubriceps (sugarcane soldier fly) and Inopus flavus, whose larvae feed on plant roots and cause substantial damage to sugarcane crops and pastures. Larvae develop underground for one to two years, while short-lived adults do not feed. Several species have been introduced to New Zealand and California, where they continue to impact agricultural systems.
Inopus rubriceps
Sugarcane soldier fly, Australian soldier fly
Inopus rubriceps is a soldier fly (Stratiomyidae) native to subtropical eastern Australia, where it has a long evolutionary history in Southeast Queensland and northern New South Wales. The species has been introduced to New Zealand (first recorded 1944) and California, where it establishes in warm, moist climates. Larvae develop in soil around plant roots, with a life cycle typically spanning 24 months but occasionally completing in 12 months. The species is an agricultural pest of sugarcane, pasture, oats, and maize, though not considered major.
Ithome concolorella
kiawe flower moth
Ithome concolorella, commonly known as the kiawe flower moth, is a small microlepidopteran species in the family Cosmopterigidae. First described by V.T. Chambers in 1875, it is native to the southern United States but has been introduced to Hawaii and Ascension Island. The species has become a notable pest of leguminous tree flowers in its introduced range.
Jassa marmorata
Marbled Scud
A tube-building amphipod native to the northeast Atlantic Ocean, now introduced to northeast Asia. Distinguished by greyish coloration with reddish-brown markings and a maximum length of 10 mm. Notable for exhibiting two distinct male morphs with alternative mating strategies: larger 'major' males that fight for access to females, and smaller 'minor' males that sneak copulations. Constructs protective tubes from detritus and algae fragments bound with mucus secretions.
Kukulcania
Crevice Weavers
Kukulcania is a genus of crevice weaver spiders in the family Filistatidae, first described by Pekka T. Lehtinen in 1967 and named after Kukulkan, a Mesoamerican serpent deity. The genus contains fifteen species distributed across the Americas, from the United States through Mexico and Central America to South America. These spiders are characterized by their cribellate silk production and distinctive sexual dimorphism. The most widespread species, Kukulcania hibernalis, is highly synanthropic and has been introduced to multiple regions outside its native range.
Kukulcania hibernalis
Southern House Spider
Kukulcania hibernalis, commonly known as the Southern House Spider, is a large cribellate spider native to coastal eastern Mexico and the eastern United States. The species exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism: mature females are velvety black or dark gray with a tarantula-like body shape and lumpy eye arrangement, while males are pale beige or brown with small bodies and extremely long legs. Females construct sprawling, lacy, non-sticky webs around tubular retreats on buildings, using specialized cribellar silk with extreme extensibility achieved through a hierarchical loops-on-loops structure. The species is synanthropic and has been introduced widely across the Americas, the Caribbean, Liberia, and the Canary Islands.
Kybos
Kybos is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. Species occur in Europe, New Zealand, Northern America, and Central Asia. At least six species have been documented in Kyrgyzstan, with four being native and endemic to Central Asia and two apparently introduced. Males produce species-specific vibrational calling signals used in mate recognition.
Labarrus pseudolividus
Labarrus pseudolividus is a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) native to the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, with introduced populations in Australia, New Zealand, and parts of Africa. The species has been used as a model organism in methodology studies testing flotation and sieve-separation techniques for collecting dung beetles from dung pats. It is classified as a 'dweller' type dung beetle that inhabits dung rather than tunneling beneath it.
Labia minor
lesser earwig, small earwig
Labia minor is a small earwig species, 4–7 mm in length including pincers, distinguished by its dull yellow-brown to chocolate brown coloration and less shiny appearance compared to the common earwig. It is notable as the first Dermapteran species to have its genome sequenced by the Darwin Tree of Life project. The species exhibits exceptional maternal care behavior, with females guarding eggs and feeding offspring for 1–2 weeks after hatching—a rarity among insects. Unlike many earwigs, it flies frequently and possesses visible hind wings.
Laemostenus complanatus
Cosmopolitan Ground Beetle
Laemostenus complanatus is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, native to Europe. It has been introduced to the Azores, where it is now established on multiple islands. The species is sometimes called the Cosmopolitan Ground Beetle, reflecting its spread beyond its native range. It belongs to a genus of predominantly nocturnal predatory beetles.
Lamyctes caeculus
Lamyctes caeculus is a small lithobiomorph centipede in the family Henicopidae, first described by Brölemann in 1889. It is a cosmopolitan species with documented populations across multiple continents including South America, Australia, the Caribbean, and Africa. The species appears to thrive in human-modified environments and has been introduced to numerous oceanic islands. Its broad distribution pattern suggests anthropogenic dispersal, though some populations may represent native ranges.
Laricobius erichsonii
Laricobius erichsonii is a small predatory beetle in the family Derodontidae, native to Europe and the sole European representative of the genus. It has been introduced to North America as a biological control agent for the balsam woolly aphid (Adelges piceae), with releases in eastern Canada since 1933 and in Oregon and Washington from 1957–1960. The species is one of the more numerous predators of A. piceae in its native range. It belongs to the widespread Holarctic group within Laricobius, characterized by an elongate body and transverse, fully explanate pronotum.
Laricobius nigrinus
hemlock woolly adelgid predator beetle
Laricobius nigrinus is a small predatory beetle in the family Derodontidae, native to western North America. First described by Kenneth Fender in 1945 from Oregon specimens, it is specialized to feed on adelgids, particularly the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). Since 2003, it has been released as a biological control agent in the eastern United States to combat invasive adelgid populations threatening eastern and Carolina hemlock trees. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with aestival diapause and has established populations across multiple eastern states.
Larinioides sclopetarius
bridge-spider, gray cross spider, grey cross spider, bridge orbweaver
Larinioides sclopetarius is a relatively large orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae with Holarctic distribution. Native to Europe, it has been introduced to North America and is strongly associated with human-made structures, particularly bridges, where it builds webs near artificial light sources over water. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in body mass and leg proportions, with males maturing faster and earlier than females. It is notable for its high density aggregations in urban environments, where light-attracted insect prey supports populations of up to 100 individuals per square meter in optimal feeding locations.
Lasioglossum leucozonium
White-banded Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum leucozonium is a solitary, ground-nesting sweat bee in the family Halictidae. Native to the Palearctic, it has been introduced to North America where genetic evidence indicates establishment from a single founder female. The species is now widespread across multiple continents including Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and North America. It produces one generation per year and is a generalist pollinator frequently associated with yellow-flowered Asteraceae.
Lasioglossum zonulum
Sweat bee
Lasioglossum zonulum is a small sweat bee in the family Halictidae, native to Europe and introduced to North America. It belongs to the subgenus Dialictus, one of the most species-rich groups of bees globally. Like other Lasioglossum species, it is a ground-nesting bee that visits flowers for pollen and nectar. The species is notable for being frequently captured in bowl traps used for bee monitoring, a trait common to many small halictid bees.
Latrodectus
widow spiders, black widow spiders, brown widow spiders
Latrodectus is a genus of cobweb spiders (Theridiidae) containing approximately 34-35 species distributed worldwide except Antarctica. Females are typically dark-colored with distinctive reddish ventral abdominal markings, often hourglass-shaped, while males and juveniles frequently display dorsal red or red-and-white patterns. The genus is medically significant due to potent venom containing the neurotoxin latrotoxin, which causes the condition latrodectism. Despite their reputation, bites rarely cause death in humans. The common name "widow spiders" derives from observations of sexual cannibalism, though this behavior is more common in laboratory settings than in nature.
Lauritrioza
bay sucker
Lauritrioza is a monotypic genus of psyllids (Hemiptera: Triozidae) containing the single species L. alacris. The genus is defined by its obligate association with Laurus species, on which it induces distinctive leaf-edge galls. Adults and nymphs inhabit these galls, with nymphs producing white waxy secretions. The genus has expanded from its native European range through human-mediated introduction to western North America, Brazil, and Jordan.
Lauritrioza alacris
Bay Sucker
Lauritrioza alacris is a psyllid in the family Triozidae that induces distinctive galls on bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to multiple regions including Brazil, Jordan, and western North America. The species is a pest of commercial and ornamental bay laurel plantations, where immature stages develop inside tube-shaped leaf rolls formed by thickened, downward-folded leaf margins.
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ferrugineus
Palearctic rusty basket-throat
Leistus ferrugineus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, native to the Palearctic region and introduced to northeastern North America. It inhabits mixed forests, where it occurs on moist gravelly ground, grassy areas, hedges, and open woodland. Adults are brachypterous, possessing reduced wings that limit flight capability. The species is part of the subfamily Nebriinae, a group of ground beetles often associated with cool, moist habitats.
Lema cyanella
Californian Thistle Leaf Beetle
Lema cyanella is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae investigated as a biological control agent for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). In Europe, it has been observed breeding primarily on C. arvense, though laboratory studies demonstrate broader feeding and reproductive capacity on Cirsium, Carduus, and Silybum genera. The species was introduced to New Zealand in 1981 and evaluated for release in North America. Females lay an average of 1564 eggs, with development from egg to adult taking approximately 17.6 days under controlled temperature conditions.
Lema trivittata
three-lined lema beetle, three-lined potato beetle
A leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, recognized by its bright orange thorax, yellow legs, and three black longitudinal stripes on yellow elytra. Adults and larvae feed on plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), including potato, jimsonweed, and bittersweet nightshade. The species has evolved physiological tolerance to tropane alkaloids, toxic compounds produced by its host plants. Native to Central and North America, with introduced populations in Australia.