Forest
Guides
Dasychira vagans
Variable Tussock Moth
Dasychira vagans is a moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1913. The species exhibits notable sexual dimorphism in forewing length, with males measuring 14–18 mm and females 22–24 mm. Adults are active from June to August with a single generation per year. The larvae feed on a broad range of woody plants across multiple families, with a documented preference for Quercus (oak) species. Two subspecies are recognized: D. v. vagans in eastern North America and D. v. grisea ranging from southern Manitoba to the Pacific Northwest.
Deinopteroloma subcostatum
weakly-ribbed ocellate rove beetle
Deinopteroloma subcostatum is a rove beetle endemic to the Pacific Northwest of North America. It was originally described as Lathrimaeum subcostatum by Mäklin in 1852 and later transferred to Deinopteroloma. The species is distinguished by its large, robust body with contrasting black and gold coloration and distinctive feathery antennae.
Dendrophagus
Dendrophagus is a genus of beetles in the family Silvanidae, first described by Schönherr in 1809. The genus contains four recognized species distributed across the Holarctic region. Members of this genus are associated with woody habitats, reflecting their genus name derived from Greek roots meaning "tree-feeding."
Diastema n-sp
Diastema n-sp is a sheetweb weaver spider in the family Linyphiidae, recorded from the exterior of a woodshed in northern Door County, Wisconsin during a nocturnal survey. The specimen was an unidentified male observed on June 24, 2019, in a cool, wet forested area on the shore of Lake Michigan. No further details about this particular species' biology are available from this record.
Dicladocerus
Dicladocerus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, first described by Westwood in 1832. The genus contains species distributed across the Nearctic and Palearctic regions, including North America north of Mexico and Japan. Several North American species—specifically D. nearcticus, D. pacificus, and D. terraenovae—are known to attack larch casebearer (Coleophoridae), a moth pest of larch trees. The genus was taxonomically revised in 1976, with twelve new species described from North America and one from Japan.
Didea alneti
Didea alneti is a Holarctic hoverfly species with a wide distribution spanning Europe, Asia, and North America. Adults are arboreal, descending to visit flowers of various herbaceous plants and shrubs. The larvae are arboreal predators that feed on aphids associated with trees including Larix, Prunus, Salix, and Quercus.
Dinothenarus badipes
Dinothenarus badipes is a rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, widespread across northern North America. The species inhabits forested and open terrestrial environments, with records spanning 312 iNaturalist observations. It belongs to a genus of moderate-sized rove beetles with characteristic body proportions.
Dipogon graenicheri atratus
A subspecies of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae, characterized by its dark coloration. Like other Dipogon species, it is a forest-dwelling wasp that hunts spiders on tree trunks. The subspecies was described by Townes in 1957 and belongs to a genus known for ant-mimicking appearance due to dark wing bands.
Dipogon graenicheri graenicheri
Dipogon graenicheri graenicheri is a subspecies of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae, described by Banks in 1939. As with other members of the genus Dipogon, it is a predator of spiders, hunting on tree trunks in forested habitats. The subspecies is part of a group characterized by dark-banded wings that provide ant-mimicry camouflage.
Disholcaspis prehensa
clasping twig gall wasp
Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.
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agementstrategic-risk-management-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-management-managementholistic-risk-management-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-management-managementcascading-risk-management-management-managementcompound-risk-management-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-management-managementemerging-risk-management-management-managementevolving-risk-management-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-management-managementexistential-risk-management-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-management-managementtipping-point-management-management-managementthreshold-management-management-managementregime-shift-management-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-management-managementhysteresis-management-management-managementpath-dependence-management-management-managementlock-in-management-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-management-managementleverage-point-management-management-managementintervention-point-management-management-managemententry-point-management-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-management-managementpolicy-window-management-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-management-managementjust-recovery-management-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-management-managementprevention-management-management-managementpreparedness-management-management-managementresponse-management-management-managementrecovery-management-management-managementrehabilitation-management-management-managementreconstruction-management-management-managementresilience-building-management-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-management-managementDrasteria parallela
Drasteria parallela is a noctuid moth in the family Erebidae, described in 2013 by Crabo and Mustelin. The species is endemic to the Pacific Northwest and northern California, restricted to middle-elevation forest habitats on exposed ridges. Adults are active in July and exhibit distinctive forewing patterns with parallel lines across a pale medial area, which inspired the species name.
Eacles imperialis nobilis
Texas Imperial Moth
Eacles imperialis nobilis is a variety of the Imperial moth, commonly known as the Texas Imperial Moth. As a member of the giant silk moth family Saturniidae, it is a large, nocturnal species with vestigial adult mouthparts and larvae that feed on diverse woody vegetation. The variety designation suggests geographic differentiation within the broader Eacles imperialis complex, which ranges from Canada to Argentina. Like other Imperial moth populations, this variety faces threats from light pollution, habitat destruction, pesticides, and introduced parasitoid flies.
Elaphria versicolor
Variegated Midget
Elaphria versicolor, commonly known as the variegated midget, is a small noctuid moth native to north-eastern North America. The species has a wingspan of approximately 22 mm and is active from May to July. Larvae feed on conifers and certain hardwood trees.
Epicriidae
Epicriidae is a family of predatory mites in the order Mesostigmata. The family is represented by four genera: Berlesiana, Cornubia, Diepicrius, and Epicrius. Most species diversity occurs in the genus Epicrius, which contains numerous described species distributed across Europe and other regions. These mites are soil-dwelling components of forest ecosystems.
Euceros
Euceros is a cosmopolitan genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Eucerotinae, containing approximately 48 described species. The genus was historically placed in Tryphoninae but is now recognized as sister to Barronia. At least some species are hyperparasitoids, with E. frigidus documented as attacking the sawfly Neodiprion swainei in Canadian jack pine forests.
Euchlaena marginaria
Ochre Euchlaena Moth
Euchlaena marginaria, commonly known as the ochre euchlaena moth, is a geometrid moth found in deciduous and mixedwood forests across North America. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 40 mm and are active from May to August. The species exhibits geographic variation in voltinism, with one generation annually in northern populations and two generations in southern populations. Larvae are twig mimics that feed on woody plants in several genera.
Eueretagrotis perattentus
Two-spotted Dart, Two-spot Dart
Eueretagrotis perattentus is a noctuid moth distributed across central and southern Canada and the northern United States, with disjunct populations along the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains. Adults are active in early summer with a wingspan of approximately 32 mm. Larvae have been documented feeding on Vaccinium and Prunus pennsylvanica.
Euparius marmoreus
Marbled Fungus Weevil
Euparius marmoreus is a fungus weevil in the family Anthribidae, commonly known as the Marbled Fungus Weevil. It is found in North America, with records from Canada and the United States. The species is associated with polypore fungi, which serve as its food source. It has been documented feeding on fungi in the genera Trametes and Megasporoporia.
Eurytomidae
seed chalcids, eurytomid wasps
Eurytomidae is a family of chalcid wasps within the superfamily Chalcidoidea, comprising approximately 1,420 described species across 87 genera. Members exhibit diverse life histories: larvae are endophytic, developing within plant tissues (stems, seeds, or galls) as phytophages, parasitoids of other insects, or both. The family is cosmopolitan, occurring in virtually all terrestrial habitats. Some species are agricultural pests, notably the almond seed wasp (Eurytoma amygdali) and plum seed wasp (Eurytoma schreineri), while others serve as biocontrol agents. Phylogenomic studies have confirmed monophyly of the four recognized subfamilies (Buresiinae, Eurytominae, Heimbrinae, Rileyinae), though many large genera remain para- or polyphyletic.
Euryurus
flat-backed millipede
Euryurus is a genus of flat-backed millipedes in the family Euryuridae, containing approximately 14 described species. These millipedes are endemic to the Nearctic region and are commonly found in forested habitats. The genus has been subject to ecological research, particularly regarding thermal tolerance in Euryurus leachii, which has a critical thermal maximum of approximately 40.5°C.
Euryurus erythropygos
Euryurus erythropygos is a North American millipede species in the family Xystodesmidae, first described by Brandt in 1839. It belongs to a genus characterized by broad, flattened bodies and distinctive coloration patterns. The species name 'erythropygos' refers to its red or reddish posterior (pygidium). Like other xystodesmid millipedes, it likely produces defensive secretions containing benzoquinones when disturbed.
Euryurus leachii
Leach's millipede, Log Lurker
Euryurus leachii is a flat-backed millipede in the family Euryuridae, commonly known as Leach's millipede or the Log Lurker. It is endemic to North America and is frequently encountered in forested habitats, particularly in association with decaying wood. The species has been studied for its thermal physiology, showing a critical thermal maximum of approximately 40.5°C with seasonal plasticity in heat tolerance.
Flexamia huroni
Huron River Leafhopper
Flexamia huroni is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Bess & Hamilton in 1999. It belongs to the genus Flexamia, a group of leafhoppers known for their specialized host plant associations with grasses. The species is named after the Huron River in Michigan, where it was first collected. Like other members of the genus, it likely exhibits strong ecological dependence on specific grass host plants.
leafhoppercicadellidaedeltocephalinaeparalimniniflexamiagrass-specialistmichigan-endemicauchenorrhynchahemipterainsectaarthropodaanimaliatrue-bugplanthopper-relative1999-descriptionbesshamiltonhuronihuron-riverusanorth-americagrassland-insecthost-specificpoorly-knownrareuncommondata-deficientgbifcatalogue-of-lifencbiinaturalisttaxonspeciesacceptedhexapodacicadomorphaclypeatamembracoideaparalimninaflexamia-huronibess-&-hamilton1999exact-matchaccepted-namecanonical-namescientific-nameauthorshiprankstatusmatchedtaxonomyclassificationeukaryotametazoadistributionmichiganobservations0wikipedianonepreferred-common-namehuron-river-leafhoppertrue-bugsgroupkingdomphylumclassorderfamilygenusauthorityiptintegrated-publishing-toolkitbiodiversity-data-journalzookeysnature-conservationcomparative-cytogeneticsopen-accessopen-accessjournalpublicationdatasetspecimentypenomenclatural-typeherbariumuniversity-of-granadaspainfungilichensagaricalescortinariusantonio-ortegamediterraneanfranceitalyimage-collectioncolección-de-imágenes-de-los-tipos-nomenclaturales-de-hongoslíquenesmusgos-y-algasgdagdacvizosoquesada2015doi10.3897bdj3e5204new-speciesnew-jersey-pine-barrensmuhlenbergia-torreyanapinebarren-smokegrassthreatened-speciesandrew-hicksmuseum-of-natural-historyuniversity-of-coloradogerry-moorenatural-resources-conservation-servicegreensboronculi-lorimerbrooklyn-botanic-gardenf.-whitcombirobert-whitcombmicrobiologyornithologyecologyhost-plantwarming-climatehuman-activitieszookeys-51169-79zookeys.511.9572roundwormnematodeantarcticamblydorylaimus-isokaryonipararhyssocolpus-paradoxusbulgariascanning-electron-microscopysemmaritime-antarcticantarctic-islandslip-regionspearvulvapostembryonic-developmentmolecular-analysesdorylaimidaelshishkalazarovaradoslavovhristovpeneva25-68zookeys.511.9793anidiv2bulgarian-academy-of-sciencesnational-scientific-fundoctocoralokinawajapannanipora-kamurailiving-fossilblue-coralhelioporaaragonite-calcium-carbonateskeletonscleractinianssoft-coralheliporacealithotelestidaeepiphaxumdeep-seashallow-coral-reefzamami-islandnational-parkmiyazakireimer1-23zookeys.511.9432non-biting-midgechironomusch.-bernensisnorth-caucasusrussiacaucasian-populationseuropesiberiakaryotypemorphologymouthpartslarvaechromosomegenotypic-combinationsmineralizationeutrophicationkarmokovpolukonovasinichkinatembotov-institute-of-ecology-of-mountain-territoriessaratov-state-medical-universitycomparative-cytogenetics-9281-297compcytogen.v9i3.4519sea-turtlerescue-centrefirst-aid-stationloggerheadgreen-turtlecaretta-carettachelonia-mydasbycatchmortalitygreecemigrationsexual-maturityullmannstachowitschuit-the-arctic-university-of-norwaynature-conservation-1045-69natureconservation.10.4890regional-activity-centre-for-specially-protected-areasporcupinecoendou-ichilluslower-urubambaperucanopy-bridgepipelinenatural-gasarborealcamera-trapdwarf-porcupineiquitos770ggregorylundezamora-mezacarrasco-ruedarepsol-exploración-perúzookeys-509109-121zookeys.509.9821antprionopeltamadagascarseychellessubterraneanleaf-litterdracula-anthemolymphlarval-hemolymph-feedingoophagymadagascar-biodiversity-centeroversonfisherzookeys-507115-150zookeys.507.9303itobillenmasukospideranelosimussubsocialcobweb-spidertheridiidaedeforestationbiodiversity-hotspotagnarssonuniversity-of-vermontsmithsonian-national-museum-of-natural-historywallacehuxleybuffonhookerlamarckdarwinmoramoraeriophyoid-miteacarixinjiangchinarosaceaeparacolomerusgallji-wei-liwangxuezhangzookeys-50897-111zookeys.508.8940shihezi-universitygrasshopperwyomingmelanoplusmelanoplinaeacrididaetetrigidaegomphocerniaeoedipodinaecyrtacanthacridinaedistribution-atlasfield-guidewgiswyoming-grasshopper-information-systemkeycapinerasechristhebardhelferscudderblatchleythomassayharrisdegeerbrunersaussuregirarddodgewalkerfieberfabriciusservillemcneilltinkhamburmeisterhaldemanbig-horn-mountainsblack-hillsgladstonindigensinfantilisdodgeioregonensismarshalliyellowstone-national-parksagebrushpineelevationshortgrass-prairiemixedgrass-prairieforbgrasseconomic-damagerangelandbenefitoverwinteregghatchadultlate-summeraugustoctoberjunelife-cyclefood-habitsizecollectionsurveyunderreportedcommonendemicrestricted-rangeforest-openinggrassymoderate-elevationlargersmallereastwestunited-statesamericanorthsouthcentralrangeextentlimitedrestrictedabundantpopulationdensityoccurrencepresenceabsencehabitatenvironmentconditionaltitudetopographyterrainvegetationplantshrubtreeforestopeningmeadowprairiesteppesavannawoodlanddrawslopeaspectsoilsubstratemoisturetemperatureclimateweatherseasonphenologytimingactivitynymphemergemoltdevelopgrowreproducemateovipositdiegenerationvoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinesemivoltinediapauseaestivationhibernationdispersalmovementbehaviorhabitactionfeedingdietfoodhostassociationrelationshipinteractionspecialistgeneralistmonophagyoligophagypolyphagyherbivoredetritivorepredatorparasitoidscavengereconomic-importancepestbeneficialneutraldamagecontrolmanagementconservationthreatenedendangeredvulnerablesecureunknownglobal-biodiversity-information-facilityesbiodiversity-image-portalspanish-collectionstype-specimenlichenantarcticabernensisliyellowstoneFormica exsectoides
Allegheny mound ant
Formica exsectoides, commonly known as the Allegheny mound ant, is a large black ant species native to eastern North America. It constructs conspicuous dome-shaped mounds that can reach several feet in diameter and over two feet in height, with colonies containing hundreds of thousands of workers and multiple reproductive queens. The species is notable for its aggressive territorial defense, mechanical strength (neck joints withstand pressures up to 5,000 times body weight), and complex ecological relationships including associations with treehoppers and use of its mounds by other animals.
Gaurotes cyanipennis
Gaurotes cyanipennis is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, described by Thomas Say in 1824. It belongs to the subfamily Lepturinae and tribe Rhagiini. The species is found in eastern North America, with records from Canada and the United States. Like other members of its genus, it exhibits metallic coloration typical of many rhagiine beetles.
Geotrupes balyi
Baly's earth-boring beetle
Geotrupes balyi is a species of earth-boring scarab beetle in the family Geotrupidae. It occurs in North America, with records from Canada and the eastern and central United States. As with other members of its genus, it is associated with mammal dung and forested habitats. The species was described by Jekel in 1865.
Geotrupes blackburnii blackburnii
Blackburn's earth-boring beetle
Geotrupes blackburnii blackburnii is a subspecies of earth-boring scarab beetle in the family Geotrupidae. It is a medium-sized beetle with entirely black coloration and a nearly impunctate pronotum, distinguishing it from the closely related G. splendidus. Adults are most commonly encountered in fall, particularly on mild days, and are frequently found on or near animal dung in high-quality woodland habitats. The species has a broad distribution across eastern North America.
Geotrupes semiopacus
Semi-opaque Earth-boring Scarab Beetle
Geotrupes semiopacus is an earth-boring scarab beetle in the family Geotrupidae. It is broadly distributed across eastern and central North America, ranging from Canada through the United States. The species is active primarily in fall and early winter, with adults observed from October until hard winter conditions set in. Like other members of the genus Geotrupes, it is associated with mammal dung and forest floor habitats.
Habrosyne gloriosa
Glorious Habrosyne Moth
Habrosyne gloriosa, commonly known as the glorious habrosyne moth, is a species of moth in the family Drepanidae. It occurs in North America, with records from the northern United States and southern Canada. Adults are active from April through September, producing two generations per year. The species is distinguished from its congener Habrosyne scripta by the shape of the antemedian line on the forewing.
Hermeuptychia
Hermeuptychia is a genus of small brown satyrine butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, distributed across the Neotropical realm and eastern North America. The genus is notable for its cryptic species diversity, with multiple species that are virtually indistinguishable by wing patterns alone but readily separable by genital morphology and DNA sequences. Recent genetic studies have revealed substantially greater species diversity than previously recognized, including the discovery of two new North American species in 2014 that had been hiding in plain sight due to their near-identical wing patterns to the common Carolina Satyr.
Hyalophora
Giant Silk Moths, Silkmoths
Hyalophora is a genus of giant silk moths in the family Saturniidae, containing some of the largest and most visually striking moths in North America. The genus includes the cecropia moth (H. cecropia), North America's largest native moth, along with several other notable species such as the Columbia silkmoth and Glover's silkmoth. Adults are characterized by their large size, broad wings with distinctive eyespot patterns, and reduced mouthparts—they do not feed. Larvae are equally impressive, with bright coloration and prominent tubercles or spines. The genus was established by James Duncan and John O. Westwood in 1841.
Hypenula
litter moths
Hypenula is a genus of litter moths in the subfamily Herminiinae, family Erebidae. These moths are associated with forest floor habitats where their larvae feed on decaying plant matter. The genus was established by Grote in 1876 and contains multiple species distributed in North America.
Hypnoidus nocturnus
Nocturnal Click Beetle
Hypnoidus nocturnus is a species of click beetle (Elateridae) commonly known as the Nocturnal Click Beetle. It is distributed across northern and western North America, including Alaska, western Canada, and associated regions. The species is characterized by its small size, dark coloration, and the ability to produce a clicking sound by flexing its body—a defensive mechanism shared with other members of the family. Observations of this species remain limited, with few documented records in public databases.
Ibaliidae
ibaliid wasps
The Ibaliidae are a small family of parasitoid wasps in the superfamily Cynipoidea, comprising three extant genera (Ibalia, Heteribalia, and Eileenella) with approximately 20 species worldwide. Unlike most cynipoids, which are phytophagous gall-formers, ibaliids are parasitoids of wood-boring sawfly larvae in the family Siricidae. Adults are notably large for cynipoids, reaching up to 30 mm in length, with a distinctive laterally compressed abdomen. The family is sister to the rest of Cynipoidea excluding the small subfamily Austrocynipidae.
Idia aemula
Common Idia, Powdered Snout, Waved Tabby
A small litter moth in the family Erebidae, recognized by its gray forewings with intricate dark lines and a distinctive pale to orange-brown reniform spot. Adults are nocturnal and active from spring through fall, with multiple generations per year. The larvae feed on dead leaves, contributing to nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The species is widespread across eastern North America and has been reported in the Palearctic region.
Isa textula
crowned slug moth, skiff moth
Isa textula is a moth in the family Limacodidae, commonly known as the crowned slug moth or skiff moth. The species is notable for its distinctive caterpillar, which has a flattened, slug-like body with radiating lobes bearing stinging spines. Adults are less conspicuous than the larvae. The species occurs across eastern North America and has been documented in forested habitats from the ground to tree canopies.
Lampronia russatella
Lampronia russatella is a small moth in the family Prodoxidae, first described by Clemens in 1860. It inhabits mesic forests in eastern North America. The species is known from limited observations, with adults active during late spring and early summer.
Laphria thoracica
Eastern Yellow-backed Laphria
Laphria thoracica is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, commonly known as the Eastern Yellow-backed Laphria. The species is a notable bumble bee mimic, using its resemblance to stinging bees to avoid predation while ambushing prey. It belongs to a genus recognized for highly effective mimicry of bees and wasps.
Lasius speculiventris
Shiny-bellied Fuzzy Ant
Lasius speculiventris is a species of ant in the genus Lasius, commonly known as the Shiny-bellied Fuzzy Ant. It is found in the northern United States, where it inhabits forests, woodlands, and meadows. As a member of the subfamily Formicinae, it belongs to a diverse group of ants that includes many ecologically important species.
Lauxaniidae
Lauxaniid Flies
Lauxaniidae is a family of acalyptrate flies comprising approximately 1800 described species across 126 genera. Adults are small (2–7 mm), often with large, brightly colored compound eyes and variegated wing patterns. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution with highest diversity in tropical Asia and the Americas; species richness declines markedly toward temperate regions. Adults are typically sedentary, associated with shaded, humid forest environments where they feed on leaf-surface fungi. Larvae are primarily saprophagous, developing in decaying plant matter, leaf litter, rotting wood, and bird nests.
Lebia tricolor
Lebia tricolor is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1823. It is a member of the colorful foliage ground beetle genus Lebia, characterized by small size and often bright metallic coloration. The species is found in North America, with records from the United States and Canada. As with other Lebia species, it is attracted to lights at night.
Lethe
Pearly-eyes and Allies
Lethe is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Satyrinae, established by Jacob Hübner in 1819. The genus includes treebrowns, woodbrowns, foresters, and related species commonly known as the Pearly-eyes and Allies. Species occur across temperate-tropical southern and eastern Asia, extending to Indonesia, with some representatives in North America. The genus name derives from Greek mythology, referencing the river of forgetfulness in the underworld of Hades.
Limenitis arthemis
red-spotted purple, white admiral, red-spotted admiral
Limenitis arthemis is a North American butterfly exhibiting dramatic wing pattern polymorphism through two primary forms: the white-banded 'white admiral' in northern populations and the iridescent blue 'red-spotted purple' in southern populations. The latter represents a Batesian mimic of the unpalatable pipevine swallowtail (Battus philenor). These forms hybridize extensively in a 'suture region' across New England, southern Ontario, and the Great Lakes, producing intermediate phenotypes. The species has been extensively studied as a model for the evolution and genetics of mimicry.
Limenitis arthemis astyanax
Red-spotted Purple
Limenitis arthemis astyanax, the Red-spotted Purple, is a North American butterfly subspecies belonging to the admiral group. It represents one of the most striking examples of Batesian mimicry among North American butterflies, with wing patterns converging on those of the toxic Pipevine Swallowtail (Battus philenor). The subspecies occurs in forested and wooded suburban habitats across eastern North America, where adults are frequently observed perching on the ground or foliage along stream corridors and forest edges.
Limonia nubeculosa
short-palped cranefly, Sixspot Cranefly
Limonia nubeculosa is a small crane fly species in the family Limoniidae, commonly known as the short-palped cranefly or Sixspot Cranefly. Adults measure 9–11 mm in body length and are recognized by their distinctive wing patterning and banded legs. The species is widespread across the Palearctic and Nearctic regions, with documented populations from Europe through Asia to North America. It is primarily associated with forest habitats and exhibits an extended flight period from spring through late autumn.
Macromya crocata
Macromya crocata is a species of bristle fly in the family Tachinidae. It belongs to the tribe Nemoraeini and was described by Reinhard in 1968. The species is found in North America, where it occurs in forested habitats. Like other tachinid flies, it is a parasitoid, though specific host records for this species remain undocumented. Adults are active during late summer and fall, often observed visiting flowers for nectar.
Madremyia
Madremyia is a genus of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) in the tribe Eryciini. The genus includes at least three described species, with Madremyia saundersii being a documented parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), a major forest pest in North America. Tachinid flies in this genus are larval parasitoids of Lepidoptera.
Malandryinae
Malandryinae is a subfamily of false darkling beetles within the family Malandryidae. Members are primarily associated with decaying wood and forest habitats. The subfamily contains numerous genera distributed across the Holarctic region, with greatest diversity in temperate forests. Adults and larvae are generally saproxylic, contributing to wood decomposition processes.
Medetera
Woodpecker Flies
Medetera is a large genus of predatory long-legged flies (family Dolichopodidae) comprising approximately 350 species worldwide. Adults are commonly found resting on vertical surfaces, particularly tree trunks, where they adopt a characteristic upright stance that has earned them the common name "woodpecker flies." Adults prey on soft-bodied arthropods, while larvae develop as predators within bark beetle galleries, feeding on eggs, larvae, pupae, and newly emerged adults. Several species have been studied as potential biocontrol agents for forest pest management.
Meganola phylla
Coastal Plain Meganola Moth
A small moth in the family Nolidae with a wingspan of 18–24 mm. Adults are active from January through October, with peak activity between April and August. Larvae feed on Quercus (oak) species. Previously treated as a subspecies or color variant of Meganola minuscula.