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Echinothrips americanus
Poinsettia thrips, Impatiens thrips, American thrips
Echinothrips americanus is a small thrips species in the family Thripidae, native to eastern North America and first described from Florida in 1913. It has become an invasive pest of global concern, spreading to Europe, Asia, Australia, and other regions since the 1990s. The species is highly polyphagous, feeding on foliage of at least 48 plant families, with particular preference for Araceae and Balsaminaceae. It is primarily a greenhouse and ornamental pest, causing chlorotic damage to leaves through piercing-sucking feeding.
pest invasive greenhouse-pest polyphagous thrips vector ornamental-pest vegetable-pest
Edwardsiana
Edwardsiana is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. Species are found in Europe, Australia, and North America. The genus includes economically significant species such as Edwardsiana crataegi (apple leafhopper), which is a pest of fruit trees and serves as host for egg parasitoids in the genus Anagrus. Some species have been introduced to New Zealand and other regions.
leafhopper Typhlocybinae pest fruit-trees biological-control-host
Eichlinia calabaza
Southwestern Squash Vine Borer
Eichlinia calabaza is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, commonly known as the Southwestern Squash Vine Borer. It occurs in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where its larvae develop within the stems of wild and cultivated cucurbits. The species is a significant agricultural pest of squash, pumpkins, and related crops. Adults are diurnal and wasp-mimicking in appearance.
pest agricultural clearwing-moth cucurbit diurnal wasp-mimic stem-borer southwestern-North-America multiple-generations
Eichlinia cucurbitae
Squash Vine Borer
Eichlinia cucurbitae, commonly known as the squash vine borer, is a sesiid moth whose larvae are a major pest of cucurbit crops. The adult moth is a diurnal clearwing that mimics wasps in appearance and behavior. Larvae tunnel into the stems of host plants, disrupting vascular tissues and causing vine wilt and death. The species has a broad distribution in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions and typically produces two generations per year in temperate climates.
pest agricultural clearwing-moth wasp-mimic cucurbit diurnal-moth stem-borer
Elicinae
Elicinae is a subfamily of tropiduchid planthoppers (Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae) comprising four extant tribes (Elicini, Bucini, Parathisciini, Elibucini) and four extinct tribes. Members are distinguished from other tropiduchids by their steeply tectiform body shape and distinctive female genitalia. The subfamily has a cosmopolitan distribution with notable concentration in Asia, and includes several species of agricultural and forestry significance.
planthopper tropiduchid phytophagous pest
Enargia decolor
Pale Enargia, Aspen Twoleaf Tier Moth
A noctuid moth with boreal-transcontinental distribution across North America, primarily associated with trembling aspen and related poplar species. Adults are active in late summer, with larvae capable of reaching outbreak densities that cause extensive defoliation of host stands. The species shows a disjunct western distribution pattern that may represent cryptic diversity.
Noctuidae Noctuinae Xylenini boreal-forest defoliator Populus-tremuloides pest cryptic-species western-cordillera late-summer-flight North-America Canada United-States Lepidoptera moth aspen poplar willow birch alder
Enarmonia formosana
cherry-bark moth, cherry bark tortrix, cherrybark tortrix
A small tortricid moth native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, with introduced populations in North America. Adults are active from May to October in temperate regions. Larvae tunnel beneath bark of mature Rosaceae trees, producing reddish frass at tunnel entrances. The species serves as host for multiple hymenopterous parasitoids in Europe and is managed using synthetic sex pheromones in North America.
tortricidae pest pheromone parasitoid rosaceae bark-borer biological-control invasive-species Europe North-America
Encoptolophus costalis
Dusky Grasshopper, Western Clouded Grasshopper
Encoptolophus costalis is a medium-sized band-winged grasshopper native to western North America. It is primarily a grass-feeding species with a strong preference for western wheatgrass and needleleaf sedge. The species exhibits marked sexual dimorphism in body size and possesses long wings enabling dispersal flight. It is most abundant in the northern mixedgrass prairie, where it can become locally dominant, though typically remains a subdominant member of grasshopper assemblages.
grasshopper rangeland prairie herbivore pest North-America band-winged Acrididae Oedipodinae
Entomoscelis americana
red turnip beetle
Entomoscelis americana is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, commonly known as the red turnip beetle. It is native to North America, primarily distributed between 45° and 68° north latitude within the Western Cordillera and Interior Plains physiographic regions. The species is associated with forest, forest-grassland, and grassland vegetation types. In 2020, it was synonymized with the Palearctic species Entomoscelis adonidis, though this relationship was historically disputed based on morphological differences in male genitalia.
leaf-beetle Chrysomelidae crucifer-feeder North-America pest agricultural
Epimorius testaceellus
bromeliad pod borer
Epimorius testaceellus is a pyralid moth commonly known as the bromeliad pod borer. The species is a documented pest of the native bromeliad Tillandsia fasciculata, with larvae causing significant damage by boring into flower pods. It occurs in subtropical Florida and the West Indies, including Jamaica. A parasitoid wasp, Eurytoma aerflora, has been identified as a natural enemy that contributes to population control.
pest bromeliad-specialist subtropical biological-control native-plant-pest
Erechthias minuscula
Caribbean Scavenger Moth, erechthias clothes moth
Erechthias minuscula is a small moth in the family Tineidae, first described by Lord Walsingham in 1897. It has a remarkably broad geographic distribution spanning tropical and subtropical regions across multiple continents and oceanic islands. The species is known to utilize a wide variety of plant materials as food sources, including living plants, fruits, and decaying vegetation.
pest generalist-feeder widespread human-mediated-dispersal
Erinnyis ello
ello sphinx
Erinnyis ello, the ello sphinx, is a sphingid moth distributed from Argentina through Central America to the United States. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. It is a significant agricultural pest, particularly of cassava, and has been extensively studied for its parasitoid relationships. Two subspecies are recognized: E. e. ello throughout the Americas and E. e. encantada endemic to the Galápagos Islands.
pest agricultural cassava parasitoid Neotropical Sphingidae biological-control
Eriocampa
woolly sawflies
Eriocampa is a small Holarctic genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae comprising approximately five to ten described extant species. The genus is characterized by larvae that produce conspicuous white waxy secretions, giving them a woolly appearance that likely serves as a defense against predators and parasitoids. Several species are economically significant as defoliators of woody plants, including Eriocampa juglandis (butternut woollyworm) on walnut and hickory, and Eriocampa ovata (woolly alder sawfly) on alder. The genus has a debated taxonomic history, with various classifications placing it in different subfamilies within Tenthredinidae.
sawfly Tenthredinidae defoliator waxy-secretion Holarctic pest introduced-species folivore walnut alder hickory urban-forestry diapause prolegs Hymenoptera
Eriocampa juglandis
Butternut Woollyworm, Butternut Woollyworm Sawfly, Butternut Wooly Worm
Eriocampa juglandis, commonly known as the butternut woollyworm, is a sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. The larvae feed on leaves of butternut, black walnut, and hickory trees, and are notable for their distinctive white, woolly wax coating. Unlike true caterpillars, sawfly larvae possess six or more pairs of prolegs on their abdominal segments. The species has one generation per year, with larvae active in mid-summer and pupation occurring in soil over winter.
sawfly pest defoliator walnut butternut hickory Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae
Eriocampa ovata
alder sawfly, woolly alder sawfly
Eriocampa ovata is a sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, native to Europe and introduced to North America. Females reproduce primarily by parthenogenesis; males are unknown in North America and rare in Europe. The species is notable for its distinctive woolly larvae that feed on alder leaves.
sawfly parthenogenesis introduced-species pest folivore alder woolly-larva urban-forestry Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae
Eriocampini
Eriocampini is a tribe of sawflies within the family Tenthredinidae. Members are herbivorous, with larvae that feed externally on foliage of various plants. The tribe includes economically significant species such as the pear slug (Caliroa cerasi), whose larvae skeletonize leaves of fruit trees. Eriocampini sawflies are distributed across the Holarctic region, with greatest diversity in North America and Eurasia.
sawfly herbivore pest orchard slug-like-larvae Holarctic Tenthredinidae leaf-skeletonizer
Eriococcus
felt scales, bark scales
Eriococcus is a genus of felt scales (bark scales) in the family Eriococcidae, order Hemiptera. These insects are characterized by producing white, felt-like waxy coverings over their bodies. Some species, such as Eriococcus lagerstroemiae (crapemyrtle bark scale), are significant invasive pests of ornamental plants, while others like E. spurius damage American elm trees. The taxonomy of Eriococcidae remains debated, with some authorities placing these species in Acanthococcidae.
scale-insect felt-scale bark-scale phloem-feeder pest invasive-species ornamental-pest honeydew-producer sooty-mold biological-control-target
Eriosoma americanum
Woolly Elm Aphid
Eriosoma americanum, commonly known as the woolly elm aphid, is a North American aphid species that alternates between two host plants: American elm (Ulmus americana) and Saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia). The species produces distinctive woolly or cottony wax secretions that give it its common name. Heavy infestations on American elm cause leaf curling and produce visible dark patches and cottony masses. Like other aphids, it excretes honeydew while feeding on plant sap.
aphid pest elm Saskatoon woolly North-America host-alternation honeydew leaf-curl Hemiptera Aphididae Eriosomatinae
Eriosoma lanigerum
woolly apple aphid, woolly aphid, American blight
Eriosoma lanigerum is a small phloem-feeding aphid native to North America that has become a major worldwide pest of apple cultivation. Adults are concealed beneath dense white, cotton-like wax secretions produced from specialized abdominal glands, giving the species its common name. The aphid induces gall formation on both aerial and root tissues of host plants, disrupting vascular transport and potentially killing trees. Populations are primarily parthenogenetic in most regions, though sexual reproduction occurs where American elm (Ulmus americana) is present.
pest agricultural invasive parthenogenetic gall-forming wax-producing
Erythroneura
leafhoppers, microleafhoppers, grape leafhoppers
Erythroneura is a large genus of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) containing approximately 79 recognized species. Members are small, often colorful insects commonly known as microleafhoppers or grape leafhoppers. Several species are significant agricultural pests, particularly of grapevines (Vitis spp.), while others feed on sycamore (Platanus) and various other host plants. The genus exhibits complex ecological relationships including resource partitioning among sympatric species and serves as host for specialized egg parasitoids in the family Mymaridae.
leafhopper pest vineyard grape sycamore phloem-feeder Typhlocybinae integrated-pest-management biological-control competition resource-partitioning
Erythroneura vitifex
Vine Leafhopper
Erythroneura vitifex is a small leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as the Vine Leafhopper. It belongs to the diverse genus Erythroneura, which includes numerous species associated with grapevines and other plants. Like other members of its genus, it feeds on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species was described by Fitch in 1856 and is documented from several central and eastern U.S. states.
leafhopper grapevine vineyard pest Hemiptera Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae Erythroneurini phytophagous sap-feeder
Estigmene acrea
Salt Marsh Moth, Acrea Moth
Estigmene acrea, commonly known as the salt marsh moth or acrea moth, is a native North American moth in the family Erebidae. The species is notable for its highly variable caterpillar coloration, ranging from pale yellow to dark brown or black, and its unique relationship with pyrrolizidine alkaloids—compounds it can detoxify and convert into sex pheromones. Adults display striking sexual dimorphism: males have yellow-orange hindwings while females have white hindwings, with both sexes bearing black spots. The species exhibits unusual mating behavior including male lek formation and female calling.
moth tiger-moth caterpillar salt-marsh alkaloid pheromone lek polyphagous pest North-America
Etainia
Etainia is a genus of minute moths in the family Nepticulidae, established by Beirne in 1945. It was formerly treated as a subgenus of Ectoedemia but has been elevated to generic status. The genus contains species distributed across North America and Europe, with larvae that are leafminers and stem borers on woody plants. At least two native North American species are known, including Etainia thoraceleuca, which feeds on Ericaceae.
leafminer stem-borer Ericaceae pest Nepticulidae microlepidoptera
Etainia thoraceleuca
Etainia thoraceleuca is a North American moth in the family Nepticulidae, described in 2024 as the second native American species in the genus. It is known from light-collected adults across California, Arizona, and Ontario, Canada. The species is a specialist feeder on Ericaceae, with larvae making short leafmines on Arbutus and Arctostaphylos species before continuing development in stems and branches. It is sister to the European species E. albibimaculella.
Nepticulidae leafminer stem-borer Ericaceae pest North-America California Arizona Ontario Arbutus Arctostaphylos microlepidoptera
Eucalymnatus
tessellated scale
Eucalymnatus is a genus of soft scale insects in the family Coccidae. The best-known species, Eucalymnatus tessellatus, is native to South America and has spread to tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Species in this genus are phytophagous and can become significant pests of ornamental plants, fruit trees, and palms in nurseries and landscapes.
scale-insect soft-scale pest ornamental-pest tropical-pest Hemiptera Coccidae phytophagous
Eucalymnatus tessellatus
Tessellated scale, Palm scale
Eucalymnatus tessellatus, commonly known as the tessellated scale or palm scale, is a soft scale insect (family Coccidae) native to South America. First described by Signoret in 1873 from specimens collected on a palm in France, this species has been disseminated worldwide through human activity on cultivated hosts. It is recognized as a pest in greenhouses, commercial nurseries, and landscapes—particularly in subtropical regions such as south Florida. The species belongs to a genus containing 17 species, most of which are neotropical in origin.
scale-insect pest greenhouse-pest cosmopolitan-distribution South-American-origin Coccidae Hemiptera
Eucosma giganteana
Giant Eucosma Moth
Eucosma giganteana is a North American tortricid moth and specialist herbivore of Silphium species. It has emerged as a major pest threatening the domestication of Silphium integrifolium (silflower), a novel perennial oilseed crop. Adults are active in early to mid-summer, with larvae damaging flower heads and root crowns. Flight capacity studies show adults can travel 23 km in 24 hours, with peak flight activity in morning hours.
pest specialist-herbivore silflower pheromone flight-capacity native-range prairie oilseed-crop integrated-pest-management
Euetheola rugiceps
Sugarcane Beetle
Euetheola rugiceps, commonly known as the sugarcane beetle, is a scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is a sporadic but serious pest of corn in parts of Texas, where damage to young plants by overwintered adults can result in plant death, stunting, or lodging. The species has one generation per year, with adults emerging from soil in spring and late summer to early fall. It is also known to damage sugarcane and other grass crops. The beetle is distributed across the eastern and central United States.
pest agricultural scarab corn-pest sugarcane-pest soil-dwelling monovoltine
Euhyponomeutoides
A genus of small moths in the family Yponomeutidae, established by Gaj in 1954. Contains seven described species distributed primarily in the Palearctic region. At least one species, Euhyponomeutoides albithoracellus, is a documented pest of black currant (Ribes nigrum) cultivation in Northern Europe. The genus is poorly studied, with limited biological information available for most species.
pest agriculture Ribes Yponomeutidae Palearctic black-currant Nordic-countries pheromone-monitoring
Eulecanium kunoense
kuno scale
Eulecanium kunoense, commonly known as kuno scale, is a soft scale insect in the family Coccidae. It is native to East Asia and has been introduced to North America, where it has become established in the United States. The species is known to infest various woody plants and has been documented as a pest of agricultural and ornamental significance.
scale-insect pest introduced-species East-Asian-native
Euleia
Euleia is a genus of tephritid fruit flies established by Walker in 1835. Species in this genus are leaf-miners, with larvae feeding internally on Apiaceae plant leaves. The genus includes at least two known North American leaf-mining species and has been recorded from northern Europe and North America.
leaf-miner Apiaceae pest Tephritidae Diptera Holartic
Eumerus
Lesser Bulb Flies
Eumerus is a large genus of hoverflies (family Syrphidae) comprising approximately 281 species. Adults are small to medium (5–12 mm) with distinctive morphological features including a smooth cylindrical abdomen, powerful hind legs with thickened femora, and a flat hairy face. The genus is notable for containing several agricultural pests whose larvae damage bulbs and roots of ornamental and crop plants.
hoverfly Syrphidae pest bulb-fly agricultural-pest Merodontini
Euphyllura olivina
olive psyllid
Euphyllura olivina is a psyllid species in the family Liviidae that feeds exclusively on olive (Olea europaea). Native to the Mediterranean region, it has become invasive in California where it threatens olive production. The species develops two generations annually, with spring and autumn reproductive activity and summer reproductive diapause induced by high temperatures. Nymphal infestations concentrate near fruits and on shaded, lower canopy portions. Temperature sensitivity shapes its distribution and seasonal activity patterns.
pest invasive olive agricultural biological-control Mediterranean California psyllid Sternorrhyncha
Euproctis chrysorrhoea
Brown-tail Moth
Euproctis chrysorrhoea, the brown-tail moth, is a univoltine forest pest with a highly polyphagous larval stage. Populations exhibit phenological plasticity, with larval diapause timing and winter feeding behavior varying based on host plant foliage persistence. The species demonstrates sequential host plant utilization during mass outbreaks and shows evidence of host-associated genetic divergence. Larvae possess urticating setae that pose human health risks.
pest defoliator urticating-hairs univoltine polyphagous forest-pest outbreak-species host-race phenological-plasticity
Eupteryx
Eupteryx is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. Species within this genus are small, plant-feeding insects with documented associations primarily with plants in the mint family (Lamiaceae) and stinging nettles (Urtica dioica). Some species, notably E. decemnotata, have undergone rapid range expansion in recent decades. The genus exhibits host-specific oviposition behavior and color polymorphism in nymphal stages.
leafhopper Typhlocybinae phloem-feeder pest Lamiaceae host-alternation color-polymorphism range-expansion invasive
Eurhinus magnificus
Jewel Weevil, Iridescent Weevil
Eurhinus magnificus, commonly known as the jewel weevil, is a brilliantly colored weevil native to Central America. Adults are small (5–6 mm long, 3–4 mm wide) with striking metallic blue-green bodies accented by metallic red-copper on the humeri, elytra apex, pronotum, rostrum, and legs. The species was first described by Leonard Gyllenhaal in 1836 and has been introduced to southern Florida, where it was first detected in 2002. It is a gall-forming herbivore whose larvae develop within stem galls on its primary host plant, Cissus verticillata.
weevil gall-former metallic invasive pest Florida Central-America Baridinae Cissus jewel-beetle-mimicry
Eurytetranychus
Eurytetranychus is a genus of spider mites (Tetranychidae) known primarily as pests of boxwood (Buxus species). The most notable species, Eurytetranychus buxi, feeds on boxwood foliage and has been identified as a significant arthropod pest in managed landscapes. Climate change may allow this mite to complete additional generations in warming regions, potentially increasing damage in areas where it was previously unproblematic.
spider-mite pest boxwood Tetranychidae landscape-pest ornamental-pest acarology integrated-pest-management climate-change-sensitivity
Eurytetranychus buxi
Boxwood Mite
Eurytetranychus buxi, commonly known as the boxwood mite, is a spider mite in the family Tetranychidae that specializes on boxwood (Buxus species). It is a significant pest of cultivated boxwood in North America and Europe. Climate change may allow this mite to complete additional generations in warmer conditions, potentially increasing damage in regions where it was previously unproblematic.
pest ornamental mite spider-mite climate-sensitivity
Euschistus crenator
Euschistus crenator is a phytophagous stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) recognized as a key pest in soybean cultivation, causing direct damage to developing grains. The species occurs across the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America, with confirmed populations in northern Brazil (Roraima and Pará states). Second-instar nymphs exhibit high susceptibility to entomopathogenic fungi, and the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi has been confirmed to parasitize its eggs. The species is frequently misidentified with Euschistus heros due to morphological similarities.
pest soybean agriculture biological-control entomopathogenic-fungi South-America Pentatomidae phytophagous integrated-pest-management
Euschistus servus
Brown Stink Bug
Euschistus servus, commonly known as the brown stink bug, is a native North American pentatomid species distributed across Central America and North America. It is a significant agricultural pest in the southern United States, feeding on a wide range of crops including soybeans, cotton, corn, peanuts, peaches, and pecans. The species is highly mobile, capable of dispersing up to 15.9 km in flight mill studies, and exhibits seasonal movement between crop hosts and non-crop habitats. Two subspecies are recognized: E. s. servus and E. s. euschistoides.
pest agriculture soybean cotton polyphagous mobile native-species integrated-pest-management pheromone trap-crop flight-dispersal multivoltine subspecies-euschistoides subspecies-servus pecan peanut corn wheat southeastern-US midwestern-US insecticide-resistance pyrethroid facultative-predator zoophagy vertical-stratification seasonal-dispersal overwintering flight-mill landscape-ecology host-plant-switching economic-injury seed-quality delayed-maturity flat-pod biological-control Telenomus-podisi Trichopoda-pennipes Mermithidae-parasite aggregation-pheromone sorghum-trap-crop early-soybean-production-system ground-sampling canopy-sampling thermal-tolerance native-stink-bug true-bug Hemiptera Pentatomidae Euschistus brown-stink-bug Central-America North-America Louisiana Texas North-Carolina Midwest southern-United-States crop-pest field-border wooded-area weed-host agroecosystem small-grain legume monitoring economic-threshold sweep-net ground-cloth nymph instar overwintering-emergence flight-capacity body-weight-loss host-tracking farmscape landscape-composition agricultural-landscape soybean-area field-size geospatial generalized-linear-mixed-model population-abundance source-habitat sink-habitat dispersal-behavior movement-ecology seasonal-occurrence phenology reproduction oviposition egg-parasitoid tachinid-parasitoid entomopathogenic-nematode new-host-record predation cabbageworm collard Brassica Pieris-rapae Esselbaugh-1948 McPherson-1982 Cornell-University-Insect-Collection organic-insecticide neem Chrysanthemum botanical-insecticide toxicity feeding-preference repellency egg-stage insecticide-efficacy non-target-effects IPM invasive-species-comparison brown-marmorated-stink-bug Halyomorpha-halys green-stink-bug temperature-effects climate distribution-modeling abundance-patterns regional-management environmental-entomology agricultural-entomology economic-entomology journal-of-economic-entomology journal-of-integrated-pest-management 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Euura lipovskyi
Azalea Sawfly
Euura lipovskyi, commonly known as the Azalea Sawfly, is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae. The species was first described from the eastern United States and has undergone recent taxonomic revision, with the combination Euura lipovskyi newly proposed. Larvae are specialized feeders on Rhododendron species in section Pentanthera. The species has shown notable range expansion in recent decades, now occurring in the Pacific Northwest, Europe, and Canada.
sawfly pest Rhododendron azalea horticultural-pest range-expansion invasive
Euura ribesii
Imported Currantworm
Euura ribesii is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the Imported Currantworm. It is a significant pest of currant and gooseberry plants (Ribes species), with larvae that feed gregariously on foliage. The species has been introduced to North America from Europe and is now established in multiple regions. Adults are small, wasp-like insects that lack the narrow waist characteristic of many other Hymenoptera.
pest agricultural introduced Ribes-specialist gregarious-feeder
Euxoa bostoniensis
Boston dart, drab cutworm
Euxoa bostoniensis, commonly known as the Boston dart or drab cutworm, is a noctuid moth species found in eastern and central North America. Adults have a wingspan of 40–45 mm and are active in May and again from September to October. The larvae are cutworms that feed on Nicotiana species, though the species occurs in areas where tobacco is not cultivated.
cutworm noctuid pest bivoltine tobacco-pest
Evacanthus
Evacanthus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, first described in 1828. Species in this genus are found across Eurasia and North America. One species, Evacanthus interruptus, has been identified as an economically significant pest of agricultural and horticultural crops.
leafhopper pest agricultural-pest climate-change
Evacanthus interruptus
Evacanthus interruptus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, distributed across Europe and Asia. The species exhibits significant morphological variability in coloration and pattern. Climate modeling studies indicate it is among the most economically important leafhopper pests worldwide, with habitat suitability concentrated in western Europe. Future climate scenarios suggest complex shifts in its distribution, with potential range expansion under some projections.
leafhopper pest climate-change variable-morphology
Evergestis rimosalis
cross-striped cabbageworm, Cross-striped Cabbageworm Moth
Evergestis rimosalis is a crambid moth commonly known as the cross-striped cabbageworm. It is recognized as a pest of brassica crops in eastern North America and serves as a host for the gregarious endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia orobenae. The species has been studied primarily in the context of biological control research.
pest agricultural parasitoid-host brassica biological-control eastern-North-America
Exapion ulicis
Gorse Seed Weevil
Exapion ulicis is a small seed-feeding weevil specialized on gorse (Ulex europaeus). Adults are light gray with a prominent snout roughly half the body length. The species is native to western Europe and has been introduced to New Zealand, California, Hawaii, and other regions as a biological control agent targeting invasive gorse populations. Larval feeding destroys seeds within pods, reducing plant spread, while adult feeding on stems and spines causes minor damage.
biological-control invasive-species-management seed-predator host-specialization temporal-isolation Brentidae Coleoptera Ulex-europaeus gorse western-Europe California New-Zealand Hawaii spring-activity oviposition-cues pod-fecundity parasitoid seed-destruction noctuid pest-control-agent established-introduction native-range-Europe introduced-range-Pacific Chile Belgium Oregon northern-California forest-gaps pastures natural-areas seed-loss intensity-of-attack reproductive-isolation ecological-specialization sympatric-divergence host-phenology pod-size seed-content female-choice feeding-damage round-holes stem-feeding spine-feeding larval-development pupal-period 6-8-weeks-larval-feeding 2-months-pupation within-pod-development seed-to-ovule-ratio mature-seeds intact-seeds parasitization-rate population-abundance fecund-pod-targeting whole-plant-traits flower-traits pod-traits choice-experiments common-garden Brittany Scotland Reunion host-availability seasonal-activity morphological-identification mitochondrial-sequences nuclear-sequences phylogeny host-races divergent-selection ecological-speciation sympatric-populations spring-infestation autumn-infestation introduced-with-gorse not-initially-introduced invasive-plant plant-insect-interactions oviposition-behavior feeding-behavior preference-patterns multiple-trait-use surface-cues internal-cues pod-characteristics host-choice plant-susceptibility invasion-biology entomological-experimentalis pan-pacific-entomologist diversity-journal ecological-entomology Coombs-2004 HEAR-photo-gallery iNaturalist GBIF NCBI Forster-1771 Curculionoidea Apionidae Fabaceae Genisteae noxious-weed agent-of-biological-pest-control light-gray long-snout straight-snout 2-3-mm small-weevil seed-weevil gorse-seed-weevil established-populations percentage-of-pods-infested spatial-variation temporal-variation seed-set seed-production seed-predation-impact ecosystem-service weed-biological-control classical-biological-control 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photography microscopy scanning-electron-microscopy molecular-techniques DNA-barcoding metabarcoding environmental-DNA population-genetics phylogeography landscape-genetics seascape-genetics isolation-by-distance isolation-by-environment isolation-by-resistance least-cost-path circuit-theory species-distribution-modeling ecological-niche-modeling maxent bioclim worldclim chelsa modis remote-sensing GIS spatial-analysis temporal-analysis time-series phenology climate-change global-warming phenological-shift range-shift poleward-shift elevational-shift altitudinal-shift habitat-tracking niche-tracking niche-conservatism niche-evolution realized-niche fundamental-niche biotic-interactions abiotic-factors environmental-filtering dispersal-limitation source-pool species-pool regional-pool local-pool alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity species-richness species-evenness species-abundance dominance rarity commonness endemism cosmopolitanism native endemic introduced invasive naturalized casual transient ephemeral persistent established spreading invasive-potential invasiveness impact ecological-impact economic-impact social-impact environmental-impact negative-impact positive-impact beneficial detrimental nuisance pest weed pathogen disease-vector public-health veterinary-health crop-health forest-health rangeland-health ecosystem-health One-Health planetary-health ecohealth conservation-medicine disease-ecology parasitology entomology medical-entomology veterinary-entomology agricultural-entomology forest-entomology urban-entomology aquatic-entomology systematics taxonomy phylogenetics evolutionary-biology population-biology ecosystem-ecology landscape-ecology global-ecology macroecology biogeography historical-biogeography ecological-biogeography island-biogeography continental-biogeography latitudinal-gradient altitudinal-gradient species-area-relationship island-species-richness equilibrium-theory nonequilibrium-theory neutral-theory niche-theory assembly-rules priority-effects mass-effects species-sorting competition predation herbivory parasitism mutualism commensalism amensalism facilitation inhibition tolerance succession primary-succession secondary-succession disturbance recovery resilience resistance stability persistence turnover replacement extinction immigration emigration birth death reproduction survival growth development metamorphosis complete-metamorphosis holometabolous hemimetabolous ametabolous egg larva pupa adult instar ecdysis molting diapause quiescence aestivation hibernation overwintering overwintering-stage overwintering-site overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance freeze-avoidance supercooling cryoprotectants thermal-biology thermoregulation ectothermy poikilothermy behavioral-thermoregulation microhabitat-selection basking shading stilting perching roosting sheltering burrowing mining gall-formation leaf-rolling leaf-tying silk-production web-spinning nest-construction 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ecological-selection stabilizing-selection directional-selection disruptive-selection balancing-selection frequency-dependent-selection negative-frequency-dependent-selection positive-frequency-dependent-selection apostatic-selection antiapostatic-selection rare-type-advantage common-type-disadvantage heterozygote-advantage heterosis hybrid-vigor inbreeding-depression outbreeding-depression genetic-load mutational-load segregational-load substitutional-load drift-load migration-load mutation recombination chromosomal-rearrangement genome-evolution transposable-elements horizontal-gene-transfer endosymbiosis symbiogenesis holobiont hologenome extended-evolutionary-synthesis niche-construction-theory ecological-evolutionary-developmental-biology eco-evo-devo developmental-plasticity reaction-norm genotype-environment-interaction GxE norm-of-reaction plasticity canalization genetic-assimilation genetic-accommodation cryptic-genetic-variation evolutionary-capacitance evolvability robustness modularity integration correlation constraint trade-off pleiotropy epistasis additive-genetic-variance dominance-variance epistatic-variance genetic-variance phenotypic-variance environmental-variance heritability narrow-sense-heritability broad-sense-heritability response-to-selection breeder's-equation quantitative-genetics molecular-genetics genomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics ecogenomics conservation-genomics functional-genomics structural-genomics comparative-genomics evolutionary-genomics phylogenomics metagenomics microbiome virome mycobiome bacteriome archaeome eukaryome extended-genotype keystone-species ecosystem-engineer foundation-species dominant-species subordinate-species transient-species satellite-species core-species peripheral-species edge-species interior-species habitat-generalist habitat-specialist edge-habitat interior-habitat matrix-habitat corridor stepping-stone source-habitat sink-habitat patch fragment landscape seascape 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minimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set
Falconia
Falconia is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, established by Distant in 1884. Species within this genus are phytophagous and associated with specific host plants. Falconia incaica has been documented feeding on Ricinus communis (castor bean) in Colombia, while F. intermedia has been investigated as a biological control agent for the invasive weed Lantana camara in Australia and Africa. Nymphal instars can be differentiated by morphological features including antennal segment measurements and coloration changes.
Miridae plant-bug phytophagous biological-control pest Ricinus Lantana
Fannia canicularis
Lesser House Fly, Little House Fly
Fannia canicularis, the lesser house fly, is a small dipteran (3.5–6 mm) widespread in association with human habitation and livestock facilities. It is distinguished by its habit of circling in the centers of rooms and its slender build with a straight median wing vein. The species is a significant pest in poultry operations, where larvae develop in accumulated manure. Males exhibit complex swarming behavior in shaded, enclosed sites, performing aerial chases controlled by precise visual-motor mechanisms. Among Fanniidae, this species is most frequently associated with myiasis.
synanthropic pest poultry-pest myiasis-associated swarming-behavior visual-motor-control
Feltia subterranea
granulate cutworm, subterranean dart moth, tawny shoulder, Subterranean Dart
Feltia subterranea is a noctuid moth whose larvae are subterranean cutworms feeding on plant roots and crowns. The species has a broad geographic range spanning North, Central, and South America, as well as Hawaii. Adults have a wingspan of 38–44 mm and are known to pollinate fetterbush lyonia. The larvae are polyphagous pests of numerous agricultural crops.
cutworm pest subterranean noctuid agricultural-pest polyphagous parasitoid-host