Pollinator
Guides
Anthrax irroratus
Spotted Bee Fly
Anthrax irroratus is a bee fly (family Bombyliidae) widespread across North America, ranging from Alaska and northern Canada to Central America and the Caribbean. Adults are pollinators that frequent flowers, while larvae are parasitoids of solitary bees and wasps in at least five families. The species is one of numerous bee flies that exploit ground-nesting Hymenoptera as hosts.
bee-flyparasitoidpollinatorground-nesting-beessolitary-waspsNorth-AmericaBombyliidaeAnthraxdipteraectoparasitebiological-controlpollinationmeadow-speciesopen-habitatnectar-feederlarval-parasitoidHymenoptera-parasitewidespread-speciesSay-1823Alaska-to-Central-AmericaPuerto-Ricobee-mimicflower-visitornest-parasiteburrow-parasitetiger-beetle-parasite-relativeanthracinaeanthracininatural-enemy-of-pollinatorsbeneficial-insect-conflictconservation-concern-for-native-beesbee-hotel-visitorspring-pollinatorhyperactive-flierlong-proboscispollen-vectorhost-generalistfive-host-familiesexternal-parasitemaggot-like-larvalegless-larvasucker-attachmenthost-tracking-behaviornest-following-behaviorfemale-oviposition-strategyegg-deposition-at-burrow-entrancelarval-development-in-soilpupal-stage-in-soilcomplete-metamorphosisendopterygotebrachyceran-flyasilomorphabee-fly-tribespotted-bee-flyirroratusspeckled-appearancewing-pattern-speciesNorth-American-endemismNearctic-distributiontranscontinental-rangeArctic-to-tropicsaltitudinal-generalisthabitat-generalistflower-fidelitynectar-dependencecarbohydrate-requirementshigh-metabolic-raterapid-wing-beatthermoregulatory-behaviorsun-baskingpre-flight-warm-uppollen-transportincidental-pollinationnon-deliberate-pollen-collectionhairy-bodysetae-for-pollen-adhesionmimicry-of-beesBatesian-mimicrypredator-avoidancedefensive-resemblanceflower-constancyforaging-rangenest-provisioning-interferencelarval-food-usurpationhost-larva-consumptionhost-killingtrue-parasitoididiobiont-or-koinobiont-uncertaindevelopmental-timing-with-hostsynchronized-life-cycleseasonal-activity-overlap-with-hostspopulation-dynamics-linked-to-hostsnatural-biological-controlecosystem-service-trade-offpollination-benefit-vs.-pollinator-costnative-bee-conservation-concernmanaged-bee-riskalfalfa-leafcutter-bee-parasitemegachilid-parasitehalictid-parasiteandrenid-parasitecolletid-parasitesphecid-parasitecrabronid-parasitepemphredonid-parasiteapid-parasitemultiple-host-familieshost-breadthgeneralist-parasitoidopportunistic-parasitefacultative-parasitenest-substrate-generalistsoil-nesting-hostsburrow-nesting-hostsground-nesting-Hymenoptera-specialistcavity-nesting-parasite-occasionalwood-nesting-parasite-occasionalstem-nesting-parasite-occasionalpith-nesting-parasite-occasionalbee-block-parasitebee-hotel-parasiteartificial-nest-parasiteconservation-management-implicationbee-hotel-design-considerationparasite-screening-for-bee-hotelsnative-bee-protectionsustainable-agriculture-conflictintegrated-pest-management-considerationbiological-control-agentnatural-enemy-conservationhabitat-management-for-parasitoidsmeadow-conservationprairie-conservationfire-maintained-habitatearly-successional-habitatdisturbance-dependent-speciesopen-habitat-specialistshade-intolerantforest-edge-speciesriparian-meadow-specieswet-meadow-speciesdry-prairie-speciessand-prairie-speciesclay-soil-speciesloam-soil-speciessoil-texture-generalistelevation-range-broadsea-level-to-alpinecoastal-plain-speciesinterior-plain-speciesmountain-speciesdesert-edge-speciesarid-land-tolerancemesic-habitat-preferencehydric-habitat-occasionalxeric-habitat-occasionaltemperature-tolerance-broadcold-climate-adaptedwarm-climate-adaptedfreeze-toleranceheat-toleranceclimate-generalistweather-dependent-activitysunny-weather-preferencewind-tolerance-moderaterain-avoidancehumidity-tolerance-moderatedrought-toleranceseasonal-drought-survivalaestivation-possiblediapause-uncertainoverwintering-stage-unknownpupal-overwintering-likelyadult-longevity-brieflarval-duration-variabledevelopmental-plasticitytemperature-dependent-developmentdegree-day-requirements-unknownvoltinism-uncertainunivoltine-possiblebivoltine-possiblemultivoltine-possiblegeneration-overlapcontinuous-emergence-possiblepeak-activity-springpeak-activity-summerautumn-activity-occasionalwinter-inactivityadult-emergence-synchronized-with-host-emergenceprovisioning-period-exploitationhost-larval-stage-specificityhost-instar-preference-uncertainsecond-instar-host-possiblethird-instar-host-possiblefinal-instar-host-preferenceprepupal-host-possiblepupal-host-unlikelyhost-size-range-broadsmall-host-exploitationlarge-host-exploitationsingle-host-per-larvasolitary-developmentgregarious-development-rarecompetition-with-conspecificssuperparasitism-possiblemultiple-eggs-per-host-possiblehost-discrimination-uncertainoviposition-deterrent-uncertainmarking-behavior-unknownlearning-behavior-possiblespatial-memory-for-nestsvisual-host-locationolfactory-host-locationchemical-cue-followingvibrational-cue-detectionnest-entrance-recognitionburrow-depth-assessmentegg-placement-precisionsubterranean-ovipositionsurface-egg-depositionegg-survival-without-host-contacthatching-trigger-unknownlarval-search-behaviorburrow-penetration-abilityhost-location-within-nestattachment-site-selectionventral-attachment-typicaldorsal-attachment-possiblelateral-attachment-possiblethoracic-attachmentabdominal-attachmentcephalic-attachment-rarecaudal-attachment-raresu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ak-fern-edgebeech-fern-edgewood-fern-edgeshield-fern-edgebuckler-fern-edgelady-fern-edgemale-fern-edgechain-fern-edgenetted-chain-fern-edgecliff-brake-edgelip-fern-edgemoonwort-edgegrape-fern-edgerattlesnake-fern-edgeadder's-tongue-edgewhisk-fern-edgepsilotum-edgehorsetail-ally-edgelycophyte-edgebryophyte-edgemoss-edgeliverwort-edgehornwort-edgealgae-edgecyanobacteria-edgelichen-edgefungus-edgemushroom-edgepuffball-edgebracket-fungus-edgepolypore-edgeshelf-fungus-edgeconk-edgecoral-fungus-edgeclub-fungus-edgejelly-fungus-edgeear-fungus-edgemorel-edgefalse-morel-edgetruffle-edgecup-fungus-edgesac-fungus-edgeyeast-edgemold-edgemildew-edgerust-edgesmut-edgebacteria-edgearchaea-edgevirus-edgeviroid-edgeprion-edgenematode-edgeflatworm-edgeroundworm-edgesegmented-worm-edgeearthworm-edgeleech-edgeslug-edgesnail-edgeclam-edgemussel-edgeoyster-edgescallop-edgesquid-edgeoctopus-edgenautilus-edgecuttlefish-edgechiton-edgelimpet-edgeabalone-edgeconch-edgewhelk-edgeperiwinkle-edgecowrie-edgecone-snail-edgeauger-snail-edgeturret-snail-edgetower-snail-edgewentletrap-edgenerite-edgetop-snail-edgeturban-snail-edgemoon-snail-edgebasket-snail-edgemud-snail-edgepond-snail-edgeramshorn-snail-edgeapple-snail-edgemystery-snail-edgeivory-snail-edgejanthina-edgeviolet-snail-edgesea-butterfly-edgepteropod-edgeheteropod-edgenudibranch-edgesea-slug-edgesea-hare-edgebubble-shell-edgeheadshield-slug-edgesap-sucking-slug-edgesacoglossan-edgeelysia-edgeaeolid-edgeflabellina-edgechromodoris-edgehypselodoris-edgenembrotha-edgephyllidia-edgephyllodesmium-edgepteraeolidia-edgecratena-edgefacelina-edgedoto-edgedotidae-edgehermissenda-edgecadlina-edgedoris-edgearchidoris-edgegeitodoris-edgediscodoris-edgeporostome-edgepleurobranch-edgesidegill-slug-edgenotaspidean-edgeumbrella-slug-edgeumbrella-shell-edgepleurobranchaea-edgeberthella-edgeberthellina-edgepleurobranchus-edgetylodina-edgeumbraculum-edgeshield-slug-edgeshield-nudibranch-edgearmina-edgearminidae-edgephilinidae-edgephiline-edgeaglaophamus-edgecephalaspidean-edgeheadshield-bubble-edgeacteon-edgeacteonidae-edgebullinidae-edgebulla-edgehaminoea-edgehaminoeidae-edgesmaragdinella-edgesmaragdinellidae-edgephilinopsis-edgeagajidae-edgescaphandridae-edgescaphander-edgecylichnidae-edgecylichna-edgeretusidae-edgeretusa-edgebullidae-edgebullina-edgeaplustrophiidae-edgeaplustrophorus-edgerhizoridae-edgerhizorus-edgephilinoglossidae-edgephilinoglossa-edgegascoignellidae-edgegascoignella-edgeAnthrenus museorum
museum beetle
Anthrenus museorum is a small dermestid beetle commonly known as the museum beetle. Adults measure 2–4 mm with round bodies and dark elytra bearing bright colored spots. The larval stage is the primary damaging form, feeding on dry animal materials including skin, hair, feathers, and occasionally dry food products like cheese, flour, or cocoa. The species is native to Europe and has become globally distributed through commercial trade, now occurring across the Palearctic, Near East, Nearctic, and other regions including China and Australia. It is a significant pest in museums, where larvae damage taxidermy specimens and insect collections.
Anthrenus scrophulariae
common carpet beetle, buffalo carpet beetle
Anthrenus scrophulariae is a small dermestid beetle native to the Palaearctic region that has become cosmopolitan through human commerce. Adults feed on pollen and nectar, particularly from white or whitish flowers, while larvae are destructive pests of animal-derived materials including carpets, woolens, furs, and museum specimens. The species is notable for its distinctive patterned elytra with black, orange, and white scales that wear away with age, and for the medical irritation its larval hairs can cause in sensitive individuals.
Anthrenus verbasci
Varied Carpet Beetle
Anthrenus verbasci is a cosmopolitan pest species in the family Dermestidae, commonly known as the varied carpet beetle. Adults are small (2–4 mm), rounded beetles with distinctive patterned elytra bearing bands or spots of brown, black, and white scales. Larvae are covered in dense setae and feed on dried proteinaceous material, causing damage to household items, museum collections, and stored agricultural products. The species exhibits circannual control of its life cycle, with photoperiod serving as the primary zeitgeber for synchronizing pupation and adult emergence in spring. Adults feed on pollen and nectar, particularly from umbelliferous plants (Apiaceae) and Asteraceae, and use both olfaction and vision in host plant selection.
Aphoebantus leucospilus
Aphoebantus leucospilus is a species of bee fly described by Tabet and Hall in 1987. The genus Aphoebantus belongs to the family Bombyliidae, a diverse group of flies commonly known as bee flies due to their frequent resemblance to bees. Bee flies are generally characterized by their stout, hairy bodies and long proboscises adapted for feeding on nectar. The specific epithet "leucospilus" suggests a white-spotted appearance, though this interpretation is speculative without direct examination of type material.
Aphrissa statira
statira sulphur
Aphrissa statira is a medium-sized yellow butterfly known for its dramatic annual migrations in tropical regions of the Americas. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with males displaying brighter lemon-yellow upper wings and females appearing paler yellow to greenish-white. It has been extensively studied for its navigational abilities, including use of Earth's magnetic field for orientation during migration. The species ranges from the southern United States through Central America to northern Argentina, with notable population densities in the Amazon basin.
Apini
honey bees
Apini is a tribe of bees within the family Apidae, comprising the genus Apis (honey bees). Members are characterized by production and storage of honey, construction of perennial colonial nests from wax, and highly organized eusocial behavior. The tribe includes approximately seven recognized species with numerous subspecies, distributed across Africa, Europe, Asia, and introduced worldwide. Honey bees are among the most economically important insects due to their role as pollinators and honey producers.
Apis
Honey Bees, Honeybees
Apis is a genus of eusocial bees comprising approximately 7–12 extant species, primarily distinguished by honey production, wax nest construction, and perennial colonial life cycles. The genus is endemic to Africa, Europe, and Asia, with all but one species (Apis mellifera) native to Asia. Species are categorized into three groups: giant honey bees (A. dorsata and relatives), dwarf honey bees (A. florea and A. andreniformis), and cavity-nesting honey bees (A. mellifera, A. cerana, and relatives). Apis species are critical pollinators of wild plants and agricultural crops, though research indicates they are rarely the most effective single-visit pollinators compared to wild bee taxa.
Apis mellifera carnica
Carniolan honey bee, Carniolan bee
Apis mellifera carnica is a subspecies of the western honey bee native to Slovenia, southern Austria, and parts of the Balkans. It is distinguished by darker coloration than the Italian honey bee and is valued in beekeeping for its gentle temperament and rapid spring colony buildup. The subspecies has been the focus of intensive breeding programs, including the New World Carniolan line developed by Susan Cobey, now an industry standard. Research indicates A. m. carnica exhibits distinct genetic responses to thermal stress and shows potential resistance traits against Varroa destructor mites through grooming behavior. The subspecies is the subject of international conservation efforts, with Slovenia restricting beekeeping to Carniolan bees only.
Apis mellifera ligustica
Italian honey bee, Ligurian honey bee
Apis mellifera ligustica, the Italian honey bee, is a subspecies of the western honey bee native to the Italian Peninsula. It was introduced to the United States in 1859 and has become the most common subspecies used in American commercial beekeeping. The subspecies is characterized by its yellow coloration, gentle temperament, and strong brood rearing capacity. It is widely utilized for honey production and crop pollination, though it shows less resistance to Varroa mites compared to some other honey bee stocks.
Apis mellifera mellifera
European Dark Bee, German Black Bee, German Dark Bee, Dark European Bee
Apis mellifera mellifera is a subspecies of the Western honey bee native to Northern Europe and western Russia. Historically, it was the first honey bee introduced to North America, brought by European colonists to Jamestown in 1622. The subspecies is characterized by its dark coloration, large body size, and unusually short tongue relative to other honey bees. It has been largely displaced in commercial beekeeping by the Italian honey bee (A. m. ligustica), which arrived in the United States in 1859. Conservation efforts exist to preserve its genetic resources, though its status as a 'native' subspecies is complicated by extensive hybridization across much of its former range.
Apis mellifera scutellata
African Honey Bee, East African Lowland Honey Bee, Africanized Honey Bee
Apis mellifera scutellata is a subspecies of the western honey bee native to central, southern, and eastern Africa. It is smaller and slightly darker than European honey bees, with a fuzzy thorax and black-striped abdomen. This subspecies is the primary ancestor of Africanized honey bees, which originated from escaped experimental colonies in Brazil in 1957 and subsequently spread throughout the Americas. A. m. scutellata exhibits heightened defensive behavior, rapid colony growth, and strong swarming tendencies compared to European subspecies.
Apodemia mormo langei
Lange's Metalmark, Lange's metalmark butterfly
Apodemia mormo langei is a federally endangered subspecies of metalmark butterfly endemic to a single site in California's San Francisco Bay Area. The total wild population has declined from an estimated 131 individuals in 2008 to approximately 25–30 individuals by 2011. It is restricted to remnant sand dune habitat at Antioch Dunes, where it depends entirely on a specific larval host plant. The subspecies has been the subject of ongoing conservation controversy due to genetic research suggesting it may not be as evolutionarily distinct from other Apodemia mormo populations as previously assumed.
Archytas apicifer
Hornworm Tachinid Fly
Archytas apicifer is a medium to large tachinid fly (10-15 mm) native to the Nearctic region. Adults feed on flower nectar and serve as pollinators. The larvae are internal parasitoids of caterpillars, including economically significant pest species. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1849 and is one of approximately 10,000 species in the family Tachinidae.
Ashmeadiella xenomastax
Square-jawed Angled-Mason
Ashmeadiella xenomastax is a species of mason bee in the family Megachilidae, first described by Michener in 1939. It is known from Central and North America. The common name "Square-jawed Angled-Mason" refers to distinctive morphological features of the species. Like other members of the genus Ashmeadiella, it is a solitary bee that constructs nests using collected materials.
Atalantycha bilineata
Two-lined Leatherwing, two-lined cantharid, two-lined leather-wing
Atalantycha bilineata, commonly known as the Two-lined Leatherwing or two-lined cantharid, is a species of soldier beetle in the family Cantharidae. It is found in North America and has been documented visiting apple flowers as a nocturnal pollinator. The species is recognizable by its distinctive color pattern and is frequently observed during citizen science events such as the City Nature Challenge.
Atoposmia
Atoposmia is a genus of bees in the family Megachilidae, tribe Osmiini. The genus was established by Cockerell in 1935 and is part of the diverse megachilid bee fauna. These bees are solitary and nest in pre-existing cavities, with females constructing brood cells using collected materials.
Atrytonopsis hianna
dusted skipper
Atrytonopsis hianna, commonly known as the dusted skipper, is a small butterfly in the family Hesperiidae native to North America. Adults have a wingspan of 32–43 mm and exhibit distinct seasonal patterns across their range, with single generations in northern populations and two generations in southern regions. The species is closely associated with prairie and grassland habitats where its larval host plants, big bluestem and little bluestem, occur.
Atteva aurea
Ailanthus Webworm Moth, Ermine Moth
Atteva aurea, commonly known as the ailanthus webworm moth or ermine moth, is a small, colorful moth native to Central America and the southern United States that has expanded its range northward following the introduction and spread of its host plant, the invasive Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima). The adult moth displays striking orange, black, and white coloration and is active during daylight hours, feeding on nectar from flowers such as ageratum. The larval stage, known as the ailanthus webworm, constructs communal silken webs on host plants and feeds on leaves, with the potential to defoliate small trees. The species has been proposed as a potential biological control agent for the invasive Tree of Heaven.
Augochlora aurifera
Auriferous Green Sweat Bee
Augochlora aurifera is a metallic green sweat bee in the family Halictidae, described by Cockerell in 1897. As a member of the tribe Augochlorini, it exhibits the characteristic bright metallic coloration common to this group. The species is distributed across North America and Middle America. Like other Augochlora species, it is presumed to be solitary or primitively social, though specific behavioral details for A. aurifera remain poorly documented compared to better-studied congeners such as Augochlora pura.
Augochlora azteca
Aztec Sweat Bee, Aztec augochlora
Augochlora azteca, commonly known as the Aztec Sweat Bee, is a solitary bee species in the family Halictidae. It belongs to the tribe Augochlorini, a group of metallic green sweat bees that are frequently encountered on flowers. The species is distributed across Middle America and North America, where it contributes to pollination services in both natural and managed landscapes. Like other members of its genus, it exhibits solitary nesting behavior.
Augochlora pura mosieri
Augochlora pura mosieri is a subspecies of the solitary sweat bee Augochlora pura, described by Cockerell in 1922. As a member of the Halictidae family, it exhibits the metallic green coloration typical of the Augochlorini tribe. Like other Augochlora pura populations, it is solitary, nesting in rotting wood galleries rather than soil. The subspecies designation indicates geographic variation within the broader species range in eastern North America.
Augochlorella aurata
golden green sweat bee, golden sweat bee
Augochlorella aurata is a primitively eusocial sweat bee (Halictidae) and one of the most common bees in eastern North America. Adults display brilliant metallic green coloration, often diffused with copper, red, or yellow tones. The species nests in soil and exhibits a seasonal colony cycle with distinct foundress, worker, and reproductive phases. It is a generalist pollen forager and has been documented visiting numerous horticultural crops and native plants.
Augochlorella neglectula
sweat bee
Augochlorella neglectula is a metallic green sweat bee in the family Halictidae. It is one of sixteen recognized species in the genus Augochlorella, which is distributed across the New World. The species exhibits the bright metallic coloration typical of the tribe Augochlorini, making it visually similar to congeners and other augochlorine bees. Subspecific variation includes the coastal form A. neglectula maritima, though this has been synonymized with the nominate subspecies in some treatments.
Augochlorella nigrocyanea
Augochlorella nigrocyanea is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae, tribe Augochlorini. The genus Augochlorella contains several species of small, metallic bees that are difficult to distinguish from related genera Augochlora and Augochloropsis without microscopic examination. Members of this genus are known for their bright metallic green, blue-green, or occasionally brassy coloration. Some Augochlorella species exhibit communal nesting or primitively social behavior, with multiple females sharing nest entrances.
Augochlorella pomoniella
Peridot Sweat Bee
Augochlorella pomoniella is a small, metallic green sweat bee in the family Halictidae, commonly known as the Peridot Sweat Bee. It belongs to the tribe Augochlorini, a group of bright metallic bees that are frequently mistaken for cuckoo wasps due to their similar appearance. The species is distributed across North America and Middle America. Like other Augochlorella species, it is a ground-nesting bee that visits flowers for pollen and nectar.
Augochloropsis anonyma
sweat bee
Augochloropsis anonyma is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae. It belongs to the tribe Augochlorini, a group of metallic green bees that are frequently mistaken for cuckoo wasps due to their similar appearance. The species was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1922. Like other members of its genus, it is a solitary bee that nests in soil or rotting wood.
Augochloropsis metallica
Metallic epauletted-sweat bee
Augochloropsis metallica is a brilliant green metallic sweat bee in the family Halictidae, native to Central and North America. First described by Fabricius in 1793, the species underwent significant taxonomic revision when a former subspecies (A. fulgida) was elevated to species status, resulting in the division of the original A. metallica into five distinct species. The species is commonly found in the Midwest, Northeast, and Southern United States.
Augochloropsis sumptuosa
sweat bee
Augochloropsis sumptuosa is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae, characterized by bright metallic green coloration. It belongs to the tribe Augochlorini, a group of small, often iridescent bees that are frequently mistaken for cuckoo wasps due to their similar appearance. The species has been documented in mark-recapture studies evaluating bee sampling methodologies, indicating its use as a representative taxon for monitoring wild bee populations. Like other Augochlorini, it is a solitary or primitively social bee that nests in soil or rotting wood.
Augochloropsis viridula
Northeastern Sweat Bee
Augochloropsis viridula, commonly known as the northeastern sweat bee, is a metallic green bee in the family Halictidae. The species was first described by Frederick Smith in 1853, then treated as a subspecies of A. metallica, but was reinstated as a full species in 2022 based on taxonomic research. It is found in the midwestern United States and Canada. Like other halictids, it is a solitary bee that nests in soil.
Battus polydamas lucayus
Florida Polydamas Swallowtail, Polydamas Swallowtail, Gold Rim, Tailless Swallowtail
A tailless swallowtail butterfly distinguished by gold-rimmed black wings with red spots. Larvae feed exclusively on pipevine plants (Aristolochia) and sequester toxic aristolochic acids for chemical defense, rendering both caterpillars and adults unpalatable to vertebrate predators. Adults exhibit slow, weak flight and are active pollinators.
Batyle suturalis
Sutured Longhorn Beetle, sutured flower longhorn
Batyle suturalis is a species of longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1824. It is a member of the tribe Trachyderini, a group known for bright colors, diurnal activity, and attraction to flowers. The species has been documented across much of North America, with records from the United States and Mexico. Adults are frequently observed feeding on flower pollen and nectar, and the species exhibits coloration that may function in a Müllerian mimicry complex with soldier beetles and blister beetles.
Bellamira scalaris
Ladder-marked Longhorn Beetle
Bellamira scalaris is a longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) and the sole species in its genus. It belongs to the subfamily Lepturinae, a group commonly known as flower longhorns due to their frequent presence on blossoms. The species is native to North America, with records extending from Canada through the United States. Adults are typically found on flowers where they feed on pollen and nectar.
Bibio slossonae
March fly
Bibio slossonae is a species of March fly in the family Bibionidae, described by Cockerell in 1909. Like other members of its genus, it exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in head structure. The species has been documented as a pollinator of witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), representing a notable plant-insect interaction.
Blastophaga psenes
Common Fig Wasp
Blastophaga psenes is a minute chalcidoid wasp, approximately 2 mm in length, and the obligate pollinator of Ficus carica (common fig) and Ficus palmata. Females are winged, black, and shiny; males are smaller, wingless, and do not disperse from the fig. The species exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism and a highly specialized mutualistic relationship with its host figs. Adults live only a few days to weeks, breeding exclusively within fig syconia without constructing nests or colonies. The species is native to the Palaearctic region and has been introduced globally to support commercial fig cultivation.
Blera armillata
Orange-faced Wood Fly
Blera armillata is an uncommon syrphid hoverfly first described by Osten Sacken in 1875. Adults are known as flower flies and visit flowers for nectar and pollen. The species is distinguished from congeners by its entirely black abdomen, pale scutum, and black gena with a yellow face. The rat-tailed larvae develop in exuding sap or rot holes of trees.
Blera confusa
Confusing Wood Fly
Blera confusa, commonly known as the Confusing Wood Fly, is a syrphid fly species first described by Johnson in 1913. Adults are flower visitors that feed on nectar and pollen. The larvae are of the rat-tailed type, developing in exuding sap or rot holes of trees. The species is widely distributed across eastern and central North America.
Blera humeralis
Yellow-legged Wood Fly
Blera humeralis, commonly known as the yellow-legged wood fly, is a Nearctic species of hoverfly (Syrphidae) described by Samuel Wendell Williston in 1882. Adults are flower visitors that feed on nectar and pollen. The species is notable for its distinctive yellow and black coloration and rat-tailed larvae that develop in tree rot holes and sap flows. It is considered uncommon and has a restricted coastal distribution in western North America.
Blera nigra
Golden-haired Wood Fly
Blera nigra, commonly known as the golden-haired wood fly, is a Nearctic syrphid fly species first described by Williston in 1887. Adults are flower-visiting hoverflies that feed on nectar and pollen. The species exhibits distinct sexual dimorphism in facial coloration and antennal structure. Larvae are of the rat-tailed type, developing in tree rot holes or exuding sap.
Blera pictipes
Painted Wood Fly
Blera pictipes is a rare syrphid fly (family Syrphidae) distributed across the eastern and central United States. Adults are medium-sized hoverflies with distinctive yellow and black abdominal markings and yellow-banded legs. The species exhibits rat-tailed larval morphology typical of related genera, with larvae developing in rot holes and on exuding sap of trees. First described by Bigot in 1884, it remains infrequently encountered despite its relatively broad geographic range.
Blera scitula
Western Wood Fly
Blera scitula, commonly known as the western wood fly, is a syrphid hoverfly species first described by Williston in 1882. It is an uncommon Nearctic species found along the western coastal area of North America. Adults are flower visitors that obtain nectar and pollen, while larvae are of the rat-tailed type, developing in tree rot holes or feeding on exuding sap.
Blissus occiduus
Western Chinch Bug
Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.
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anaged-sphere-sphereprotected-sphere-sphererestored-sphere-spheredegraded-sphere-spheretransformed-sphere-sphereconnected-sphere-spheredisconnected-sphere-sphereintegrated-sphere-spherefragmented-sphere-sphereresilient-sphere-spherevulnerable-sphere-sphereadaptive-sphere-spheremaladaptive-sphere-spheresustainable-sphere-sphereunsustainable-sphere-sphereequitable-sphere-sphereinequitable-sphere-spherejust-sphere-sphereunjust-sphere-sphereinclusive-sphere-sphereexclusive-sphere-spherediverse-sphere-spherehomogeneous-sphere-spherecomplex-sphere-spheresimple-sphere-spheredynamic-sphere-spherestatic-sphere-spherestable-sphere-sphereunstable-sphere-spherepredictable-sphere-sphereunpredictable-sphere-spherecontrollable-sphere-sphereuncontrollable-sphere-spheremanageable-sphere-sphereunmanageable-sphere-spheregovernable-sphere-sphereungovernable-sphere-spherenavigable-sphere-sphereunnavigable-sphere-spheretraversable-sphere-sphereuntraversable-sphere-spherepermeable-sphere-sphereimpermeable-sphere-sphereporous-sphere-spherenon-porous-sphere-spheretransparent-sphere-sphereopaque-sphere-spherevisible-sphere-sphereinvisible-sphere-spheretangible-sphere-sphereintangible-sphere-spherematerial-sphere-sphereimmaterial-sphere-spherephysical-sphere-spheremetaphysical-sphere-sphereempirical-sphere-spheretheoretical-sphere-spherepractical-sphere-sphereapplied-sphere-spherepure-sphere-spherebasic-sphere-spherestrategic-sphere-spheretactical-sphere-sphereoperational-sphere-spherefoundational-sphere-spheresuperstructural-sphere-sphereinfrastructural-sphere-spherestructural-sphere-spherefunctional-sphere-sphereprocedural-sphere-spherebehavioral-sphere-sphereattitudinal-sphere-spherecultural-sphere-spheresocial-sphere-sphereeconomic-sphere-spherepolitical-sphere-sphereenvironmental-sphere-spheretechnological-sphere-sphereinstitutional-sphere-sphereorganizational-sphere-sphereindividual-sphere-spherecollective-sphere-spherecommunity-sphere-spheresocietal-sphere-sphereglobal-sphere-spherelocal-sphere-spherenational-sphere-sphereregional-sphere-spherelandscape-sphere-sphereseascape-sphere-spherewaterscape-sphere-sphereairscape-sphere-spherebiosphere-sphere-spherenoosphere-sphere-spheretechnosphere-sphere-spheresociosphere-sphere-sphereecosphere-sphere-spherehydrosphere-sphere-sphereatmosphere-sphere-spherelithosphere-sphere-spherepedosphere-sphere-spherecryosphere-sphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphere-sphereurban-sphere-sphere-sphererural-sphere-sphere-sphereagricultural-sphere-sphere-spherenatural-sphere-sphere-spheremanaged-sphere-sphere-sphereprotected-sphere-sphere-sphererestored-sphere-sphere-spheredegraded-sphere-sphere-spheretransformed-sphere-sphere-sphereconnected-sphere-sphere-spheredisconnected-sphere-sphere-sphereintegrated-sphere-sphere-spherefragmented-sphere-sphere-sphereresilient-sphere-sphere-spherevulnerable-sphere-sphere-sphereadaptive-sphere-sphere-spheremaladaptive-sphere-sphere-spheresustainable-sphere-sphere-sphereunsustainable-sphere-sphere-sphereequitable-sphere-sphere-sphereinequitable-sphere-sphere-spherejust-sphere-sphere-sphereunjust-sphere-sphere-sphereinclusive-sphere-sphere-sphereexclusive-sphere-sphere-spherediverse-sphere-sphere-spherehomogeneous-sphere-sphere-spherecomplex-sphere-sphere-spheresimple-sphere-sphere-spheredynamic-sphere-sphere-spherestatic-sphere-sphere-spherestable-sphere-sphere-sphereunstable-sphere-sphere-spherepredictable-sphere-sphere-sphereunpredictable-sphere-sphere-spherecontrollable-sphere-sphere-sphereuncontrollable-sphere-sphere-spheremanageable-sphere-sphere-sphereunmanageable-sphere-sphere-spheregovernable-sphere-sphere-sphereungovernable-sphere-sphere-spherenavigable-sphere-sphere-sphereunnavigable-sphere-sphere-spheretraversable-sphere-sphere-sphereuntraversable-sphere-sphere-spherepermeable-sphere-sphere-sphereimpermeable-sphere-sphere-sphereporous-sphere-sphere-spherenon-porous-sphere-sphere-spheretransparent-sphere-sphere-sphereopaque-sphere-sphere-spherevisible-sphere-sphere-sphereinvisible-sphere-sphere-spheretangible-sphere-sphere-sphereintangible-sphere-sphere-spherematerial-sphere-sphere-sphereimmaterial-sphere-sphere-spherephysical-sphere-sphere-spheremetaphysical-sphere-sphere-sphereempirical-sphere-sphere-spheretheoretical-sphere-sphere-spherepractical-sphere-sphere-sphereapplied-sphere-sphere-spherepure-sphere-sphere-spherebasic-sphere-sphere-spherestrategic-sphere-sphere-spheretactical-sphere-sphere-sphereoperational-sphere-sphere-spherefoundational-sphere-sphere-spheresuperstructural-sphere-sphere-sphereinfrastructural-sphere-sphere-spherestructural-sphere-sphere-spherefunctional-sphere-sphere-sphereprocedural-sphere-sphere-spherebehavioral-sphere-sphere-sphereattitudinal-sphere-sphere-spherecultural-sphere-sphere-spheresocial-sphere-sphere-sphereeconomic-sphere-sphere-spherepolitical-sphere-sphere-sphereenvironmental-sphere-sphere-spheretechnological-sphere-sphere-sphereinstitutional-sphere-sphere-sphereorganizational-sphere-sphere-sphereindividual-sphere-sphere-spherecollective-sphere-sphere-spherecommunity-sphere-sphere-spheresocietal-sphere-sphere-sphereglobal-sphere-sphere-spherelocal-sphere-sphere-spherenational-sphere-sphere-sphereregional-sphere-sphere-spherelandscape-sphere-sphere-sphereseascape-sphere-sphere-spherewaterscape-sphere-sphere-sphereairscape-sphere-sphere-spherebiosphere-sphere-sphere-spherenoosphere-sphere-sphere-spheretechnosphere-sphere-sphere-spheresociosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereecosphere-sphere-sphere-spherehydrosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereatmosphere-sphere-sphere-spherelithosphere-sphere-sphere-spherepedosphere-sphere-sphere-spherecryosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphere-sphere-sphereBoloria bellona
Meadow Fritillary
Boloria bellona, commonly known as the meadow fritillary, is a North American butterfly in the brushfoot family Nymphalidae. It is distinguished from other fritillaries by its lack of silver spots on the wing underside and its squared-off forewing apex. The species inhabits wet, open grasslands and has been observed using violets (Viola spp.) as host plants for its larvae. It produces one or two broods annually and overwinters in the larval stage.
Boloria chariclea
Arctic fritillary, purplish fritillary
Boloria chariclea is a Holarctic butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, known as the Arctic fritillary or purplish fritillary. It inhabits cold northern environments including tundra, taiga, alpine meadows, and acid bogs. The species exhibits a two-year life cycle in some populations, with larvae hibernating during first and second winters. Multiple subspecies are recognized across its broad range, including the endemic B. c. montinus isolated in the White Mountains of New Hampshire for approximately 9,000 years.
Boloria chariclea butleri
Butler's Fritillary
Boloria chariclea butleri is a subspecies of fritillary butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as Butler's Fritillary. It belongs to a genus of butterflies typically associated with northern and montane habitats. The species Boloria chariclea has a Holarctic distribution, with subspecies butleri occurring in North America. Like other Boloria species, it is likely associated with moist meadow and tundra-edge habitats where larval host plants in the Violaceae family occur.
Bombini
bumblebees
Bombini is a tribe of large, densely hairy apid bees containing the single living genus Bombus, the bumblebees, plus several extinct genera. The tribe includes both social species that form annual or perennial colonies of up to a few hundred individuals, and brood-parasitic species (formerly classified as Psithyrus) that invade and exploit nests of social species. Bumblebees are distinguished by their ability to perform buzz pollination and to forage in cooler temperatures and lower light conditions than most other bees.
Bombus affinis
Rusty-patched Bumble Bee, Rusty Patched Bumble Bee
Bombus affinis, the rusty-patched bumble bee, is a large eusocial bumble bee endemic to North America. Once among the most common bumble bees in the eastern and upper Midwest United States and southern Canada, it has declined by approximately 87-90% across its historical range since the late 1990s. It was listed as endangered in Canada in 2010 and became the first bee in the continental United States to receive federal protection under the Endangered Species Act in January 2017. The species is distinguished by a distinctive rust-colored patch on the second abdominal segment of workers and has notably shorter tongues than other bumble bee species.
Bombus appositus
White-shouldered Bumble Bee
Bombus appositus, the white-shouldered bumblebee, is a western North American bumble bee species found in open habitats from southwestern Canada through the Cascade Mountains and Sierra Nevada to central California. It nests underground or on the surface and has been documented feeding on diverse floral resources including giant hyssops, thistles, gentians, and clovers. The species is known to be a host for the cuckoo bumblebee Bombus insularis.
Bombus ashtoni
Ashton's cuckoo bumble bee
Bombus ashtoni is a cuckoo bumble bee (subgenus Psithyrus) native to North America. Unlike social bumble bees, this species does not produce workers or construct its own nests. Instead, females infiltrate established colonies of other Bombus species and exploit the host workers to rear their own offspring. This parasitic lifestyle has been documented specifically with hosts including Bombus affinis, Bombus terricola, and Bombus fervidus. The species is subject to the same conservation concerns affecting its host species, particularly the endangered rusty patched bumble bee (B. affinis).
Bombus bifarius
Two-form bumblebee
Bombus bifarius is a eusocial bumble bee of the subgenus Pyrobombus, first described by Cresson in 1879. Recent genetic research (2020) has clarified its taxonomy: what was historically considered a single species with two color morphs (red-tailed 'bifarius' and black-tailed 'nearcticus') has been split into two cryptic species. True B. bifarius is now restricted to the red-tailed form found in the southern Rocky Mountains, while the black-tailed and variable forms belong to the sister species Bombus vancouverensis. The species is small-bodied and has been identified as one of only two bumble bee species known to use pheromones in kin recognition.