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Bactrocera
fruit flies
Bactrocera is a large genus of tephritid fruit flies comprising approximately 500 described species. The genus name derives from Ancient Greek 'bakter' (rod) and 'kera' (horn). Many species are economically significant agricultural pests that infest fruits and vegetables. The genus underwent major taxonomic revision in 2015 when Zeugodacus was split from Bactrocera based on DNA evidence.
agricultural-pest fruit-fly quarantine-pest invasive-species Tephritidae Dacinae Dacini Zeugodacus-split-2015 male-annihilation-technique integrated-pest-management
Bagrada
Bagrada is a genus of stink bugs in the family Pentatomidae, comprising approximately nine described species. The genus is native to Africa and Asia, with at least one species, Bagrada hilaris, becoming a significant invasive pest in North America. Species in this genus are associated with plants in the Brassicaceae family and have become economically important due to their impact on agricultural crops.
stink-bug Pentatomidae invasive-pest agricultural-pest Brassicaceae-pest biological-control Bagrada-hilaris
Bagrada hilaris
Bagrada bug, Painted bug
Bagrada hilaris is an invasive shield bug native to Africa and Asia that has become a significant agricultural pest in North America, South America, and Europe. First detected in the Western Hemisphere in Los Angeles in 2008, it has since spread throughout California, Arizona, and other southwestern states, as well as establishing in Chile and Italy. The species is a major pest of Brassicaceae crops including cabbage, kale, broccoli, and cauliflower, causing damage through sap-sucking by both adults and nymphs. Its rapid spread and broad host range have made it a priority for integrated pest management research.
invasive-species agricultural-pest Brassicaceae-pest shield-bug pentatomid biological-control-target
Balclutha
Balclutha is a large genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, with over 100 species and a cosmopolitan distribution. The genus is named after Balclutha, Scotland. These small insects are primarily associated with grasses and sedges (Poaceae), and several species have become economically significant as pests of cereal crops, particularly rice. Some species are known vectors of plant pathogens, including phytoplasmas affecting grapevine and other crops. The genus includes both native and introduced species, with several documented cases of recent range expansion through international trade.
leafhopper grass-feeder agricultural-pest phytoplasma-vector rice-pest introduced-species
Balclutha incisa
leafhopper
Balclutha incisa is a small leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, widespread in tropical and temperate regions. It is notably abundant in grasses and rice fields, where it feeds on host plants including rice (Oryza sativa) and various grasses. The species has been documented as a vector for 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' associated with grapevine disease 'bois noir'. Research has characterized its complex acoustic communication system, with males producing six distinct signal types and females engaging in precise duetting behavior. The species serves as host for multiple novel viruses including members of Aliusviridae, Iflaviridae, and Totiviridae families.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae rice-pest acoustic-communication phytoplasma-vector virome grassland-insect agricultural-pest
Balclutha jafara
Balclutha jafara is a leafhopper species native to Africa that was introduced to the Western Hemisphere by 2019. First detected in southern Florida in 2020 and in Colombian shipments entering the United States in 2019, it was previously known only from the Seychelles and Aldabra Islands. The species has since been documented across a broader African range including Kenya, South Africa, South Sudan, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Molecular analysis using COI barcodes confirmed its identity and revealed connections between populations on multiple continents.
leafhopper invasive-species agricultural-pest rice biosecurity COI-barcode Florida Africa Seychelles Colombia Poaceae Oryza-sativa Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae Macrostelini introduced-species integrative-taxonomy molecular-identification Zootaxa-5361.4.4 Webb-1980
Baris
Baris is a genus of true weevils in the family Curculionidae, first described by Germar in 1817. The genus comprises small to medium-sized weevils characterized by their typical curculionid body plan with an elongated rostrum. Species within Baris are associated with various host plants, with some species documented as pests of agricultural crops including sunflowers. The genus has a primarily Nearctic distribution, with species occurring across North America.
Curculionidae weevil agricultural-pest sunflower-pest root-feeder Nearctic Coleoptera herbivore internal-feeder
Baris strenua
Sunflower root weevil
Baris strenua is a species of weevil in the family Curculionidae, first described by Champion in 1909. It is commonly known as the sunflower root weevil and is recognized as a pest of cultivated sunflowers in North America. The species is native to North America with confirmed records from Manitoba, Canada. Adults feed on sunflower foliage, causing minor damage, while larvae develop on roots and can cause significant wilting and lodging of plants. Despite its potential as a pest, economic thresholds for insecticide application have not been established, and control measures are generally not warranted.
agricultural-pest sunflower-pest root-feeder weevil Curculionidae North-America Helianthus minor-pest
Batrachedra
Batrachedra is the largest genus in the moth family Batrachedridae, containing approximately 114 species as of 2018. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with particularly high diversity in the Indomalayan realm. The name derives from Greek 'batrachos' (frog) and 'edra' (seat), referring to the frog-like resting posture of adults. Early stages remain unknown for most species.
agricultural-pest date-palm-pest cosmopolitan cryptic-species leaf-miner fruit-feeder
Bedellia
morning-glory leaf miner
Bedellia is the sole genus of the family Bedelliidae, a group of small, narrow-winged moths. Most authorities recognize Bedelliidae as a distinct family, though some classifications treat it as the subfamily Bedelliinae within Lyonetiidae. The genus contains several species, with Bedellia somnulentella (the sweet potato leafminer) being the most economically significant. This species is an invasive pest of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and related Convolvulaceae, with larvae feeding as leafminers in the leaf mesophyll.
leafminer agricultural-pest sweet-potato-pest microlepidoptera invasive-species Convolvulaceae-specialist
Bedellia somnulentella
sweet potato leaf miner, morning-glory leafminer moth
Bedellia somnulentella is a microlepidopteran leaf-mining moth in the family Bedelliidae, native to Asia and now nearly cosmopolitan in distribution. It is a significant agricultural pest of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and related Convolvulaceae, with larvae feeding on leaf mesophyll and reducing photosynthetic capacity. The species has expanded its range through association with cultivated crops and maintains populations on wild Ipomoea species during off-season periods. It has been documented across Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Oceania.
agricultural-pest leaf-miner invasive-species sweet-potato-pest cosmopolitan-distribution microlepidoptera
Bedelliidae
Bedelliidae is a small family of microlepidoptera containing the single genus Bedellia. These narrow-winged moths were previously classified within Lyonetiidae. The family is best known for the sweet potato leafminer Bedellia somnulentella, an invasive agricultural pest that feeds on Convolvulaceae.
microlepidoptera leafminer Convolvulaceae agricultural-pest invasive-species
Bemisia
Bemisia is a genus of whiteflies in the family Aleyrodidae, containing approximately 40 described species. The genus includes several economically significant agricultural pests, most notably Bemisia tabaci (sweetpotato whitefly or silverleaf whitefly), which is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species globally. Members of this genus are phloem-feeding insects that vector numerous plant viruses and cause direct damage through sap extraction and honeydew secretion. The genus exhibits complex taxonomic challenges, with B. tabaci alone comprising at least 42 cryptic species distinguishable only through molecular analysis.
whitefly agricultural-pest virus-vector invasive-species cryptic-species phloem-feeder
Bemisia argentifolii
Silverleaf whitefly, Sweetpotato whitefly (B biotype)
Bemisia argentifolii, described by Bellows & Perring in 1994, is a whitefly species belonging to the Bemisia tabaci species complex. It is a significant agricultural pest known for causing silverleafing symptoms in squash, transmitting plant viruses, and developing resistance to multiple insecticides. The species has been documented on over 900 host plants including vegetables, ornamentals, and fiber crops. It is frequently associated with greenhouse and protected cultivation environments but also occurs in open field agriculture in tropical and subtropical regions.
whitefly agricultural-pest virus-vector invasive-species insecticide-resistance greenhouse-pest phloem-feeder Bemisia-tabaci-complex silverleafing ornamental-pest vegetable-pest cotton-pest biological-control-target integrated-pest-management
Berytidae
stilt bugs, thread bugs
Berytidae, commonly known as stilt bugs or thread bugs, is a family of true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) characterized by exceptionally long, slender legs and elongated bodies. The family contains approximately 200 species worldwide, classified into three subfamilies: Berytinae, Gampsocorinae, and Metacanthinae. Members range from 3-10 mm in length and display coloration from brown to yellow. While most species are phytophagous, feeding on plant sap, some exhibit predatory behavior on small insects. Several species are economically significant as pests of cultivated crops, particularly tomatoes and tobacco, where feeding damage can cause flower abortion, fruit distortion, and unsalable produce.
Hemiptera Heteroptera true-bugs stilt-bugs phytophagous predatory agricultural-pest tomato-pest biological-control wing-polymorphism glandular-trichomes greenhouse-pest
Billaea
Billaea is a genus of tachinid flies comprising approximately 80 described species. Most larvae are parasitoids of beetle larvae, particularly cerambycids and lucanids, with some species attacking lepidopteran hosts in the family Pyralidae. Several species have been investigated as biological control agents for agricultural and forestry pests, including palm weevils and sugarcane borers.
Tachinidae parasitoid biological-control Cerambycidae Dryophthoridae Crambidae viviparous planidia forest-pest agricultural-pest oil-palm sugarcane palm-weevil wood-borer southeast-Asia South-America Europe Bulgaria Brazil Turkey Mexico Peru integrated-pest-management natural-enemy host-searching kairomones superparasitism mass-rearing Galleria-mellonella laboratory-host frass gallery tunnel pupal-parasitoid larval-parasitoid ectoparasitoid endoparasitoid Coleoptera Lepidoptera Diptera Brachycera Dexiinae Dexiini Robineau-Desvoidy-1830 80-species global-distribution forestry agriculture ornamental-palms date-palm coconut Rhynchophorus Diatraea Prionus Xylotrechus climate-matching establishment-potential Mediterranean Middle-East California invasive-species red-palm-weevil American-palm-weevil red-ring-disease vector-control natural-mortality pest-management sustainable-agriculture host-specificity trophic-association new-host-record parasitism-rate field-parasitism laboratory-rearing adult-longevity fecundity sex-ratio pupal-viability pupal-duration planidia-length food-resources pollen honey sucrose flowering-plants spontaneous-flora companion-plants habitat-management conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control quarantine host-range circumstantial-evidence taxonomic-confusion B.-rhynchophorae B.-menezesi B.-adelpha B.-claripalpis B.-rutilans B.-cerambycivora B.-steini B.-fortis B.-irrorata B.-pectinata B.-setosa B.-triangulifera B.-lata B.-intermedia B.-biserialis B.-gigantea B.-rubens B.-maritima B.-marmorata B.-aurifrons B.-verticalis B.-flava B.-chinensis B.-brevicauda B.-kurahashii B.-micronychia B.-papei B.-setigera B.-yintiaoling B.-rufescens B.-triquetrus B.-rubida B.-rufiventris B.-brasiliensis B.-friburgensis B.-giacomeli B.-kosterae B.-plaumanni B.-shannoni B.-africana B.-argentaurea B.-atkinsoni B.-capensis B.-communis B.-decisa B.-edwardsi B.-erecta B.-ficorum B.-grandis B.-impigra B.-interrupta B.-kolomyetzi B.-luteola B.-malayana B.-minor B.-monohammi B.-montana B.-morosa B.-nipigonensis B.-orbitalis B.-ovata B.-quadrinota B.-rhingiaeformis B.-robusta B.-satisfacta B.-sibleyi B.-sjostedti B.-solivaga B.-trivittata B.-trochanterata B.-vanemdeni B.-velutina B.-versicolor B.-villeneuvei B.-vitripennis B.-zimini B.-lateralis B.-lativentris
Blaniulus guttulatus
Spotted Snake Millipede
Blaniulus guttulatus, the spotted snake millipede, is a small, eyeless millipede native to Central and Western Europe that has been widely introduced to North America, Australia, and remote Atlantic islands. It is characterized by its slender, pale body with distinctive red ozadenes (defensive glands) on each segment. The species thrives in anthropogenic habitats and can become an agricultural pest, particularly during drought conditions.
millipede agricultural-pest introduced-species eyeless Europe North-America Australia
Blastobasidae
Blastobasid Moths
Blastobasidae is a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea, containing approximately 30 genera and hundreds of species distributed worldwide. Adults are generally slender, reddish-brown moths with wingspans of 12–24 mm, lacking conspicuous markings. Larvae feed on dead organic matter, though some species are pests of stored products or cultivated crops. The family's taxonomy remains unstable, with relationships among genera poorly resolved and various arrangements placing Blastobasidae as a subfamily of Coleophoridae or including Symmocidae within it.
detritivore pest agricultural-pest stored-product-pest taxonomically-unstable Gelechioidea cosmopolitan
Blissus leucopterus
true chinch bug, chinch bug
Blissus leucopterus, commonly known as the true chinch bug, is a small hemipteran native to North America and the most frequently encountered species in the genus Blissus. Adults measure approximately 4 mm in length with distinctive black bodies, white wings bearing black triangular spots, and reddish legs. The species is a significant agricultural pest of turfgrass and grain crops, particularly corn, wheat, and sorghum, causing damage by sucking sap from stems and leaves. Populations thrive under hot, dry, sunny conditions, while heavy rainfall and high humidity promote fungal pathogens that suppress infestations.
agricultural-pest turfgrass-pest grain-crop-pest phloem-feeder North-American-native invasive-potential quarantine-pest
Blissus leucopterus hirtus
Hairy Chinch Bug
Blissus leucopterus hirtus is a subspecies of chinch bug recognized as a significant pest of grain crops, particularly wheat. It is distinguished from the nominate subspecies B. l. leucopterus by morphological features including denser body hair. The taxon is included in quarantine pest lists due to its potential for economic damage and invasive spread. Mathematical modeling indicates high probability of acclimatization in southern and central regions of Russia.
agricultural-pest grain-pest quarantine-pest chinch-bug wheat-pest invasive-species-potential Hemiptera Blissidae
Blissus occiduus
Western Chinch Bug
Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.
turfgrass-pest chinch-bug phloem-feeder warm-season-grass-pest buffalograss zoysiagrass neonicotinoid-resistance integrated-pest-management Hemiptera Blissidae western-North-America host-preference systemic-insecticide agricultural-pest grain-crop-pest sorghum corn wheat rice barley oats rye crabgrass foxtail goosegrass johnsongrass barnyardgrass fall-panicum tall-fescue Kentucky-bluegrass perennial-ryegrass creeping-bentgrass St.-Augustinegrass centipedegrass bermudagrass phloem-sap-feeder turfgrass-management insecticide-degradation imidacloprid clothianidin thiamethoxam pesticide-efficacy host-suitability nymphal-mortality fecundity survival host-relocation stoloniferous-growth grass-architecture choice-behavior polyphagy specialist-feeding pest-of-lawns golf-course-pest sports-turf-pest residential-pest agricultural-entomology economic-entomology integrated-turf-management Barber-1918 Western-Nearctic Central-America North-America United-States Canada California Colorado Kansas 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Bothrosternini
Bothrosternini is a tribe of weevils within the subfamily Dryophthorinae, characterized by elongated rostrums and association with woody plants. Members of this tribe are found in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in the Americas. The tribe includes economically significant species that attack palms and other monocots.
weevil palm-pest stem-borer agricultural-pest Neotropical
Brachycaudus cardui
thistle aphid, plum-thistle aphid
Brachycaudus cardui is a heteroecious aphid species with a complex life cycle alternating between primary woody hosts (Prunus spp.) and secondary herbaceous hosts, primarily thistles and other Asteraceae. Wingless viviparous females are small (1.8–2.5 mm), oval to pear-shaped, and variable in color. The species is notable for causing leaf roll on Prunus and for transmitting plum pox virus, a serious agricultural pathogen. Colony establishment depends heavily on ant attendance.
aphid agricultural-pest vector host-alternating ant-mutualism plum-pox-virus
Brachycaudus helichrysi
leaf curl plum aphid, leaf-curling plum aphid, peach leaf curl aphid
Brachycaudus helichrysi is a small aphid species first described by Kaltenbach in 1843. Molecular studies have revealed it comprises two cryptic sibling lineages, B. helichrysi H1 and H2, which are morphologically indistinguishable but genetically divergent and differ in life cycle strategies. H1 follows a typical heteroecious cycle with sexual reproduction on plum trees, while H2 consists largely of obligate asexual superclones with some sexual populations on peach trees in India.
aphid pest stone-fruit virus-vector cryptic-species agricultural-pest parthenogenesis heteroecy
Brachystola magna
Plains Lubber Grasshopper, Western Lubber Grasshopper, Homesteader
Brachystola magna is one of the largest grasshoppers in North America, a flightless species inhabiting the Great Plains from the Canadian border to central Mexico. Adults reach 4–6 cm in length, with females substantially larger and heavier than males. The species exhibits a two-year life cycle, with eggs overwintering twice before hatching. Though primarily herbivorous, adults display notable omnivory including scavenging and predation on other insects. The species has historical scientific significance as the subject of Walter Sutton's pioneering work on reduction division and chromosome theory.
grasshopper lubber flightless Great-Plains Romaleidae polyphagous omnivorous two-year-life-cycle semivoltine cytogenetics agricultural-pest intermediate-host thermoregulation
Bradysia
darkwinged fungus gnats, indoor soil gnats
Bradysia is a large genus of sciarid fungus gnats comprising over 500 described species. The genus is best known for species that are major agricultural pests, particularly in greenhouse and indoor cultivation settings where larvae feed on plant roots and fungi. Several species, including B. cellarum, B. impatiens, and B. odoriphaga, have been extensively studied for their economic impact on liliaceous crops, edible fungi, and ornamental plants. The genus also includes species that function as pollinators of certain winter-flowering plants.
agricultural-pest greenhouse-pest root-feeder mushroom-pest pollinator fungus-gnat sciarid indoor-pest insecticide-resistance
Brassicogethes
pollen beetles
Brassicogethes is a genus of pollen beetles in the family Nitidulidae, subfamily Meligethinae. Species in this genus are primarily associated with Brassicaceae plants, with several species recognized as significant agricultural pests of oilseed rape (canola). The most economically important species is Brassicogethes aeneus, which causes substantial yield losses in oilseed rape crops across Europe. The genus was established in 2009, with species previously classified under Meligethes.
agricultural-pest oilseed-rape Brassicaceae biological-control parasitoid insecticide-resistance landscape-ecology
Brassicogethes aeneus
common pollen beetle, rape pollen beetle, rape blossom beetle
Brassicogethes aeneus is a small pollen beetle in the family Nitidulidae and a major pest of oilseed rape (canola) and other Brassica crops across Europe, Northern Asia, and North America. Adults are 2–3 mm long, metallic black with greenish reflections, while larvae reach 3 mm and are white with brown sclerotized plates. The species causes significant economic damage through adult feeding and oviposition in flower buds, which can lead to bud abortion and yield losses up to 80% in spring oilseed rape. It was previously classified under the genus Meligethes. Populations show low genetic structure across Europe, indicating substantial gene flow, and are subject to biological control by hymenopteran parasitoids.
pest pollen-beetle oilseed-rape canola Brassica biological-control parasitoid insecticide-resistance agricultural-pest Europe Nitidulidae
Brassicogethes aeneus dauricus
Brassicogethes aeneus dauricus is a subspecies of pollen beetle in the family Nitidulidae. The nominate form, B. aeneus, is a significant agricultural pest of oilseed rape and other Brassicaceae crops across Europe and Asia. The subspecies dauricus is associated with the Daurian region of Transbaikalia in eastern Russia. Like other members of the genus, it is likely adapted to temperate climates with phenology tied to flowering periods of its host plants.
pollen-beetle Nitidulidae Brassicaceae agricultural-pest subspecies Russia Transbaikalia Coleoptera
Bregmatothrips
Bregmatothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae, subfamily Thripinae, established by Hood in 1912. Species within this genus have been documented from the Irano-Turkmenian region, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and Turkey. Two species, B. bournieri and B. dimorphus, have been recorded from cultivated plants including medicinal and aromatic crops and cereals. The genus is characterized by morphological features typical of the Thripinae, though specific diagnostic traits require examination of type material.
thrips Thripidae Thripinae agricultural-pest medicinal-plants aromatic-plants cereals
Brevicoryne
Brevicoryne is a genus of aphids (family Aphididae) comprising approximately 10 described species, several of which are significant agricultural pests. The most economically important species, Brevicoryne brassicae (cabbage aphid), infests crops in the Brassicaceae family worldwide. Members of this genus are characterized by their association with cruciferous host plants and are known vectors of plant viruses including Turnip mosaic virus and Cauliflower mosaic virus.
aphid agricultural-pest Brassicaceae virus-vector parthenogenesis biological-control integrated-pest-management
Brevicoryne brassicae
cabbage aphid, cabbage aphis, mealy cabbage aphid
Brevicoryne brassicae, commonly known as the cabbage aphid, is a destructive agricultural pest native to Europe that has spread worldwide. The species feeds exclusively on plants in the family Brassicaceae, including cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and other cultivated brassicas. Large colonies form on the undersides of young leaves and flower heads, causing significant yield losses through direct feeding damage and virus transmission. The aphid possesses a unique chemical defense mechanism, producing myrosinase enzyme and sequestering glucosinolates from host plants to release toxic mustard oil compounds when attacked.
agricultural-pest aphid Brassicaceae-specialist chemical-defense myrosinase glucosinolates virus-vector biological-control parthenogenesis cosmopolitan-distribution
Bruchini
seed beetles, bean weevils
Bruchini is a tribe of small beetles within the subfamily Bruchinae, commonly known as seed beetles or bean weevils. Despite their common name, they are true beetles (Coleoptera), not weevils (Curculionidae). Members of this tribe are characterized by their compact, oval bodies and association with legume and other plant seeds. The tribe contains numerous genera, including Bruchus and Acanthoscelides, many of which are significant agricultural pests.
seed-beetle bean-weevil agricultural-pest legume-pest stored-product-pest Chrysomelidae Bruchinae
Bruchophagus
seed chalcid, gall wasp
Bruchophagus is a genus of chalcid wasps in the family Eurytomidae. Species within this genus are primarily seed-feeders, developing in the seeds of plants in the Fabaceae family, though some species form galls on citrus or other hosts. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and includes economically significant pests such as the alfalfa seed chalcid (B. roddi) and citrus gall wasp (B. fellis). Recent phylogenomic studies indicate the genus is paraphyletic.
seed-predator gall-wasp agricultural-pest biological-control parasitoid Fabaceae citrus-pest olfactory-cues chemically-mediated-behavior
Bruchus
seed beetles, bean beetles, bean weevils
Bruchus is a genus of seed beetles in the leaf beetle family Chrysomelidae, comprising approximately 36 species. The genus is characterized by distinctive male genitalia morphology, including a large, sclerotized, boomerang-shaped ventral plate used in species identification. Members are specialized herbivores feeding almost exclusively on legumes in the tribe Fabeae (Vicieae), including peas, lentils, and vetches. Several species are significant agricultural pests, notably B. lentis on lentils, B. pisorum on peas, and B. rufimanus on fava beans. The genus is primarily Palearctic in distribution, with some species introduced to North America, Africa, and Australia.
agricultural-pest seed-predator legume-specialist univoltine Palearctic introduced-species Chrysomelidae Bruchinae bean-beetle pea-weevil pulse-crop-pest kairomone-response diapause archaeological-significance
Bruchus pisorum
pea weevil, pea beetle, pea seed beetle
Bruchus pisorum is a seed beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, commonly but incorrectly known as the pea weevil due to historical taxonomic confusion with true weevils (Curculionidae). It is a significant agricultural pest of cultivated pea (Pisum sativum), with larvae developing inside pea seeds. The species is now cosmopolitan in distribution, having spread from its native range in Western Asia through human-mediated transport in stored seeds. It is univoltine, with adults overwintering and emerging in spring to infest pea crops.
agricultural-pest seed-beetle invasive-species specialist-herbivore pulse-crop-pest stored-product-pest
Bruggmanniella
Bruggmanniella is a genus of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae: Asphondyliini) comprising approximately ten species that induce galls on various host plants. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features including three-segmented palpi, simple tarsal claws, and male gonostyli with teeth completely divided mesally. Species induce galls on stems, twigs, flower buds, ovaries, and fruits of diverse plant families including Lauraceae, Malpighiaceae, Annonaceae, Fabaceae, Celastraceae, Dilleniaceae, and Sapotaceae. Phylogenetic analysis confirms Bruggmanniella as a monophyletic Neotropical lineage, with Asian species reassigned to the genus Odontokeros.
gall-midge cecidomyiid Asphondyliini plant-gall agricultural-pest avocado-pest Neotropical host-specific
Bucculatrix
ribbed cocoon-maker moths
Bucculatrix is a genus of small moths in the family Bucculatricidae, commonly known as ribbed cocoon-maker moths. Larvae of many species are leaf miners on specific host plants, with some species exhibiting hypermetamorphosis—shifting from leaf mining in early instars to leaf skeletonization in later instars. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with species described from all major continents.
leaf-miner hypermetamorphosis ribbed-cocoon microlepidoptera host-specific agricultural-pest citizen-science
Bulia
Bulia is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, established by Walker in 1858. The genus contains six recognized species distributed in the Americas, with at least one species (Bulia schausi) documented as an agricultural pest intercepted at U.S. ports of entry. Species in this genus were historically classified in Noctuidae but have been reassigned to Erebidae following modern taxonomic revisions.
Erebidae Calpinae moth agricultural-pest Mexico quarantine
Byturidae
fruitworms, fruitworm beetles
Byturidae is a small family of cleroid beetles comprising over 15 described species in two subfamilies. The family is primarily distributed in the Holarctic region and Southeast Asia. Larvae of some genera, particularly Byturus, are significant agricultural pests of Rubus fruits (raspberries and blackberries), while others feed on catkins. Adults feed on developing leaves, flowers, and pollen. The family includes two subfamilies: Platydascillinae (Southeast Asia) and Byturinae (Holarctic).
Coleoptera Cleroidea pest frugivore Holarctic Southeast-Asia agricultural-pest Rubus
Byturus unicolor
raspberry fruitworm, western raspberry fruitworm, fruitworm beetle
Byturus unicolor is a small fruitworm beetle in the family Byturidae. Adults measure 4–5 mm and are yellowish-brown in color. The species is distributed across Central America and North America. It is commonly known as the raspberry fruitworm due to its association with raspberry plants.
Coleoptera Byturidae pest raspberry fruitworm North-America Central-America agricultural-pest
Cacopsylla
jumping plant lice, pear psyllids
Cacopsylla is a genus of jumping plant lice (family Psyllidae) comprising species that are significant agricultural pests, particularly of fruit trees. The genus includes most psyllids within subfamily Psyllinae that cause economic damage to orchards. Several species act as vectors for phytoplasma-associated diseases including Apple Proliferation, European Stone Fruit Yellows, and Pear Decline. Phylogenetic studies reveal two major clades that diverged in the Miocene, with Clade I predominantly univoltine species that overwinter on conifers. Vector competence has evolved independently rather than through shared ancestry.
agricultural-pest phytoplasma-vector phloem-feeder fruit-tree-pest univoltine conifer-overwintering
Cacopsylla mali
apple leaf sucker, apple psylla, apple sucker
Cacopsylla mali is a psyllid species in the family Psyllidae, native to Eurasia and introduced to North America. Commonly known as the apple leaf sucker or apple psylla, it is associated with apple (Malus) host plants. The species belongs to the subfamily Psyllinae and is one of several Cacopsylla species involved in apple-associated insect-plant interactions.
psyllid apple-pest agricultural-pest phloem-feeder introduced-species Hemiptera Psyllidae
Cacopsylla pyricola
pear sucker, pear psylla
Cacopsylla pyricola is a phloem-feeding true bug in the family Psyllidae and a major economic pest of pear trees (Pyrus communis). Native to Europe, it was introduced to the eastern United States in the early 1800s and has since spread to major pear-growing regions including the Pacific Northwest. The species exhibits distinct seasonal morphotypes: summerforms are pale while winterforms are reddish-brown to black. It is a vector of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri', the causative agent of pear decline disease.
agricultural-pest vector invasive-species phloem-feeder pear-pest phytoplasma-vector
Cactophagus
cactus weevil, prickly pear cactus weevil
Cactophagus is a genus of snout and bark beetles in the family Dryophthoridae, comprising more than 50 described species distributed from southern North America through Central America to northern South America. Species in this genus are strongly associated with cacti, particularly Opuntia species, and several are significant agricultural pests. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with some species previously placed in Metamasius. The most economically important species, C. spinolae, is a major pest of prickly pear cactus in Mexico and has been introduced to other regions for biological control of invasive Opuntia.
cactus-pest agricultural-pest biological-control-agent weevil Dryophthoridae Opuntia prickly-pear Mexico invasive-species-management entomopathogenic-nematode-host
Cadra figulilella
raisin moth
Cadra figulilella, the raisin moth, is a globally distributed pest of dried and ripening fruits in the family Pyralidae. First identified as a pest of Muscat raisins in California in 1928, it has since spread to tropical and Mediterranean climates worldwide. The species is economically significant due to larval damage to dates, raisins, figs, and other fruits both on the tree and in storage. Adults are short-lived and nocturnal, with females laying an average of 160 eggs that hatch into larvae capable of causing up to 90% fruit infestation in severe cases.
pest stored-product-insect date-pest dried-fruit-pest nocturnal global-invader agricultural-pest Pyralidae Phycitinae
Caenurgina erechtea
Forage Looper, Common Grass Moth
Caenurgina erechtea, commonly known as the Forage Looper or Common Grass Moth, is a widespread moth species in the family Erebidae. First described by Pieter Cramer in 1780, it occurs across the continental United States and adjacent Canadian provinces. Adults are active from March through November, with timing varying by location. The species is frequently encountered in lawns and grassy areas, where walking through vegetation readily flushes individuals during daylight hours.
grassland lawn agricultural-pest looper day-flying-moth
Caliothrips
bean thrips, banded thrips
Caliothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae, subfamily Panchaetothripinae, established by Daniel in 1904. Species in this genus are phytophagous, typically associated with plant leaves, and several are recognized as agricultural pests. The genus includes notable species such as C. phaseoli (bean thrips) and C. fasciatus (North American bean thrips), which feed on legumes and other crops. Adults are characterized by distinct wing banding patterns and small size (~1 mm). Some species have been intercepted in international trade, particularly in navel oranges, triggering quarantine concerns.
thrips Panchaetothripinae agricultural-pest soybean-pest bean-thrips quarantine-pest UV-B-vision invasive-potential
Caliothrips cinctipennis
bean thrips
Caliothrips cinctipennis is a minute phytophagous thrips in the family Thripidae, commonly known as bean thrips. Adults measure approximately 1 mm in length and are distinguished by black-and-white banded forewings. The species is a documented pest of soybean (Glycine max) and has been recorded in both North and South America. Populations can increase rapidly under dry conditions due to a short life cycle of approximately two weeks from egg to egg.
Thysanoptera Thripidae phytophagous soybean-pest agricultural-pest Neotropical Nearctic
Caloptilia undescribed-ribes
An undescribed species of leaf blotch miner moth in the genus Caloptilia, known to feed on currants and gooseberries (Ribes). This species belongs to a large genus of small moths whose larvae create distinctive blotch mines in leaves. The specific epithet 'undescribed-ribes' indicates its host plant association prior to formal scientific description.
Gracillariidae leaf-miner undescribed-species Ribes Caloptilia Lepidoptera agricultural-pest