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Diplolepis
gall wasps, rose gall wasps
Diplolepis is a genus of gall-inducing wasps in the family Diplolepididae, most commonly associated with roses (Rosa spp.). These small wasps are notable for inducing complex, often conspicuous galls on their host plants through chemical manipulation of plant tissues. The genus includes both sexual and parthenogenetic species, with some like D. rosae reproducing primarily by thelytokous parthenogenesis. Diplolepis species exhibit intricate life cycles involving alternation between sexual and agamic generations, and their galls support diverse communities of parasitoids and inquilines.
gall-wasps Cynipidae Diplolepididae Rosa parthenogenesis thelytoky bedeguar plant-galls parasitoids inquilines Holarctic rose-pests induced-plant-structures alternation-of-generations agamic-generation sexual-generation ovipositor chemical-ecology nutrient-regulation Wolbachia genomic-rearrangement model-organism
Diplolepis bicolor
spiny rose gall wasp, spiny bud gall wasp
Diplolepis bicolor is a cynipid gall wasp that induces bud galls on wild roses (Rosa spp.) across North America. The species produces distinctive spiny galls measuring 10–12 mm in diameter on rose buds. It exhibits the typical cynipid life cycle with alternating sexual and parthenogenetic generations. The galls superficially resemble those of Diplolepis polita but can be distinguished by their location on buds rather than leaves.
gall-wasp cynipid rose-gall parthenogenesis alternating-generations North-America
Diplolepis gracilis
Diplolepis gracilis is a species of gall wasp in the family Diplolepididae, first described by Ashmead in 1897. Like other members of its genus, it induces the formation of galls on host plants, likely within the rose family (Rosaceae) given the genus's strong association with this plant group. The species is recorded from multiple provinces across Canada including Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Ontario. As with most Diplolepis species, it exhibits a complex life cycle involving an alternation between sexual and parthenogenetic generations.
gall-wasp Cynipidae Diplolepididae Hymenoptera gall-former parthenogenesis alternation-of-generations
Diplolepis nervosa
Spiked Pea Gall Wasp
Diplolepis nervosa is a gall wasp in the family Diplolepididae that induces distinctive spiked pea galls on wild roses (Rosa species). Like other members of its genus, it exhibits an alternation of generations with both sexual and parthenogenetic phases. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America, where it has become established. The galls it produces are among the most recognizable of rose galls due to their characteristic spiny, pea-like appearance.
gall-wasp Cynipidae Diplolepididae Rosa rose-gall parthenogenesis heterogony introduced-species Europe North-America
Diplolepis rosae
Mossy Rose Gall Wasp, Rose Bedeguar Gall Wasp, Robin's Pincushion Gall Wasp
A gall-inducing wasp in the family Diplolepididae that forms distinctive mossy, pincushion-like galls on wild roses, primarily Rosa canina and Rosa arvensis. The species is notable for its predominantly parthenogenetic reproduction, with fewer than 5% males in most populations. Females lay up to 60 eggs in developing rose buds, inducing chemically-driven plant tissue distortion that creates the characteristic bedeguar gall. The wasp has been introduced to North America alongside cultivated roses.
gall-wasp parthenogenesis Rosa bedeguar cynipid plant-insect-interaction thelytoky Wolbachia inquiline parasitoid hyperparasitoid Europe introduced-species laboratory-model genomic-rearrangement seasonal-polyphenism
Diplolepis rosaefolii
Diplolepis rosaefolii is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive lenticular (lens-shaped) galls on the leaves of rose plants across Canada. The species exhibits an alternation of generations life cycle typical of cynipid wasps, with a bisexual spring generation producing the visible galls and an agamic (asexual) winter generation of wingless females. In Ontario and Quebec, it is primarily associated with native Rosa acicularis, though populations have been documented on the cultivated hybrid rugosa shrub rose 'Thérèse Bugnet'. The galls support a diverse component community including multiple parasitoid wasp species and inquilines.
gall-wasp cynipidae rose-galls parasitoid-community host-shift parthenogenesis alternation-of-generations lenticular-gall Rosa-acicularis Canada
Diplolepis spinosa
many-spined twig gall wasp
Diplolepis spinosa is a cynipid gall wasp native to North America that induces large, conspicuous, multichambered stem galls on wild and domestic roses. The species has been documented on Rosa blanda, Rosa acicularis, and Rosa rugosa, and has recently become established on domestic roses in central Canada. Its galls are among the most visible in grassland habitats across the continent. The wasp exhibits complex gall development involving eggs deposited in slits between leaf primordia near bud tips, with larvae inducing separate chambers within spherical stem galls.
gall-wasp cynipid rose-pest parthenogenesis multichambered-gall grassland-indicator
Diplostraca
water fleas, clam shrimps
Diplostraca is a superorder of small branchiopod crustaceans encompassing over 1,000 described species, commonly known as water fleas and clam shrimps. Members range from 0.2 to 6.0 mm in length (with Leptodora reaching 18 mm), and are characterized by a folded bivalved carapace covering an unsegmented-appearing body. The group exhibits cyclical parthenogenesis, alternating between asexual and sexual reproduction to produce dormant eggs. While predominantly freshwater, eight species have colonized marine environments—the only branchiopods to do so.
Branchiopoda freshwater zooplankton parthenogenesis invasive-species model-organism fossil Jurassic Carboniferous
Diprion similis
Introduced Pine Sawfly, Imported Pine Sawfly, White Pine Sawfly
Diprion similis is a conifer-feeding sawfly native to central and northern Europe and Asia that has become invasive in North America following its accidental introduction around 1914. The species is notable for its arrhenotokous reproduction, where unfertilized eggs develop into male offspring, facilitating rapid population establishment. Larvae are gregarious defoliators of pine needles, with a strong preference for white pine (Pinus strobus) in North America. The species exhibits two generations per year in many regions, with second-generation larvae overwintering as prepupae in cocoons. Its invasive success has been attributed to parthenogenetic capabilities, lack of natural enemies in introduced ranges, and specialized pheromone communication involving the (2S,3R,7R)-propionate isomer of 3,7-dimethylpentadecan-2-ol.
invasive-species forest-pest parthenogenesis pheromone defoliator white-pine Diprionidae Hymenoptera integrated-pest-management monitoring-lure arrhenotoky gregarious-larvae extended-diapause
Disholcaspis
Disholcaspis is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae containing more than 40 described species. Species in this genus induce characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), with gall morphology varying by species and generation. Some species produce galls that secrete honeydew, establishing facultative mutualisms with ants that defend the galls from parasitoids. The genus exhibits heterogony, with alternating sexual and parthenogenetic asexual generations that typically produce different gall forms.
gall-wasp oak-gall Cynipidae heterogony ant-mutualism honeydew-secretion venom-gland plant-manipulation parasitoid-defense Quercus parthenogenesis alternation-of-generations
Disholcaspis bassetti
Disholcaspis bassetti is a gall wasp species in the family Cynipidae, a group known for inducing distinctive plant growths. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, this species induces galls on oak species (Quercus). The genus is characterized by alternation of generations between sexual and asexual (agamic) forms, with the latter producing the more conspicuous galls. Specific details about D. bassetti's host associations and gall morphology are not well-documented in available sources.
gall-wasp Cynipidae Disholcaspis oak-gall parthenogenesis agamic-generation Hymenoptera
Disholcaspis canescens
Round Honeydew Gall Wasp
Disholcaspis canescens is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, known for inducing distinctive galls on oak trees. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, this species produces round, detachable galls on oak twigs. The genus is notable for having eliminated males from the life cycle in all known species, with females reproducing parthenogenetically and producing only female offspring. The specific epithet 'canescens' refers to a grayish or hoary appearance, though the precise application to this species' galls or wasps is not detailed in available sources.
gall-wasp Cynipidae oak-gall parthenogenesis thelytoky twig-gall hymenoptera Disholcaspis Round-Honeydew-Gall-Wasp
Disholcaspis cinerosa
Mealy oak gall wasp
Disholcaspis cinerosa, commonly known as the mealy oak gall wasp, is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. It induces distinctive galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), specifically known as "mealy oak galls." The species has been documented to possess exceptionally large venom glands relative to its body size—when unfolded, the venom gland is approximately 10 times longer than the abdomen—making it a notable subject in studies of gall induction mechanisms. Like other cynipid wasps, it exhibits an alternation of generations life cycle with both sexual and asexual (parthenogenetic) generations.
cynipidae gall-wasp oak-gall mealy-oak-gall parthenogenesis alternation-of-generations venom-gland plant-manipulation Quercus Hymenoptera
Disholcaspis globosa
Globular root gall
A cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive globular galls on oak roots. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, it exhibits parthenogenetic reproduction in at least one generation, with females capable of producing offspring without mating. The species is one of approximately twelve described in the genus, all of which appear to have eliminated males from their life cycles. Root galls differ from the more commonly observed twig and leaf galls of related species, occurring below ground where they are rarely encountered unless excavated.
Cynipidae gall-wasp oak-gall root-gall parthenogenesis Hymenoptera
Disholcaspis lacuna
Disholcaspis lacuna is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of its genus, it induces the formation of characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species exhibits the typical cynipid life cycle involving alternation of generations, with separate sexual and parthenogenetic (agamic) generations that produce distinct gall forms. Its biology and gall morphology are less documented than those of congeners such as D. quercusmamma and D. quercusglobulus.
gall-wasp oak-gall Cynipidae parthenogenesis alternation-of-generations Quercus oak-ecosystem inquiline-habitat parasitoid-host
Disholcaspis pedunculoides
Disholcaspis pedunculoides is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described by Weld in 1926. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, it induces gall formation on oak trees (Quercus spp.), though specific host associations and gall morphology for this species remain poorly documented in published literature. The species follows the typical cynipid life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual generations.
cynipidae gall-wasp oak-gall hymenoptera gall-induction parthenogenesis alternation-of-generations
Disholcaspis perniciosa
Disholcaspis perniciosa is a gall wasp species in the family Cynipidae, first described by Bassett in 1890. As a member of the genus Disholcaspis, it is part of a diverse group of oak-associated gall wasps found in North America. The genus is known for producing distinctive bullet-shaped or spherical galls on oak trees. Like other cynipids, this species likely exhibits an alternation of generations life cycle with both sexual and agamic (asexual) generations producing different gall types on their host plants.
gall-wasp cynipid oak-gall Hymenoptera Cynipidae Disholcaspis parthenogenesis alternation-of-generations
Disholcaspis prehensa
clasping twig gall wasp
Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.
gall-wasp cynipid heterogony parthenogenesis oak-gall California-endemic ant-mutualism Disholcaspis Cynipidae Hymenoptera Quercus induced-plant-structure phloem-sap-exudation biological-mutualism seasonal-dimorphism sexual-dimorphism gall-dimorphism agamic-generation sexual-generation clasping-twig-gall bud-gall twig-gall native-California-species scrub-oak leather-oak parasitoid-defense ant-plant-interaction insect-plant-interaction plant-manipulation evolution-of-asexuality Weld-1957 Zootaxa-4859 molecular-systematics host-plant-specificity Cynipini oak-woodland chaparral insect-gall gall-morphology gall-coloration sun-exposure-effects larval-chamber emergence-timing spring-emergence late-winter-emergence gall-development oviposition-behavior egg-laying-in-buds egg-laying-in-twigs female-only-generation wingless-female winged-sexual-generation gall-size-dimorphism gall-shape-dimorphism hidden-gall exposed-gall gall-wasp-life-cycle cynipid-biology gall-wasp-taxonomy gall-wasp-identification gall-wasp-ecology insect-plant-coevolution plant-growth-manipulation hormone-mediated-gall-induction venom-gland accessory-gland secretory-structures gall-induction-mechanism gall-chemistry phloem-sap honeydew ant-attraction ant-protection parasitoid-wasp natural-enemy-defense indirect-defense mutualistic-interaction trophic-cascade community-ecology species-interaction ecosystem-engineer habitat-modification food-web insect-diversity California-biodiversity endemic-insect regional-endemism oak-specialist plant-specialist monophagous oligophagous host-range host-plant-evolution gall-wasp-radiation adaptive-radiation evolutionary-innovation reproductive-strategy asexual-reproduction thelytoky arrhenotoky sex-determination developmental-biology insect-morphology insect-anatomy female-morphology ovipositor stinger egg-injection plant-tissue-manipulation cell-proliferation plant-hormone auxin cytokinin gene-expression transcriptomics proteomics venom-composition 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recovery-management-management-management rehabilitation-management-management-management reconstruction-management-management-management resilience-building-management-management-management adaptive-capacity-building-management-management-management transformative-capacity-building-management-management-management
Disholcaspis quercusglobulus
Round Bullet Gall Wasp
Disholcaspis quercusglobulus, commonly known as the round bullet gall wasp, is a species of cynipid gall wasp that forms distinctive round, detachable galls on oak twigs. Unlike many gall wasps that affect leaves, this species targets twigs of white oak and related species. The species exhibits an unusual reproductive strategy: all galls produce only female wasps, which emerge in fall and immediately lay eggs in twigs to produce the next generation without males. This parthenogenetic life cycle has been documented across multiple Disholcaspis species.
gall-wasp cynipid oak parthenogenesis twig-gall parasitoid forest-insect
Disholcaspis quercusmamma
oak rough bulletgall wasp
Disholcaspis quercusmamma, the oak rough bulletgall wasp, is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive bullet-shaped galls on twigs of white oaks. The species exhibits an alternation of generations with sexual and asexual phases, each producing morphologically different galls. The fall bullet galls are large, conspicuous structures with a velvety surface and pointed apex, while spring galls are small and inconspicuous on leaf buds. This wasp possesses notably enlarged venom glands, with the venom reservoir occupying approximately one-third of abdominal volume, implicating venom compounds in gall induction.
gall-wasp cynipid oak-gall alternation-of-generations parthenogenesis venom-gland plant-manipulation parasitoid-host honeydew-production sooty-mold-association
Disholcaspis quercusomnivora
Disholcaspis quercusomnivora is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described by Ashmead in 1885. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, this species induces distinctive galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), though specific gall morphology and host associations for this particular species are not well documented in available sources. The genus is known for producing hard, bullet-shaped or spherical galls on oak twigs and branches. As with many cynipid wasps, D. quercusomnivora likely exhibits an alternation of generations life cycle with both sexual and asexual phases.
gall-wasp Cynipidae oak-gall Disholcaspis Hymenoptera Quercus plant-manipulation parthenogenesis alternation-of-generations
Disholcaspis rubens
Disholcaspis rubens is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Gillette in 1893. Like other members of its genus, it induces distinctive galls on oak host plants. Species in Disholcaspis are known for producing twig galls rather than leaf galls, and many exhibit parthenogenetic reproduction with all-female generations. The genus is characterized by enlarged venom glands, which are implicated in the chemical induction of gall formation.
cynipidae gall-wasp oak-gall parthenogenesis Disholcaspis Hymenoptera twig-gall venom-gland induced-plant-growth
Disholcaspis simulata
Dried Peach Gall Wasp
Disholcaspis simulata is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Alfred C. Kinsey in 1922. Like other members of its genus, this species induces the formation of characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species exhibits the complex alternation of generations typical of many cynipid wasps, with both sexual and agamic (parthenogenetic) generations. The specific epithet 'simulata' and common name 'Dried Peach Gall Wasp' suggest the gall's resemblance to a dried peach in appearance.
gall-wasp Cynipidae oak-gall alternation-of-generations parthenogenesis Kinsey
Disholcaspis spissa
Disholcaspis spissa is a gall-inducing wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Weld in 1957. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, it induces galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), though specific host associations for this species are not well documented in the provided sources. The species is part of a diverse radiation of cynipid wasps that manipulate plant growth to create protective structures for their developing larvae. Research on related Disholcaspis species indicates these wasps possess enlarged venom glands, implicating venom compounds in the induction of gall formation.
gall-wasp cynipid oak-gall Hymenoptera Cynipidae plant-manipulation parthenogenesis
Ectobiinae
wood cockroaches
Ectobiinae is a subfamily of small to medium-sized cockroaches within the family Ectobiidae, characterized by morphological diversity and taxonomic complexity. The subfamily includes numerous genera distributed across Europe, North Africa, and the Mediterranean region, with several groups showing recent northward range expansion. Taxonomic revisions have revealed extensive cryptic diversity, with new genera such as Planuncus and multiple subgenera established based on detailed morphological analysis. Some species exhibit unusual reproductive strategies including geographic parthenogenesis.
cockroaches Blattodea Mediterranean-fauna taxonomic-revision parthenogenesis range-expansion morphological-phylogenetics DNA-barcoding invasive-potential European-insects
Ectobius
wood cockroaches, field cockroaches
Ectobius is a genus of small, cool-adapted cockroaches in the family Ectobiidae. Adults measure 6–12 mm in length with brown to yellowish coloration and pale margins. The genus has a complex biogeographic history: fossil evidence from the 49-million-year-old Green River Formation in Colorado indicates Ectobius originated in North America, despite its long absence from the continent until recent reintroductions. Species are primarily distributed across Europe, Africa, the eastern Palearctic, and the Near East. Several species have been introduced to northeastern North America within the last 65 years, where Ectobius lapponicus has become synanthropic.
cockroach Ectobiidae field-cockroach wood-cockroach palearctic invasive fossil Eocene Green-River-Formation parthenogenesis univoltine ootheca parental-care biogeography relict-distribution
Ectoedemia
Ectoedemia is a genus of minute moths in the family Nepticulidae, established by August Busck in 1907. The genus comprises four subgenera: Ectoedemia, Etainia, Fomoria, and Zimmermannia. Species are distributed across multiple continents including Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. The genus is notable for its leaf-mining larval ecology, with many species exhibiting narrow host plant specificity on trees and shrubs.
Nepticulidae microlepidoptera leaf-miner bark-miner host-specificity parthenogenesis E.-argyropeza Fagaceae Betulaceae Quercus speciation sympatric-speciation phylogenomics ddRAD clonal-diversity gall-induction cecidian-stage sedentary-dispersal Holarctic-distribution Gondwanan-distribution subgenera:-Ectoedemia,-Etainia,-Fomoria,-Zimmermannia
Ectoedemia argyropeza
Virgin Pigmy
A Holarctic microlepidopteran in the family Nepticulidae, characterized by parthenogenetic reproduction with extremely rare males. Adults are active in late spring. Larvae are leaf miners on aspen species, producing distinctive mines that persist on host leaves. The species exhibits clonal population structure with limited dispersal capacity.
parthenogenesis leaf-miner aspen Holarctic clonal-population microlepidoptera Nepticulidae sedentary Populus-tremula Populus-tremuloides
Eriocampa ovata
alder sawfly, woolly alder sawfly
Eriocampa ovata is a sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, native to Europe and introduced to North America. Females reproduce primarily by parthenogenesis; males are unknown in North America and rare in Europe. The species is notable for its distinctive woolly larvae that feed on alder leaves.
sawfly parthenogenesis introduced-species pest folivore alder woolly-larva urban-forestry Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae
Eriococcidae
Felt Scales, Eriococcids, Bark Scales
Eriococcidae is a family of scale insects in the order Hemiptera, commonly known as felt scales or eriococcids. As of 2023, the family comprises 109 genera and 681 species. Members are phloem-feeding herbivores typically associated with specific plant hosts. The family is not monophyletic; recent ribosomal DNA research indicates it represents an aggregation of several distinct evolutionary lineages, with morphologically similar species sometimes being distantly related. Many species produce distinctive waxy ovisacs or induce galls on host plants.
scale-insects felt-scales gall-inducers phloem-feeders plant-pests invasive-species wax-producing-insects parthenogenesis Myrtaceae-associates
Euceraphis punctipennis
downy birch aphid, European birch aphid
Euceraphis punctipennis is a small green aphid species that feeds exclusively on downy birch (Betula pubescens). Adults are pale green with bluish wax particles, membranous wings, and long legs. The species reproduces parthenogenetically during spring and summer, with all adults being female. Population dynamics correlate with seasonal changes in host tree sap nutritional quality.
aphid birch sap-feeder parthenogenesis introduced-species honeydew-producer
Euhadenoecus insolitus
McCluney Cave Cricket, Highland Rim Crevice Cricket
Euhadenoecus insolitus is a species of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae, described by Hubbell in 1978. Populations exhibit flexible reproductive strategies, with some reproducing sexually and others through parthenogenesis. The species regularly forages outside cave habitats during warmer months but remains cave-bound in winter.
cave-dwelling parthenogenesis seasonal-foraging
Eulachnus
Pine Needle Aphids
Eulachnus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, comprising approximately 24 species distributed across Eurasia and the Americas. All species are obligately associated with pine trees (Pinus spp.), feeding on phloem sap from needles. Several species, including E. agilis, E. brevipilosus, and E. rileyi, have been introduced beyond their native European ranges and have become significant pests of commercial pine forestry. The genus exhibits parthenogenetic reproduction with multiple overlapping generations annually, and population dynamics are strongly influenced by seasonal climate patterns.
aphid pine-pest forest-entomology invasive-species Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha parthenogenesis biological-control
Eulachnus rileyi
pine needle aphid
Eulachnus rileyi is a pine needle aphid native to North America that has become established in pine plantations across Africa, South America, and Europe. It feeds on phloem sap of pine needles, showing preference for 3-4 year old foliage. Populations exhibit bimodal peaks in spring and autumn, with crashes during heavy rainfall periods. The species reproduces parthenogenetically, producing both winged dispersal forms and wingless forms. It is considered a significant pest in commercial pine plantations, where dense infestations can cause needle yellowing, reduced growth, and tree stress.
pine-needle-aphid plantation-pest invasive-species parthenogenesis biological-control aphididae pinus-pest temperate-pest forestry-pest Hemiptera
Eumastacidae
Monkey Grasshoppers, Matchstick Grasshoppers
Eumastacidae is a family of grasshoppers commonly known as monkey grasshoppers or matchstick grasshoppers. They are considered primitive within the Orthoptera and are characterized by their distinctive body posture with thin legs held at right angles to the body, often near the horizontal plane. Many species are wingless. The family exhibits its greatest diversity in the Neotropics, with most species inhabiting tropical regions. They feed on algae, ferns, and gymnosperms—ancient plant groups that reflect their primitive evolutionary status.
Orthoptera grasshopper monkey-grasshopper matchstick-grasshopper primitive-grasshopper tropical Neotropical Australian wingless parthenogenesis
Eurycercus
Eurycercus is a genus of large-bodied cladoceran crustaceans (water fleas) and the sole genus of the monotypic family Eurycercidae. Species reach up to 6 mm in length, making them among the largest anomopods. The genus contains 16 described species distributed across four subgenera, with a primarily Holarctic distribution and some extensions into the Neotropics and Southern Hemisphere. Species occupy littoral zones of freshwater lakes and ponds, often associated with submerged vegetation.
cladocera water-flea freshwater littoral filter-feeder Holarctic parthenogenesis Eurycercidae large-bodied predation-vulnerable
Eutomostethus luteiventris
Yellow-bellied Rush-cutter
A small sawfly measuring 5–7 mm, characterized by a black head and thorax contrasting with an orange-yellow abdomen marked with black dorsal patterns. The species is notable for its parthenogenetic reproduction in Britain and Ireland, where only females have been recorded. It completes a single generation per year in the UK, with adult activity restricted to spring. The genome has been sequenced as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, revealing a haploid assembly of 272.06 Mb.
sawfly Tenthredinidae parthenogenesis rush-feeder Darwin-Tree-of-Life genome-sequenced
Euwallacea similis
ambrosia beetle
Euwallacea similis is a small ambrosia beetle (2.2–2.7 mm) native to South and Southeast Asia and Australia, now globally distributed through human trade in timber and wood commodities. It colonizes stressed, cut, or recently dead host trees rather than healthy living trees, distinguishing it from related invasive species like E. fornicatus. The species exhibits haplodiploid sex determination and inbreeding polygyny, with females farming symbiotic Fusarium fungi in wood galleries. First recorded in the Iberian Peninsula in 2025, it is considered a high-risk quarantine pest due to its polyphagous habits and potential to vector pathogenic fungi.
ambrosia-beetle invasive-species haplodiploid fungal-symbiosis forest-pest xyleborini quarantine-pest wood-boring-beetle global-trade-vector cryptic-species-complex secondary-borer crepuscular light-attracted fusarium-symbiont parthenogenesis inbreeding-polygyny genome-sequenced chromosome-fission iberian-peninsula-introduction 2025-range-expansion
Feron crystallinum
Crystalline Gall Wasp
Feron crystallinum is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinct galls on oak species in California. The species exhibits complex alternation of generations, producing different gall morphologies and wasp forms across seasonal cycles. The parthenogenic generation forms large, pink, hairy galls on leaf undersides, while the bisexual generation produces smaller, less hairy galls. Formerly classified as Andricus crystallinus, this species has been reclassified to the genus Feron based on phylogenetic relationships.
gall-wasp oak-gall heterogony parthenogenesis California-endemic Cynipidae Feron alternation-of-generations
Feron kingi
Red Cone Gall Wasp
Feron kingi is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive red, cone-shaped galls on white oak species (Quercus sect. Quercus). The detachable galls, approximately 5 mm tall, house parthenogenetic females and typically form in clusters on both leaf surfaces. Adults emerge from the tip of the cone in winter, an unusual seasonal pattern among cynipid wasps. The species was originally described as Andricus kingi by Bassett in 1900 before transfer to Feron.
cynipid gall-wasp oak-gall parthenogenesis winter-emergence
Frankliniella occidentalis
Western Flower Thrips, alfalfa thrips, California thrips
Frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips, is a minute insect native to the southwestern United States that has become a globally significant agricultural pest. Adults measure approximately 1.5 mm in length. The species feeds on plant fluids by piercing and sucking, causing direct damage to hundreds of host species including tomatoes, grapes, strawberries, soybeans, and ornamentals. Its economic impact is compounded by its role as the principal vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus and other tospoviruses, which cause billions of dollars in annual crop losses worldwide. The species exhibits arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, where unfertilized females produce haploid males. It has demonstrated high resistance to pesticides and has spread to Europe, Australia, South America, Asia, and Africa through transport of infested plant material.
agricultural-pest virus-vector tospovirus invasive-species pesticide-resistance parthenogenesis greenhouse-pest integrated-pest-management
Franklinothrips vespiformis
Vespiform Thrips, Vespiform Thrip
Franklinothrips vespiformis is a predatory thrips species in the family Aeolothripidae, notable for its ant-mimicking adult morphology and distinctive red, humped-back larvae. It is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide and has been extensively studied as a biological control agent for various agricultural and greenhouse pests. The species exhibits myrmecomorphy—mimicking ants in appearance and fast, erratic movement behavior—which likely serves as a defense against predation. It is primarily parthenogenetic, with males being rare.
predatory-thrips ant-mimicry myrmecomorphy biological-control parthenogenesis greenhouse-biocontrol pantropical silk-cocoon generalist-predator Thysanoptera Aeolothripidae
Grylloprociphilus imbricator
Beech Blight Aphid, Woolly Beech Aphid, Boogie-Woogie Aphid
Grylloprociphilus imbricator, commonly known as the beech blight aphid or boogie-woogie aphid, is a small sap-feeding insect in the family Aphididae. It forms dense colonies on American beech trees (Fagus grandifolia), covering branches with thick blankets of fluffy white wax produced from specialized abdominal glands. The species exhibits a complex life cycle involving both beech and cypress hosts, with parthenogenetic reproduction on beech and root-feeding stages on cypress. When disturbed, colonies perform a distinctive synchronized swaying behavior that gives rise to their common name.
aphid woolly-aphid beech-pest parthenogenesis host-alternation defensive-behavior sooty-mold forest-insect
Gynaephora rossii
Ross' tussock moth
Gynaephora rossii is a cold-adapted tussock moth distributed across the Holarctic tundra and alpine regions. The species is notable for its extended larval development period of 7–11 years and its ability to survive freezing temperatures. Adults are active during daylight hours in summer, with males actively searching for females while females are largely sedentary. The caterpillars feed primarily on Saxifraga species and certain willows.
Arctic alpine tundra cold-adapted extended-development parthenogenesis diurnal thermoregulation
Haemaphysalis
Haemaphysalis is the second largest genus of hard ticks (family Ixodidae), comprising approximately 170 species distributed across all continents except Antarctica. The genus is distinguished by morphological features including lateral salience on palpal article II and eyeless adults with short mouthparts. Most species parasitize birds and mammals, with highest diversity concentrated in the Oriental and Afrotropical regions. The Asian longhorned tick (H. longicornis) has emerged as a significant invasive species in North America since 2017.
hard-tick ectoparasite vector invasive-species parthenogenesis
Haemaphysalis longicornis
Asian longhorned tick, longhorned tick, bush tick, cattle tick, Asian tick
Haemaphysalis longicornis is an invasive three-host tick native to temperate East Asia that has established populations in Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, and the United States. First detected in New Jersey in 2017, it has since spread to at least 19 U.S. states. The species exhibits facultative parthenogenesis, with all-female populations documented in northern Japan, Russia, and the U.S. It is a significant veterinary pest of livestock, particularly cattle, and has been shown to transmit multiple pathogens to animals. While associated with various human tick-borne diseases in its native range, human pathogen transmission has not been confirmed in North America.
invasive-species livestock-pest vector parthenogenesis three-host-tick theileriosis veterinary-entomology medical-entomology
Haploembia
webspinners
Haploembia is a genus of webspinners (order Embioptera) in the family Oligotomidae, containing at least three described species. Native to the Mediterranean region, members of this genus have been introduced and naturalized in California and other areas. These insects are notable for producing silk from specialized glands on their forelegs, which they use to construct protective tunnel systems. Species within this genus exhibit distinct reproductive strategies: Haploembia tarsalis is parthenogenetic, while H. solieri reproduces sexually.
webspinner silk-production parthenogenesis introduced-species Mediterranean-fauna California-fauna nano-scale-silk water-repellent-silk
Henicopidae
Henicopidae is a family of stone centipedes comprising approximately 19 genera and at least 120 described species. Members of this family belong to the order Lithobiomorpha, a group characterized by elongated bodies with 15 pairs of legs in adults. The family exhibits broad geographic distribution, with records from Europe, North America, and Asia. Some species, such as Lamyctes coeculus, have achieved cosmopolitan distribution through anthropochorous dispersal facilitated by parthenogenetic reproduction.
centipedes myriapods stone-centipedes Lithobiomorpha parthenogenesis cosmopolitan-distribution
Heteroecus pacificus
beaked spindle gall wasp
Heteroecus pacificus, commonly known as the beaked spindle gall wasp, is a species of cynipid gall wasp native to western North America. It induces distinctive galls on canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) and huckleberry oak (Quercus vaccinifolia). The species exhibits a complex life cycle with two annual generations: one sexual generation producing males and females, and one parthenogenetic generation consisting solely of females.
gall-wasp cynipidae oak-gall heteroecious parthenogenesis western-north-america quercus induced-galls
Heteropeza
Heteropeza is a genus of gall midges and wood midges (family Cecidomyiidae) comprising approximately six described species. The genus is notable for its unusual paedogenetic life cycle, in which immature larvae reproduce parthenogenetically without metamorphosis to the adult stage. Heteropeza pygmaea, the best-studied species, has been observed in association with shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) and exhibits unique chromosomal biology including chromosome elimination during early embryonic development.
paedogenesis parthenogenesis chromosome-elimination fungal-associates pest developmental-model