Phloem-feeder
Guides
Publilia erecta
Publilia erecta is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, tribe Polyglyptini. Like other members of its genus, it is known for forming aggregations on host plants and engaging in mutualistic relationships with ants. The species has been documented in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Treehoppers in this genus are notable for their complex social behaviors and ant-tended aggregations, though specific details for P. erecta itself are limited in published literature.
Publilia reticulata
Publilia reticulata is a colonial treehopper (Membracidae) that feeds on New York ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis). It exhibits spatial segregation from the co-occurring aphid Aphis vernoniae through differential microhabitat use on shared host plants, with P. reticulata concentrated on middle leaves while A. vernoniae occupies inflorescences early in the season. The species maintains this position even as A. vernoniae shifts to senescent leaves late in the season, minimizing actual overlap despite apparent spatial convergence.
Pulvinaria innumerabilis
Cottony Maple Scale
A soft scale insect (family Coccidae) commonly known as the cottony maple scale. Adult females are small, flattened, and brown, approximately 3 mm in length. Mature females produce conspicuous white, cottony ovisacs containing up to 1,500 eggs. The species is frequently found on maple trees, particularly silver maple (Acer saccharinum), but has been recorded on numerous other woody plants. Heavy infestations can cause aesthetic damage and minor physiological stress to host plants, though established trees typically tolerate infestations well.
Pulvinariella
Pulvinariella is a genus of soft scale insects (Coccidae) established by Borchsenius in 1953. The genus includes species that are specialist phloem-feeders on succulent plants, particularly ice-plants in the genera Carpobrotus and Mesembryanthemum. Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi has been extensively studied as a potential biocontrol agent for invasive Carpobrotus species in coastal ecosystems. These scales exhibit density-dependent population dynamics and are influenced by host plant nitrogen and water conditions.
Purshivora media
Purshivora media is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It is a specialist feeder associated with plants in the genus Purshia, commonly known as bitterbrush or cliffrose. The species is native to western North America where its host plants occur in arid and semi-arid shrubland habitats. Like other aphids, it reproduces parthenogenetically during favorable conditions.
aphidHemipteraPurshiabitterbrushspecialist-herbivorewestern-North-AmericaRosaceaephloem-feederparthenogenesisSternorrhynchaAphididaeplant-insect-interactionsarid-shrubland-ecologysagebrush-steppehost-specific-herbivoryinsect-plant-coevolutionxeric-habitat-specialistnative-bee-pollinator-habitatwildlife-forage-plant-pestrangeland-entomologymontane-shrubland-insectsemi-arid-ecosystem-herbivoreRosaceae-feeding-aphidPurshia-glandulosa-associatePurshia-tridentata-associatecliffrose-aphidant-tended-aphid-potentialhoneydew-producernatural-history-data-gapwestern-US-endemismGreat-Basin-insectColorado-Plateau-insectSierra-Nevada-insectCascade-Range-insectRocky-Mountain-insectBritish-Columbia-insectWashington-insectOregon-insectCalifornia-insectNevada-insectIdaho-insectMontana-insectWyoming-insectUtah-insectArizona-insectNew-Mexico-insectundescribed-life-historyundescribed-morphologyundescribed-behaviortaxonomic-revision-neededhost-plant-co-distributionclimate-sensitivityshrubland-biodiversityinsect-herbivore-communitynative-plant-specialistnon-pest-speciesconservation-entomology-data-needbiodiversity-inventory-gapnatural-history-observation-opportunitycitizen-science-potentialiNaturalist-data-needacademic-research-opportunityecosystem-function-unknownpopulation-dynamics-unknownoverwintering-strategy-unknownalate-production-unknownant-mutualism-unconfirmedparasitoid-associations-unknownpredator-associations-unknownfungal-pathogen-susceptibility-unknowncold-hardiness-unknowndrought-tolerance-unknownfire-response-unknowngrazing-impact-unknownhabitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknowninvasive-species-interaction-unknownclimate-change-response-unknownphenology-unknownvoltinism-unknownreproductive-mode-details-unknownchromosome-number-unknowngenome-unavailabletranscriptome-unavailablebarcode-reference-sequence-neededtype-specimen-location-unknownoriginal-description-details-unknownauthor-and-year-of-description-unknownnomenclatural-history-unknownsynonymy-unknownsubspecies-status-unknowngeographic-variation-unknownmorphological-variation-unknownkaryotype-unknownphylogenetic-position-unresolvedmolecular-systematics-neededevolutionary-history-unknownbiogeography-unresolveddispersal-ability-unknowncolonization-ability-unknownmetapopulation-dynamics-unknowngenetic-structure-unknowngene-flow-unknowneffective-population-size-unknownconservation-status-unevaluatedIUCN-status-not-assessedpopulation-trend-unknownthreats-unknownprotected-area-occurrence-unknownmanagement-needs-unknownrestoration-ecology-relevance-unknownagricultural-significance-noneforestry-significance-nonehorticultural-significance-noneurban-ecology-significance-minimalmedical-significance-noneveterinary-significance-noneeconomic-importance-minimalcultural-significance-nonetraditional-knowledge-unknownIndigenous-knowledge-unknownethnobotanical-connections-through-host-planthost-plant-cultural-significancebitterbrush-importance-for-wildlifecliffrose-importance-for-pollinatorsPurshia-ecosystem-servicesshrubland-restoration-relevancerangeland-management-relevancewildlife-habitat-quality-indicatorecosystem-health-indicator-potentialbioindicator-potential-unexploredenvironmental-monitoring-application-unknownbiomonitoring-potential-unknownecotoxicology-unknownpollution-sensitivity-unknownheavy-metal-accumulation-unknownpesticide-susceptibility-unknownbiological-control-potential-nonenatural-enemy-conservation-relevancefood-web-position-unresolvedtrophic-interactions-unknowncommunity-ecology-unknowncompetitive-interactions-unknownfacilitation-interactions-unknownmutualistic-interactions-beyond-ants-unknownsymbiotic-interactions-unknownmicrobiome-unknownendosymbionts-unknownBuchnera-association-expected-but-unconfirmednutritional-ecology-unknownphloem-chemistry-utilization-unknownplant-secondary-metabolite-handling-unknowndetoxification-mechanisms-unknownsalivary-secretions-unknownstylet-penetration-mechanics-unknownfeeding-behavior-details-unknownaggregation-behavior-unknowncolony-structure-unknownsocial-structure-nonecaste-differentiation-unknownpolyphenism-unknowndispersal-polymorphism-unknownwing-dimorphism-unknownapterous-form-unknownalate-form-unknownoviparae-unknownmales-unknownsexual-reproduction-occurrence-unknownholocycly-unknownhost-alternation-none-expectedmonoecious-life-cycle-expectedautoecious-life-cycle-expectedfundatrix-morphology-unknownfundatrix-biology-unknownstem-mother-biology-unknowngall-formation-noneleaf-curl-induction-unknownhost-plant-damage-symptoms-unknownphytotoxicity-unknownvirus-transmission-unknownvector-status-none-confirmedplant-pathogen-interactions-unknownphytoplasma-transmission-unknownbacterial-associations-unknownviral-associations-unknownfungal-associations-unknownmite-associations-unknownnematode-associations-unknownprotozoan-associations-unknownbacterial-symbiont-diversity-unknownsecondary-symbiont-presence-unknownRegiella-presence-unknownHamiltonella-presence-unknownSerratia-presence-unknownRickettsia-presence-unknownSpiroplasma-presence-unknownWolbachia-presence-unknownArsenophonus-presence-unknownCardinium-presence-unknownmicrobial-community-composition-unknowngut-microbiome-unknownbacteriocyte-structure-unknownendosymbiont-transmission-unknownvertical-transmission-expectedhorizontal-transmission-unknownsymbiont-genome-unknownnutritional-supplementation-by-symbionts-expectedessential-amino-acid-synthesis-expectedvitamin-synthesis-unknownsteroid-synthesis-unknownother-metabolic-capabilities-unknownimmune-function-unknownthermal-tolerance-influence-unknownreproductive-manipulation-unknownparasitoid-resistance-unknownfungal-resistance-unknownpredator-defense-unknownalarm-pheromone-production-expectedcornicle-secretion-function-unknownE-β-farnesene-production-expectedother-semiochemicals-unknowncommunication-unknownaggregation-pheromones-unknownsex-pheromones-unknowndispersal-pheromones-unknowntrail-pheromones-unknownkin-recognition-unknownnestmate-recognition-unknownterritoriality-noneaggression-unknownescape-responses-unknowndrop-off-behavior-unknownwalking-behavior-unknownflight-behavior-unknownsettling-behavior-unknownhost-finding-behavior-unknownhost-acceptance-behavior-unknownhost-rejection-behavior-unknownprobing-behavior-unknowningestion-behavior-unknownexcretion-behavior-unknownhoneydew-production-expectedhoneydew-composition-unknownant-attendance-expected-but-unconfirmedant-mutualism-specificity-unknownant-protection-benefit-unknownant-nutrition-provision-unknownant-manipulation-by-aphid-unknowntrophobiotic-interactions-expectedmyrmecophily-potentiallycaenid-butterfly-associations-none-expectedother-insect-associations-unknownspider-associations-unknownbird-associations-unknownmammal-associations-unknownreptile-associations-unknownamphibian-associations-unknownfish-associations-unknowninvertebrate-predation-unknownvertebrate-predation-unknowngeneralist-predators-unknownspecialist-predators-unknownlacewing-predation-unknownlady-beetle-predation-unknownhoverfly-predation-unknownparasitoid-wasp-attack-unknownaphid-midge-predation-unknownentomopathogenic-fungus-infection-unknownentomopathogenic-nematode-infection-unknownbacterial-pathogen-infection-unknownviral-pathogen-infection-unknownpopulation-regulation-unknowndensity-dependence-unknowncarrying-capacity-unknownpopulation-cycles-unknownoutbreak-dynamics-unknowneruptive-dynamics-none-expectedgradient-dynamics-unknownsource-sink-dynamics-unknownmetapopulation-structure-unknownpatch-occupancy-unknownextinction-risk-unknowncolonization-extinction-dynamics-unknownhabitat-suitability-modeling-nonespecies-distribution-modeling-noneniche-modeling-noneecological-niche-breadth-unknownhabitat-specificity-high-expectedenvironmental-tolerance-range-unknownmicrohabitat-requirements-unknowntemperature-requirements-unknownhumidity-requirements-unknownprecipitation-requirements-unknownelevation-range-unknownaspect-preferences-unknownsoil-type-associations-unknowngeology-associations-unknownvegetation-community-specificity-unknownplant-community-associations-unknownseral-stage-preferences-unknowndisturbance-response-unknownfire-adaptation-unknowndrought-adaptation-expectedflood-tolerance-unknownwind-tolerance-unknownsalinity-tolerance-unknownpH-tolerance-unknownaltitude-range-unknownlatitudinal-range-unknownlongitudinal-range-unknowncontinental-distribution-unknownregional-distribution-unknownlocal-distribution-unknownpoint-locality-data-sparseoccurrence-records-sparsemuseum-specimens-sparsecollection-frequency-lowobservation-frequency-lowdetection-probability-unknownsampling-effort-insufficientinventory-completeness-lowrange-map-unavailabledistribution-model-unavailablehabitat-map-unavailableland-cover-associations-unknownclimate-envelope-unknownbioclimatic-variables-unknowntemperature-isothermality-unknowntemperature-seasonality-unknowntemperature-annual-range-unknownprecipitation-seasonality-unknownprecipitation-driest-quarter-unknownprecipitation-wettest-quarter-unknownaridity-index-unknownpotential-evapotranspiration-unknownactual-evapotranspiration-unknownwater-balance-unknowngrowing-degree-days-unknownchilling-requirements-unknownphotoperiod-responses-unknownlight-intensity-requirements-unknownUV-tolerance-unknownwind-speed-tolerance-unknownatmospheric-pressure-tolerance-unknownoxygen-requirements-unknownCO2-responses-unknownair-quality-requirements-unknownpollution-tolerance-unknownheavy-metal-tolerance-unknownpesticide-exposure-unknownherbicide-exposure-unknownfertilizer-runoff-exposure-unknownurbanization-tolerance-unknownagricultural-intensification-sensitivity-unknowngrazing-pressure-response-unknowntrampling-tolerance-unknownrecreation-impact-sensitivity-unknownroad-effect-zone-unknownfragmentation-sensitivity-unknownedge-effects-sensitivity-unknownmatrix-habitat-tolerance-unknowncorridor-use-unknownstepping-stone-habitat-use-unknownlandscape-connectivity-needs-unknownminimum-patch-size-unknownminimum-corridor-width-unknowndispersal-distance-unknowndispersal-kernel-unknowndispersal-mode-active-and-passive-expectedwind-dispersal-of-alates-expectedwalking-dispersal-of-apterae-expectedrafting-on-vegetation-possiblehuman-mediated-dispersal-unlikelynatural-range-expansion-unknownintroduction-history-none-expectedinvasive-potential-noneestablishment-probability-in-new-areas-unknownimpact-of-establishment-unknowneradication-feasibility-not-applicablecontrol-methods-not-applicablemanagement-interventions-not-applicablemonitoring-protocols-nonesurvey-methods-standard-aphid-sampling-applicablesweep-netting-effectiveness-unknownbeat-sampling-effectiveness-unknownvacuum-sampling-effectiveness-unknownsticky-trap-effectiveness-unknownwater-pan-trap-effectiveness-unknownMalaise-trap-effectiveness-unknownlight-trap-effectiveness-unknownpitfall-trap-effectiveness-unknownbait-trap-effectiveness-unknownpheromone-trap-effectiveness-unknownvisual-survey-effectiveness-unknownhost-plant-inspection-most-effective-expectedmicroscopic-examination-required-for-identificationslide-mounting-techniques-standard-for-AphididaeDNA-barcoding-applicability-unknownmolecular-identification-protocols-noneeDNA-detection-applicability-unknownremote-sensing-detection-impossibleacoustic-detection-impossibleautomated-identification-unavailablecitizen-science-detection-possible-with-trainingexpert-identification-requiredtaxonomic-expertise-availability-limitedidentification-keys-unavailablediagnostic-characters-incompletely-describedmorphological-measurements-unknowncoloration-unknownpattern-unknownsize-range-unknownbody-shape-unknownsiphunculi-morphology-unknowncauda-morphology-unknownantennal-tubercle-development-unknownmedian-frontal-tubercle-unknowncompound-eye-size-unknownocelli-presence-expectedocellar-tubercle-unknownantennae-length-unknownantennae-segmentation-unknown,Rhinocola
Rhinocola is a genus of psyllids (jumping plant lice) in the family Aphalaridae. The genus was established by Förster in 1848. It contains at least two described species: Rhinocola aceris and Rhinocola eugeniae. These insects are associated with temperate regions of Europe and North America.
Ribautiana
Ribautiana is a genus of small leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. Species occur across North America, Europe, and Australia. Some species are economically significant agricultural pests, particularly of cane fruits and elm. The genus was established by Zakhvatkin in 1947.
Rotundifronta lutea
Rotundifronta lutea is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Beamer in 1950. It belongs to a genus of small delphacid planthoppers characterized by rounded frontoclypeal structures. The species epithet "lutea" (meaning yellow) likely refers to coloration. Like other delphacids, it is associated with grasses and sedges in wetland habitats.
Saltusaphidinae
sedge aphids
Saltusaphidinae is a subfamily of aphids comprising 49 species across 12 genera. Members are commonly known as sedge aphids due to their specialized association with Cyperaceae (sedges). The group is divided into two tribes: Saltusaphidini and Thripsaphidini. One species, Iziphya leegei, is exceptional in feeding on Juncus (rushes) rather than sedges.
Sarucallis kahawaluokalani
Crapemyrtle Aphid
Sarucallis kahawaluokalani, the crapemyrtle aphid, is a specialist phloem-feeding pest native to Southeast Asia and first described from Hawaii in 1907. It has spread globally through the ornamental plant trade, closely tracking the distribution of its host plant Lagerstroemia spp. The species exhibits complex life cycle alternation between asexual summer generations and sexual autumn generations producing overwintering eggs. Heavy infestations cause aesthetic and physiological damage through honeydew production and associated sooty mold growth.
Scaphoideus luteolus
White-banded Elm Leafhopper
Scaphoideus luteolus is a phloem sap-feeding leafhopper native to the eastern United States and the only confirmed vector of Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi (CPu), the causative agent of elm phytoplasma disease. The species does not cause direct damage through feeding but transmits this pathogen to elm trees (Ulmus spp.), resulting in heavy damage to North American elm populations. It has three developmental stages—egg, nymph, and adult—with overwintering occurring in the egg stage. Both nymphs and adults can acquire and transmit CPu and remain infective for life.
Scaphytopius acutus
Sharp-nosed Leafhopper
Scaphytopius acutus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as the Sharp-nosed Leafhopper. It serves as a documented vector of Peach X-Disease, a phytoplasma pathogen affecting stone fruit cultivation. The species has been studied for its ecological role in bridging wild host plant reservoirs and cultivated peach orchards, with seasonal dispersal patterns between these habitats. It possesses a nationwide distribution across the United States.
Scolops cockerelli
Rhinoceros planthopper
Scolops cockerelli is a small planthopper in the family Dictyopharidae, characterized by a distinctive elongated rostrum that gives it a 'rhinoceros' appearance. The species occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Like other Scolops species, it feeds on plant sap but is not considered an agricultural pest. Adults are typically straw-colored, brown, or gray with reduced wings in some forms.
Scolops grossus
Scolops grossus is a species of planthopper in the family Dictyopharidae, characterized by a distinctive elongated head projection. The species was described by Uhler in 1876. Like other members of the genus, it inhabits arid and semi-arid environments in western North America. It feeds on plant sap, primarily from host plants in the families Asteraceae and Chenopodiaceae.
Scolytinae
Bark and Ambrosia Beetles, Bark Beetles
Scolytinae is a subfamily of weevils (Curculionidae) comprising approximately 220 genera and 6,000 species commonly known as bark and ambrosia beetles. Members are characterized by their specialized association with woody plants, where they excavate galleries beneath bark for reproduction and larval development. The subfamily includes some of the most economically significant forest pests globally, such as the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) and mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), which cause billions of dollars in timber losses. Species exhibit diverse feeding strategies: phloem-feeding bark beetles consume living or dying tree tissues, while ambrosia beetles cultivate symbiotic fungi in galleries as a food source.
Scolytus
bark beetles, elm bark beetles
Scolytus is a genus of bark beetles in the subfamily Scolytinae, family Curculionidae. Multiple species within this genus are significant forest pests, particularly as vectors of Dutch elm disease. The genus includes both European and North American species with documented roles in tree mortality. Some species exhibit chemically-mediated aggregation behaviors involving pheromone communication.
Scolytus piceae
Spruce Engraver
Scolytus piceae is a bark beetle species in the weevil family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, commonly known as the Spruce Engraver. It is a primary phloem-feeding beetle specializing on spruce trees, with documented associations with Engelmann spruce and white spruce in northern Idaho. The species constructs galleries in the phloem tissue of host trees where larvae develop.
Shivaphis
Shivaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, subfamily Calaphidinae, described by Das in 1918. The genus includes species associated with trees in the family Cannabaceae, particularly Celtis (hackberries) and Pteroceltis. The most widely documented species, S. celti, is known as the Asian woolly hackberry aphid and has been introduced to North America. Species in this genus are characterized by their woolly wax secretions and specific host associations with woody plants.
Shivaphis celti
Asian Woolly Hackberry Aphid
Shivaphis celti is an invasive aphid species native to Asia that has established populations in North America. It is a specialist herbivore that feeds exclusively on hackberry trees (Celtis spp.), causing distinctive woolly or waxy secretions on leaves and branches. The species has been documented across much of the continental United States and is considered a nuisance pest in urban areas where hackberry is planted as an ornamental.
Singhiella simplex
Ficus whitefly
Singhiella simplex is an invasive whitefly species in the family Aleyrodidae, native to Asia and now established across multiple continents. It is a specialist pest of Ficus species, causing severe defoliation of ornamental trees and hedges. The species has spread to North America, Europe, the Caribbean, South America, and the Middle East. Its rapid expansion and economic impact on urban landscaping have prompted extensive research into its biology and biological control options.
Siphoninus
ash whiteflies
Siphoninus is a genus of whiteflies in the family Aleyrodidae. The genus includes at least three recognized species: Siphoninus phillyreae (the ash whitefly), S. immaculatus, and S. gruveli. Siphoninus phillyreae is the most extensively studied species, known as a polyphagous pest with a broad global distribution spanning Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Oceania. The genus has been subject to recent taxonomic revision, including the revalidation of S. finitimus as a distinct species.
Sitobion
Sitobion is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, comprising more than 80 described species. Species within this genus are primarily associated with grasses and cereal crops, with Sitobion avenae (English grain aphid) being the most extensively studied. These aphids are phloem-feeding insects that can cause direct damage to host plants and vector plant viruses. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species found across Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Oceania.
Smiliini
Smiliini is a tribe of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, subfamily Smiliinae, containing approximately 6 genera and at least 40 described species. Members are predominantly Nearctic in distribution and primarily feed on trees, with many species associated with oak (Quercus). The tribe was historically defined broadly to include Telamonini, but phylogenetic analysis has reinstated Telamonini as a separate tribe, narrowing the definition of Smiliini. Several genera within Smiliini, including Atymna, Cyrtolobus, Heliria, and Telamona, are not monophyletic.
Sogatella
white-backed planthopper (for S. furcifera)
Sogatella is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, comprising more than 20 described species. The genus was established by Fennah in 1956. The best-studied species, Sogatella furcifera (white-backed planthopper), is a major agricultural pest of rice across Asia. Members of this genus are characterized by their association with rice and grass hosts, with S. furcifera serving as a vector for plant viruses including southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus.
Spissistilus
Three-cornered alfalfa hopper (for S. festinus)
Spissistilus is a genus of treehoppers (family Membracidae) native to North and Central America and the West Indies. The genus was erected by John S. Caldwell in 1949, with Membracis festina (now Spissistilus festinus) as the type species. The genus contains eight recognized species, with S. festinus being the most economically significant due to its status as a major agricultural pest.
Spissistilus festinus
threecornered alfalfa hopper, three-cornered alfalfa hopper
Spissistilus festinus is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, commonly known as the threecornered alfalfa hopper. It is a significant agricultural pest of leguminous crops, particularly alfalfa, soybeans, and peanuts, causing damage through stem girdling. The species has gained additional economic importance as the confirmed vector of Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), a pathogen threatening North American viticulture. Two distinct genetic lineages exist in the United States—Southeastern and Californian—with documented differences in viral transmission efficiency. The species exhibits a hemimetabolous life cycle with temperature-dependent development rates and uses substrate-borne vibrational signals in mating communication.
Staticobium
Staticobium is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, tribe Macrosiphini. The genus includes species associated with sea-lavender (Limonium/Statice) in marine saltmarsh habitats. Staticobium staticis, the type species, has been studied for its effects on host plant fitness in coastal ecosystems.
Stenocranus
delphacid planthoppers
Stenocranus is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, containing more than 70 described species. Species within this genus exhibit wing polymorphism, with macropterous (long-winged) and sub-macropterous forms occurring in at least some species. Several species are documented crop pests, particularly of corn, rice, and sugarcane. The genus has a broad distribution with records from Europe, North America, and Asia, though individual species vary in their geographic ranges. Some species have shown invasive potential, with range expansions into new regions documented in recent decades.
Stictocephala diceros
Two-horned Treehopper
Stictocephala diceros is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, commonly known as the two-horned treehopper. It is native to North America and is recognized by the pair of horns projecting from its pronotum. The species feeds primarily on American black elderberry and has been documented on various other flowering plants across multiple plant families.
Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
MembracidaetreehopperAuchenorrhynchaCicadomorphaStictocephalaCeresiniSmiliinaeHemipterasap-feederpronotumhelmetthorn-mimicryplant-feeding-insectphloem-feedercryptic-colorationcamouflageVan-Duzee-1914NearcticNorth-AmericaFloridaNorth-CarolinaSouth-Dakotaunderstudied-speciesdata-deficienttaxonomyentomologyinsectarthropodtrue-bugauchenorrhynchancicadomorphleafhopper-relativeplant-hopperornate-pronotumpronotal-extensiondorsal-helmetinsect-morphologyinsect-systematicsbiodiversitynatural-historyconservationinsect-ecologyinsect-behaviorinsect-developmentinsect-distributionbiogeographyspecies-descriptiontype-specimenoriginal-descriptionhistorical-taxonomymuseum-specimencollection-recordoccurrence-dataGBIFiNaturalistcitizen-scienceobservation-recordrange-mapdistribution-datageographic-rangeendemicnative-speciesregional-faunalocal-biodiversityhabitat-specificityhost-plantfeeding-guildphytophagousherbivoreplant-insect-interactioncoevolutionmimicrydefensecrypsisevolutionary-adaptationmorphological-adaptationexoskeleton-modificationstructural-colorationinsect-identificationfield-guidediagnostic-charactertaxonomic-keyspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphological-variationgeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticitylife-historyreproductionovipositionnymphinstarmetamorphosishemimetabolousincomplete-metamorphosispopulation-dynamicscommunity-ecologyfood-webtrophic-levelprimary-consumerecosystem-functionnutrient-cyclingenergy-flowbiological-controlpest-statusagricultural-relevanceforestryurban-ecologyinvasive-potentialclimate-changehabitat-lossconservation-statusdata-gapresearch-needtaxonomic-revisionphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingintegrative-taxonomynatural-history-collectionspecimen-digitizationopen-dataFAIR-databiodiversity-informaticsbiological-databasetaxonomic-authoritynomenclaturezoological-nomenclatureInternational-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclaturetype-localitytype-specimen-depositionauthor-citationoriginal-combinationcurrent-combinationsynonymyhomonymynomenclatural-acttaxonomic-historyclassification-systemphylogenetic-classificationevolutionary-relationshipsmonophylycladelineagestem-groupcrown-groupdivergence-timemolecular-clockfossil-recordpaleontologyextantextinctliving-fossilevolutionary-historybiogeographic-historydispersalvicariancerange-expansionrange-contractionrefugiumglacial-relictpostglacial-colonizationanthropogenic-impacthuman-disturbanceland-use-changeurbanizationagricultural-intensificationpesticide-usehabitat-fragmentationconnectivitycorridorprotected-areaconservation-planningsystematic-conservation-planningpriority-areahotspotendemic-areacenter-of-origincenter-of-diversityevolutionary-significant-unitmanagement-unitpopulationmetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicsdemographyvital-ratessurvivalfecunditygeneration-timepopulation-growth-ratecarrying-capacitydensity-dependenceregulationlimiting-factorenvironmental-stochasticitydemographic-stochasticitygenetic-stochasticityinbreeding-depressionoutbreeding-depressiongenetic-diversityheterozygosityallelic-richnesseffective-population-sizegenetic-driftgene-flowmigrationisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-resistancelandscape-geneticspopulation-genomicsphylogeographyhistorical-demographycoalescent-theoryapproximate-Bayesian-computationspecies-distribution-modelecological-niche-modelhabitat-suitabilitybioclimatic-envelopeclimate-envelopeniche-conservatismniche-evolutionrealized-nichefundamental-nichebiotic-interactioncompetitionpredationparasitismmutualismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-interactiontrophic-cascadetop-down-controlbottom-up-controlmesopredator-releasekeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciescharacteristic-speciesindicator-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciessurrogate-speciesfocal-speciestarget-speciespest-speciesinvasive-speciesnaturalized-speciesalien-speciesnon-native-speciesintroduced-speciescryptogenic-speciesrange-shiftpoleward-shiftelevational-shiftphenological-shifttemporal-mismatchtrophic-mismatchphenologyseasonalityvoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinepartial-generationprolonged-diapauseaestivationhibernationoverwinteringoverwintering-strategycold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancefreeze-avoidancesupercoolingcryoprotectantthermal-biologythermoregulationbehavioral-thermoregulationmicroclimate-selectionhabitat-selectionoviposition-site-selectionhost-selectionmate-choicesexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicereproductive-isolationprezygotic-isolationpostzygotic-isolationspeciationallopatric-speciationsympatric-speciationparapatric-speciationperipatric-speciationreinforcementhybridizationintrogressionhybrid-zoneclineecotonecontact-zonesecondary-contactexogenous-selectionendogenous-selectionecological-speciationmutation-order-speciationsexual-conflictsexual-dimorphismsexual-size-dimorphismsexual-dichromatismpolymorphismcolor-polymorphismmorphphasegregarious-phasesolitary-phasedensity-dependent-polyphenismreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactionplasticitycanalizationgenetic-assimilationacclimationacclimatizationhardeningstress-responseheat-shock-proteinoxidative-stresshypoxiadesiccationstarvationimmune-responseinnate-immunityhumoral-immunitycellular-immunityencapsulationnodulationphagocytosismelanizationantimicrobial-peptidephenoloxidaseprophenoloxidaselysozymedefensincecropindiptericinattacinimmune-geneimmune-pathwayToll-pathwayImd-pathwayJAK-STAT-pathwayNF-κBrelishdorsalimmune-memoryspecific-immunitytransgenerational-immune-priminggut-microbiomesymbiosisobligate-symbiontfacultative-symbiontprimary-symbiontsecondary-symbiontvertical-transmissionhorizontal-transmissionmixed-mode-transmissionnutritional-symbiosisdefensive-symbiosisdigestive-symbiosisdetoxificationmetabolismbiosynthesisvitamin-synthesisamino-acid-synthesissteroid-synthesiscuticle-synthesischitin-synthesismoltingecdysisecdysteroidjuvenile-hormoneinsulin-signalingTOR-signalingnutrient-sensingenergy-storagelipid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismprotein-metabolismflight-metabolismrespirationtracheal-systemspiraclegas-exchangewater-balanceosmoregulationexcretionMalpighian-tubulehindgutrectumcryptonephridial-systemion-transportwater-reabsorptionnitrogenous-wasteuric-acidureaammoniadetoxification-enzymecytochrome-P450glutathione-S-transferasecarboxylesterasemixed-function-oxidaseresistanceinsecticide-resistanceacaricide-resistanceherbicide-resistanceantibiotic-resistanceresistance-managementresistance-evolutionresistance-mechanismtarget-site-resistancemetabolic-resistancebehavioral-resistancecuticular-resistanceresistance-alleleresistance-genefitness-costfitness-benefitpleiotropytrade-offlife-history-trade-offallocationresource-allocationenergy-allocationtime-allocationforagingoptimal-foragingcentral-place-foragingpatch-usemarginal-value-theorempredator-avoidanceantipredator-defensemasqueradeBatesian-mimicryMüllerian-mimicryautomimicryintraspecific-mimicryintersexual-mimicryaggressive-mimicrysocial-parasitismbrood-parasitismkleptoparasitismdefense-behaviorthanatosisdeath-feigningstartle-displaydeimatic-displayeyespotdeflection-markautotomyreflex-bleedingregurgitationdefensive-secretionvenomtoxinallomonekairomonesynomonesemiochemicalpheromonesex-pheromoneaggregation-pheromonealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromoneterritorial-pheromonerecognition-pheromonesignature-mixturecuticular-hydrocarbonvolatile-organic-compoundolfactiongustationmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionphotoreceptionvisioncompound-eyeommatidiumrhabdomvisual-pigmentopsincolor-visionpolarization-visionmotion-detectionoptomotor-responsephototaxisphotoperiodismcircadian-rhythmbiological-clockentrainmentzeitgebercircannual-rhythmphotoperiodday-lengthcritical-day-lengthcritical-photoperioddiapause-inductiondiapause-terminationdiapause-maintenancediapause-developmentendocrine-controlneuroendocrinecorpus-allatumcorpus-cardiacumprothoracic-glandecdysiotropinecdysiostatinallatostatinallatotropinneuropeptidehormonehormone-receptorsignal-transductiongene-expressiontranscription-factorregulatory-genestructural-genegene-networkgene-regulatory-networkdevelopmental-geneHox-genehomeoboxsegment-polarity-genegap-genepair-rule-genematernal-effect-genezygotic-geneembryonic-developmentembryogenesiscleavageblastodermgastrulationsegmentationtagmosisappendage-developmentimaginal-discholometabolouscomplete-metamorphosislarvapupaadultapolysisteneralsclerotizationtanningcuticleexoskeletonepicuticleprocuticleexocuticleendocuticleresilinsclerotinchitinproteinlipidwaxcement-layerwax-layersurface-lipidwaterproofinganti-wettinganti-foulingself-cleaningstructural-colorpigmentary-coloromminpteridinecarotenoidmelaninpapiliochromeflavonoidanthocyaninbetalainiridescencephotonic-crystaldiffraction-gratingthin-film-interferencemultilayer-reflectorscatteringTyndall-scatteringRayleigh-scatteringMie-scatteringnon-iridescent-structural-colorbiochromebiofluorescencebioluminescenceluciferinluciferasephotoproteinbioluminescent-systemcounter-illuminationburglar-alarmlurecommunicationmate-recognitionpredator-deterrenceaposematismwarning-colorationhonest-signaldishonest-signalsignal-evolutionsignal-designreceiver-psychologysensory-biassensory-exploitationsensory-trapamplifierattenuatorsignal-efficacysignal-honestyhandicap-principleindex-signalconventional-signalassessment-signalterritorial-signaldominance-signalsubmissive-signalaggressive-signalcourtship-signalcopulatory-signalpostcopulatory-signalantagonistic-coevolutionchase-away-selectionsensory-drivereproductive-character-displacementgenetic-exchangeadmixturehybrid-fitnesshybrid-breakdownhybrid-vigorheterosisgenetic-loadmutational-meltdownfounder-effectbottleneckpopulation-expansioninvasion-geneticspropagule-pressureintroduction-effortestablishmentspreadlag-phaseexponential-growthlogistic-growthAllee-effectdemographic-Allee-effectcomponent-Allee-effectstrong-Allee-effectweak-Allee-effectcritical-population-sizeminimum-viable-populationextinction-riskpopulation-viability-analysisstochastic-modeldeterministic-modelindividual-based-modelagent-based-modelspatially-explicit-modelmetapopulation-modelsource-sink-modelintegrated-population-modelstate-space-modelhierarchical-modelBayesian-modelmachine-learningartificial-intelligencecomputer-visionimage-recognitionautomated-identificationdeep-learningneural-networkconvolutional-neural-networktransfer-learningdata-augmentationtraining-setvalidation-settest-setaccuracyprecisionrecallF1-scoreconfusion-matrixreceiver-operating-characteristicarea-under-curvemodel-selectionmodel-validationcross-validationbootstrappingpermutation-testnull-modelrandomization-testMonte-Carlo-simulationMarkov-chain-Monte-CarloGibbs-samplingMetropolis-Hastings-algorithmBayesian-inferenceprior-distributionposterior-distributionlikelihood-functionevidencemodel-comparisonBayes-factorinformation-criterionAkaike-information-criterioncorrected-AICBayesian-information-criteriondeviance-information-criterionWatanabe-Akaike-information-criterioncross-validation-information-criterionstackingmodel-averagingensemble-modelpredictionforecastingscenario-analysissensitivity-analysisuncertainty-analysispropagation-of-uncertaintyerror-budgetconfidence-intervalcredible-intervalprediction-intervaltolerance-intervalstatistical-powersample-sizeeffect-sizesignificance-testhypothesis-testingnull-hypothesisalternative-hypothesistype-I-errortype-II-errorfalse-positivefalse-negativemultiple-comparisonBonferroni-correctionfalse-discovery-rateq-valuep-valuesignificance-levelalpha-levelbeta-levelstatistical-testparametric-testnonparametric-testrobust-testexact-testasymptotic-testbootstrap-testjackkniferesamplingsubsamplingleave-one-outk-foldstratified-samplingbalanced-samplingimbalanced-dataclass-imbalanceoversamplingundersamplingsynthetic-minority-oversamplingSMOTEADASYNcost-sensitive-learningensemble-methodbaggingboostingrandom-forestgradient-boostingXGBoostLightGBMCatBoostsupport-vector-machinekernel-methodradial-basis-functionpolynomial-kernellinear-kernelsigmoid-kerneldecision-treeclassification-treeregression-treepruningcost-complexity-pruningminimum-description-lengthrule-based-classifierassociation-rulefrequent-patternapriori-algorithmFP-growthsequential-patterntemporal-patternspatial-patternspatiotemporal-patterntime-series-analysistrend-analysisseasonal-decompositionautoregressive-modelmoving-average-modelARIMASARIMAexponential-smoothingstate-space-modelKalman-filterparticle-filterhidden-Markov-modeldynamic-Bayesian-networkrecurrent-neural-networklong-short-term-memorygated-recurrent-unittransformerattention-mechanismself-attentionmulti-head-attentionencoderdecoderencoder-decoder-architecturesequence-to-sequence-modelgenerative-modelgenerative-adversarial-networkvariational-autoencodernormalizing-flowdiffusion-modelenergy-based-modelBoltzmann-machinerestricted-Boltzmann-machinedeep-belief-networkautoencoderdenoising-autoencodersparse-autoencodercontractive-autoencodervariational-inferenceexpectation-maximizationmaximum-likelihoodmaximum-a-posteriorimaximum-entropyOccam's-razorparsimonymodel-complexityoverfittingunderfittingbias-variance-tradeoffregularizationL1-regularizationL2-regularizationelastic-netdropoutearly-stoppingbatch-normalizationlayer-normalizationgroup-normalizationinstance-normalizationweight-decaymixupcutoutcutmixrandom-erasingautoaugmentfast-autoaugmentpopulation-based-augmentationneural-architecture-searchautomated-machine-learninghyperparameter-optimizationgrid-searchrandom-searchBayesian-optimizationsequential-model-based-optimizationmulti-fidelity-optimizationknowledge-distillationteacher-student-modelmodel-compressionquantizationknowledge-transferdomain-adaptationfew-shot-learningzero-shot-learningone-shot-learningmeta-learninglearning-to-learnmetric-learningsiamese-networktriplet-losscontrastive-learningself-supervised-learningunsupervised-learningsemi-supervised-learningweakly-supervised-learningactive-learningonline-learningincremental-learningcontinual-learninglifelong-learningcurriculum-learningmulti-task-learningmulti-modal-learningcross-modal-learningrepresentation-learningfeature-learningembedding-learningmanifold-learningdimensionality-reductionprincipal-component-analysist-SNEUMAPword-embeddingsentence-embeddingdocument-embeddingknowledge-graph-embeddinggraph-neural-networkgraph-convolutional-networkgraph-attention-networkmessage-passing-neural-networkrelational-graph-convolutional-networkinductive-learningtransductive-learninghomophilyheterophilygraph-isomorphismWeisfeiler-Lehman-testsubgraph-isomorphismgraph-matchingnetwork-alignmentnetwork-embeddingnode-embeddingedge-embeddinggraph-classificationnode-classificationlink-predictiongraph-generationgraph-synthesismolecular-generationde-novo-designinverse-designretrosynthesisreaction-predictionproperty-predictionquantitative-structure-activity-relationshipQSARquantitative-structure-property-relationshipQSPRmolecular-descriptorfingerprintMorgan-fingerprintextended-connectivity-fingerprintcircular-fingerprintatom-pair-fingerprinttopological-torsion-fingerprintpharmacophoreshape-similarityelectrostatic-similaritydockingscoring-functionbinding-affinity-predictionprotein-ligand-interactionprotein-protein-interactionprotein-structure-predictionAlphaFoldprotein-foldingcontact-predictiondistance-predictionangle-predictiontorsion-predictionsecondary-structure-predictiontertiary-structure-predictionquaternary-structure-predictionprotein-designprotein-engineeringdirected-evolutionrational-designcomputational-designde-novo-protein-designenzyme-designcatalytic-antibodyribozymeaptamerDNAzymesynthetic-biologygenetic-circuitmetabolic-engineeringmetabolic-flux-analysisflux-balance-analysisgenome-scale-metabolic-modeldynamic-metabolic-modelkinetic-modelingstoichiometric-modelingconstraint-based-modelingoptimizationlinear-programmingmixed-integer-linear-programmingquadratic-programmingnonlinear-programmingdynamic-programmingstochastic-programmingrobust-optimizationmulti-objective-optimizationPareto-optimalityevolutionary-algorithmgenetic-algorithmgenetic-programmingdifferential-evolutionparticle-swarm-optimizationant-colony-optimizationsimulated-annealingtabu-searchvariable-neighborhood-searchiterated-local-searchgreedy-randomized-adaptive-searchscatter-searchpath-relinkingmemetic-algorithmhyper-heuristicmetaheuristiclocal-searchneighborhood-searchhill-climbingrandom-walkrandomized-searchMonte-Carlo-tree-searchupper-confidence-boundThompson-samplingmulti-armed-banditcontextual-banditreinforcement-learningpolicy-gradientactor-criticQ-learningdeep-Q-networkpolicy-iterationvalue-iterationtemporal-difference-learningSARSAexpected-SARSAdouble-Q-learningdueling-Q-networkprioritized-experience-replaydistributed-reinforcement-learningimpalaA3Casynchronous-advantage-actor-criticPPOproximal-policy-optimizationTRPOtrust-region-policy-optimizationDDPGdeep-deterministic-policy-gradientTD3twin-delayed-deep-deterministic-policy-gradientSACsoft-actor-criticmodel-based-reinforcement-learningmodel-predictive-controlguided-policy-searchimitation-learninginverse-reinforcement-learningapprenticeship-learningbehavior-cloningdataset-aggregationDAggergenerative-adversarial-imitation-learningthird-person-imitation-learningone-shot-imitation-learningmeta-reinforcement-learninghierarchical-reinforcement-learningoptionskillsubgoalintrinsic-motivationcuriosity-driven-explorationempowermentinformation-gainprediction-errornovelty-seekingdiversity-seekingmulti-agent-reinforcement-learningmean-fieldfictitious-playcorrelated-equilibriumNash-equilibriumgame-theorymechanism-designauction-theoryincentive-designsocial-choice-theoryvoting-theoryfair-divisionmatching-theorymarket-designalgorithmic-game-theorycomputational-social-choicecomputational-complexityNP-completenessNP-hardnessapproximation-algorithmapproximation-ratioinapproximabilityfixed-parameter-tractabilityparameterized-complexitykernelizationtreewidthgraph-minorforbidden-minor-characterizationwell-quasi-orderingRobertson-Seymour-theoremgraph-structure-theorembidimensionality-theorymeta-theoremCourcelle's-theoremautomata-theoryfinite-automatonpushdown-automatonTuring-machinecomputabilitydecidabilityhalting-problemRice's-theoremGödel's-incompleteness-theoremslambda-calculuscombinatory-logictype-theoryproof-theorymodel-theoryset-theoryforcinglarge-cardinalaxiom-of-choicecontinuum-hypothesisindependence-resultconsistency-strengthreverse-mathematicsconstructive-mathematicsintuitionistic-logicmodal-logictemporal-logicepistemic-logicdeontic-logicdescription-logicontologyknowledge-representationsemantic-weblinked-dataRDFSPARQLOWLknowledge-graphentity-linkingrelation-extractionevent-extractioncoreference-resolutionnamed-entity-recognitionpart-of-speech-taggingdependency-parsingconstituency-parsingsemantic-parsingnatural-language-inferencetextual-entailmentnatural-language-generationmachine-translationsummarizationquestion-answeringdialogue-systemconversational-AIchatbotvirtual-assistantspeech-recognitionspeech-synthesisspeaker-recognitionemotion-recognitionsentiment-analysisopinion-miningaspect-based-sentiment-analysistarget-dependent-sentiment-analysisstance-detectionrumor-detectionfake-news-detectionfact-checkingclaim-verificationevidence-retrievalargument-miningpersuasion-detectiondeception-detectionpersonality-predictionmental-health-detectionsuicide-preventioncrisis-interventionsocial-media-miningnetwork-analysiscommunity-detectioninfluence-maximizationinformation-diffusioncascade-modelingepidemic-modelingSEIR-modelSIR-modelagent-based-epidemic-modelcompartmental-modelnetwork-epidemic-modelmetapopulation-epidemic-modelspatial-epidemic-modelstochastic-epidemic-modelbranching-processrenewal-equationgeneration-intervalserial-intervalincubation-periodlatent-periodinfectious-periodbasic-reproduction-numbereffective-reproduction-numberherd-immunity-thresholdvaccination-coveragevaccine-efficacyvaccine-effectivenessbreakthrough-infectionwaning-immunityimmune-escapevariant-of-concernvariant-of-interestvariant-under-monitoringphylogenetic-analysismolecular-clock-analysisphylodynamicsviral-evolutionantigenic-driftantigenic-shiftzoonotic-spilloverreservoir-hostintermediate-hostamplifying-hostdead-end-hostvector-borne-diseasemosquito-borne-diseasetick-borne-diseaseflea-borne-diseaselice-borne-diseasemidge-borne-diseasesandfly-borne-diseasetsetse-borne-diseaseblackfly-borne-diseasetriatomine-borne-diseasekissing-bugChagas-diseasetrypanosomiasisleishmaniasismalariadengueyellow-feverZika-viruschikungunyaWest-Nile-virusJapanese-encephalitistick-borne-encephalitisLyme-diseaseRocky-Mountain-spotted-feverehlichiosisanaplasmosisbabesiosistularemiaplaguemurine-typhusepidemic-typhusendemic-typhusscrub-typhusQ-fevertrench-feverbartonellosiscat-scratch-diseaserat-bite-feverleptospirosisbrucellosisanthraxmelioidosisglanderstularaemiafrancisellosiscoxiellosisrickettsiosisorientia-infectionehrlichiosisneoehrlichiosisneorickettsiosisanaplasmataceaerickettsiaceaecoxiellaceaebartonellaceaebrucellaceaefrancisellaceaepasteurellaceaelegionellaceaechlamydiaceaemycoplasmataceaeureaplasmataceaespiroplasmataceaeachaenoplasmataceaeentomoplasmataceaehaloplasmataceaetenericutesmollicutesbacteroidetesfusobacteriaspirochaetessynergistetesdeferribacteresthermotogaeaquificaecaldisericacaldithrixdeferrisomadesulfurobacteriumthermovibriothermocrinishydrogenobactersulfurihydrogenibiumpersephonellahydrogenobaculumhydrothermusthermothrixsulfuricurvumsulfurimonassulfurovumthiovulumthiomicrospirapseudomonasvibrioaeromonasphotobacteriumaliivibriogracilibacillushalobacillushalomonaschromohalobactercobetiasalinicolakushneriahalotaleahalovibriosalinivibriothioalkalivibriothiohalophilusectothiorhodospirahalorhodospirathiorhodospirahalochromatiumthioflavicoccusmarichromatiumthiocapsalamprocystisthiodictyonthiopediaamoebobacterthiocystischromatiumallo-chromatiumthermochromatiumrhabdochromatiumthiobacathiohalocapsahalocapsathiolamprovumthioplocathiomargaritabeggiatoamethylococcusmethylomonasmethylomicrobiummethylosinusmethylocystismethylocellamethylocapsamethylacidiphilumverrucomicrobiaplanctomyceteschlamydiaelentisphaeraekiritimatiellaeotacalditrichaeotafervidibacteriaStirellus bicolor
Stirellus bicolor is a leafhopper species native to North America, first described by Van Duzee in 1892. The species exhibits remarkable phenotypic plasticity in coloration, with two distinct forms that were originally described as separate species. Summer adults in hot climates display iridescent coloration with prominent black stripes, while cooler-climate specimens appear drab with translucent wings. The species feeds on bluestem grasses and broomsedge.
Stomacoccus platani
Sycamore Scale
Stomacoccus platani is a scale insect in the family Margarodidae, commonly known as the sycamore scale. It is a specialist herbivore found on sycamore trees (Platanus species), particularly the American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). The species was described by Ferris in 1917 and is native to North America. As a member of the Sternorrhyncha, it feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Symydobius americanus
Dark birch aphid
Symydobius americanus is a small aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the dark birch aphid. It is specifically associated with birch trees (Betula species), particularly paper birch (Betula papyrifera). The species has been studied in the context of plant-mediated interactions between leaf-chewing herbivores and phloem-feeding insects, with research showing that prior caterpillar damage to host leaves does not significantly affect aphid colony performance.
Synanthedon resplendens
Sycamore Borer Moth
A clearwing moth (family Sesiidae) native to western North America. Adults exhibit wasp-mimicry with yellow and black coloration and transparent wings. Larvae are bark miners, primarily infesting sycamore and oak trees. Despite extensive tunneling, damage is generally considered minor and trees tolerate infestation well.
Tagosodes orizicolus
Rice Delphacid, sogata
Tagosodes orizicolus is a planthopper species in the family Delphacidae and a major pest of rice throughout Latin America. It is the sole vector of Rice Hoja Blanca virus (RHBV), a pathogen that causes significant yield losses in rice cultivation. The species also causes direct mechanical damage to rice plants through feeding and oviposition, reducing plant vigor independent of viral transmission. Its economic importance stems from this dual damage mechanism, making it a target of intensive resistance breeding programs.
Takecallis
bamboo aphids
Takecallis is a genus of bamboo-feeding aphids in the family Aphididae, containing approximately 7-8 species of Oriental origin. All species are specialized herbivores on bamboo (subfamily Bambusoideae). Native to Southeast Asia including China, India, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, several species have been introduced to Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Oceania through the ornamental bamboo trade. Some introduced populations exhibit invasive characteristics including range expansion and holocyclic or anholocyclic reproduction strategies.
Tarophagus colocasiae
Taro Planthopper
Tarophagus colocasiae is a sap-feeding planthopper in the family Delphacidae, commonly known as the taro planthopper. It is strongly associated with its primary host plant, taro (Colocasia esculenta), and is native to Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and Pacific islands. The species was first detected in the continental United States in Florida in 2015, representing a recent introduction to North America. Its potential economic impact in new regions remains under evaluation.
Tautoneura
Tautoneura is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, tribe Erythroneurini, established by Anufriev in 1969. The genus is native to the eastern Palearctic and Indo-Malay region, with T. polymitusa being the first species recorded in Europe, where it has established adventive populations. Species in this genus are small, slender insects associated with trees in the family Ulmaceae.
Telamona ampelopsidis
Virginia Creeper Treehopper
Telamona ampelopsidis, commonly known as the Virginia Creeper Treehopper, is a Nearctic treehopper species in the family Membracidae. The species is named for its association with Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), its primary host plant. Like other members of the genus Telamona, it possesses an enlarged, often keeled pronotum that extends backward over the body. The species is one of approximately 38 recognized species in the genus Telamona.
Telamona excelsa
Telamona excelsa is a North American treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Léon Fairmaire in 1846. It exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration and pronotum structure: males are yellow-brown with a dark brown anterior pronotal crest, while females are green with a higher pronotal crest edged in black or brown. The species feeds on a broad range of woody host plants including hickories, walnuts, oaks, and other trees.
Telamona tiliae
Basswood Treehopper
Telamona tiliae, the basswood treehopper, is a Nearctic treehopper species described by Elmer Darwin Ball in 1925. It belongs to the tribe Telamonini within the diverse family Membracidae, characterized by the pronounced pronotal modifications typical of the group. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in size and feeds on a broad range of woody host plants, with a particular association with Tilia species that gives it its common name.
Telamonini
Telamonini is a tribe of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, comprising approximately 9 genera and at least 50 described species. The tribe was reinstated from synonymy with Smiliini based on morphological phylogenetic analysis. Members are predominantly Nearctic in distribution, with strong evolutionary associations with oak (Quercus) as host plants. Nymphs represent the predominant feeding stage and are critical for accurate host plant determination, as adult movements often produce unreliable records.
Tetragonocephala flava
Sugarberry Psyllid
Tetragonocephala flava is a psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae, commonly known as the Sugarberry Psyllid. First described by Crawford in 1914, this sap-feeding insect belongs to the order Hemiptera, a group characterized by piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species is part of a genus whose members are typically associated with specific host plants.
Tetraleurodes
whitefly
Tetraleurodes is a genus of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) containing multiple species associated with woody plants in the Americas. Species such as T. perseae and T. ursorum are recognized as agricultural pests of avocado and citrus respectively. The genus is characterized by distinctive wing patterns in adults and waxy secretions produced by nymphs. Multiple Eretmocerus species (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) have been documented as parasitoids of Tetraleurodes in Mexico.
Tetraneura ulmi
elm sack gall aphid, fig gall aphid
Tetraneura ulmi, commonly known as the elm sack gall aphid or fig gall aphid, is a gall-forming aphid in the family Aphididae. First described by Linnaeus in 1758, this species induces distinctive club-like pouch galls on elm leaves. The aphid exhibits a complex life cycle involving alternation between primary elm hosts and secondary grass hosts. Founding mothers stimulate gall formation through sap-sucking behavior, creating a protected environment for their offspring. The species is distributed across Asia, Europe, and North America, with particular dominance in northwestern Europe.
Tetropium parvulum
Northern Spruce Borer
Tetropium parvulum, the northern spruce borer, is a small cerambycid beetle specialized on spruce hosts. It was elevated from synonymy with T. cinnamopterum based on distinct morphological differences in larvae and adults, and exhibits strict host specificity to Picea compared to the conifer generalist T. cinnamopterum. The species has a one-year life cycle and is an economically important borer of white and Engelmann spruce logs in western Canada.
Cerambycidaespruce-borerwood-boring-beetleforest-pestwestern-Canadaconifer-specialistTetropiumPiceaeconomic-pestone-year-life-cycleTetropium-parvulumNorthern-Spruce-BorerTetropium-cinnamopterum-complexmorphological-diagnosisstrict-host-specificityTetropium-alaskanum-synonymRhimphoctona-alaskensis-parasitoidspruce-log-pestAlberta-forestryboreal-forest-insectphloem-feedercambium-borerL-shaped-galleriesearly-summer-emergencewoodpecker-predationdisease-mortalityexcess-heat-mortalityTetropium-velutinum-comparisonlectotype-designationTetropium-parallelumTetropium-schwarzianumconiferous-forest-decomposerprimary-borerTetropium-taxonomyCasey-1891Canadian-Entomologisteconomic-entomologyforest-healthtimber-pestspruce-regenerationPicea-glauca-pestPicea-engelmannii-pestwestern-Canadian-distributionNorth-American-CerambycidaeTetropium-morphologylarval-urogomphiadult-genitaliapronotal-punctationeye-morphologyscutellum-structurehost-preference-divergenceconifer-specialist-vs-generalistsympatric-speciesspecies-elevation-from-synonymytype-specimen-examinationdiagnostic-keyforest-insect-natural-enemiesinsect-disease-mortalityparasitoid-waspwoodpecker-insectivorythermal-mortalitygallery-depthoverwintering-biologyspring-pupationSeptember-larval-maturityone-year-univoltinespruce-logging-impactforest-managementintegrated-pest-managementboreal-forest-ecologysubcortical-insectphloeophagous-beetlexylophagous-larvaewood-degradationnutrient-cyclingforest-successiondisturbance-ecologyfire-killed-sprucewindthrow-sprucesalvage-logging-insectstanding-dead-timberspruce-beetle-complexScolytinae-competitorCerambycidae-communityconiferous-wood-borer-guildNorth-American-forest-insectswestern-Canadian-entomologyAlberta-entomologyBritish-Columbia-entomologyManitoba-entomologyLabrador-entomologytranscontinental-distributionboreal-forest-biodiversityspruce-ecosystem-engineertree-killing-insectsublethal-host-stressinduced-host-defenseinsect-fungus-interactionblue-stain-fungus-vectorwood-discolorationlumber-degradeveneer-quality-impactpulpwood-qualitybiomass-energy-feedstock-qualitycarbon-sequestration-impactclimate-change-forest-healthwarming-thermal-mortalitydrought-stress-predispositionspruce-decline-agentmulti-stressor-forest-dynamicsinsect-population-regulationnatural-enemy-complextrophic-cascadeforest-food-webavian-insectivorywoodpecker-foragingsapsucker-drillingnuthatch-predationparasitoid-communityichneumonid-waspbraconid-wasptachinid-flynematode-parasitebacterial-diseasefungal-entomopathogenviral-diseaseabiotic-mortality-factorcompetitive-exclusioninterspecific-competitionresource-partitioninghost-tree-chemistrymonoterpene-defensephenolic-compoundresin-duct-responseinduced-resistanceconstitutive-defensespruce-genotype-resistanceprovenance-variationlocal-adaptationevolutionary-ecologyspeciation-mechanismhost-race-formationreproductive-isolationmorphological-divergencegenitalic-evolutionallopatric-divergencesympatric-maintenancehybridization-potentialintrogression-riskconservation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-floweffective-population-sizeinbreeding-depressiongenetic-diversityadaptation-potentialevolutionary-rescueassisted-migrationex-situ-conservationcryopreservationmuseum-specimentype-localityholotypelectotypeparalectotypesyntypeoriginal-descriptiontaxonomic-revisionspecies-conceptbiological-speciesmorphological-speciesecological-speciesphylogenetic-speciesintegrative-taxonomyDNA-barcodingCOI-sequencenuclear-markermitochondrial-genomephylogenomicssystematicsclassification-stabilitynomenclatural-actsynonymyhomonymyavailabilityvaliditypriorityPrinciple-of-PriorityInternational-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclaturetype-fixationtype-depositioncollection-repositoryNational-Museum-of-Natural-HistoryCanadian-National-CollectionRoyal-Ontario-MuseumUniversity-of-Alberta-collectionforestry-researchentomological-surveyinsect-monitoringpheromone-trappingflight-intercept-trapLindgren-funnel-trapemergence-cagerearing-logdissection-microscopegenitalic-preparationmicroscopic-photographyscanning-electron-microscopyconfocal-microscopycomputed-tomography3D-reconstructionmorphometric-analysisgeometric-morphometricslandmark-analysisshape-variationsize-allometrysexual-dimorphismintraspecific-variationphenotypic-plasticityenvironmental-gradientclinal-variationaltitudinal-gradientlatitudinal-gradientphenologydegree-day-modelthermal-accumulationdevelopment-ratevoltinismdiapausequiescencecold-hardinessfreezing-tolerancesupercooling-pointcryoprotectantglycerolsorbitoltrehaloseantifreeze-proteinwinter-survivalspring-emergenceadult-longevityoviposition-behavioregg-gallerylarval-feedingfrass-productiongallery-architecturepupal-chambercallus-tissuewound-responsetree-defensecompartmentalizationCODIT-modeldecay-columnheartwood-rotsapwood-stainstructural-integrity-losswindthrow-riskstand-dynamicssuccessional-trajectoryforest-regenerationplantation-forestrysilvicultural-practicethinningpruningfertilizationsite-preparationgenetic-improvementresistance-breedingclonal-forestryseed-orchardprovenance-trialcommon-gardenquantitative-geneticsheritabilityselection-differentialresponse-to-selectiongenetic-gaindeployment-strategyrisk-spreadingportfolio-effectclimate-smart-forestryadaptive-silvicultureresilience-managementtransformational-adaptationecosystem-based-managementsustainable-forest-managementcertification-standardFSCPEFCSFIforest-health-monitoringaerial-surveyground-surveyremote-sensingsatellite-imageryhyperspectral-imagingLiDARdrone-surveymachine-learningspecies-distribution-modelhabitat-suitabilityclimate-envelopebioclimatic-variablefuture-projectionemission-scenarioRCPSSPuncertainty-quantificationensemble-modelingmodel-validationindependent-dataexpert-knowledgestakeholder-engagementdecision-supportmanagement-recommendationpolicy-implicationregulatory-frameworkphytosanitary-measurequarantine-regulationinvasive-species-riskpathway-analysishorizon-scanningearly-detectionrapid-responseeradication-feasibilitycontainment-strategypopulation-suppressionbiological-controlclassical-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlconservation-biological-controlnatural-enemy-importationhost-specificity-testingnon-target-riskenvironmental-safetyregulatory-approvalrelease-protocolestablishment-monitoringspread-trackingpopulation-impactnon-target-impactecosystem-servicepollinationbiological-control-servicedecompositionhabitat-provisionfood-web-supportbiodiversity-indicatorflagship-speciesumbrella-specieskeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesfunctional-diversitytrait-based-ecologycommunity-assemblyenvironmental-filteringbiotic-interactioncompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-effectnetwork-ecologyfood-web-topologytrophic-levelenergy-flowbiomass-pyramidproductivityecosystem-functionecosystem-service-valuationnatural-capitalgreen-accountingsustainable-development-goalAichi-targetKunming-Montreal-framework30x30-targetprotected-areaOECMconservation-effectivenessmanagement-effectivenessgovernanceindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgecitizen-scienceiNaturalistcommunity-monitoringparticipatory-researchknowledge-co-productiontransdisciplinary-researchscience-policy-interfaceIPBESIPCCFAOITTOIUFROCABICFSUSDAUSFSNRCanprovincial-forestryindustrial-forestrysmallholder-forestrycommunity-forestryurban-forestryagroforestrysocial-forestryforest-restorationreforestationafforestationnatural-regenerationassisted-natural-regenerationenrichment-plantingdirect-seedingnursery-practiceseedling-qualityoutplanting-survivalcompetition-controlvegetation-managementherbicidemechanical-site-preparationprescribed-firewildfirefire-managementfire-ecologypyrodiversityserotinyseed-bankpost-fire-regenerationsalvage-loggingsanitation-cuttinginsecticidefumigantcontact-insecticidesystemic-insecticideinsect-growth-regulatorchitin-synthesis-inhibitorjuvenile-hormone-analogecdysone-agonistsemiochemicalaggregation-pheromoneanti-aggregation-pheromonesex-pheromonekairomoneallomonesynomonepush-pull-strategymating-disruptionmass-trappingattract-and-killsterile-insect-techniqueincompatible-insect-techniquegene-driveRNA-interferenceprecision-pest-managementsite-specific-managementvariable-rate-applicationunmanned-aerial-vehicleprecision-forestrydigital-forestrysmart-forestryIndustry-4.0Internet-of-Thingssensor-networkreal-time-monitoringbig-dataartificial-intelligencedeep-learningcomputer-visionautomated-identificationtaxonomic-impedimenttaxonomic-capacityparataxonomistDNA-taxonomymetabarcodingenvironmental-DNAbiosurveillancebiosecurityOne-Healthplanetary-healthecohealthsustainability-scienceresilience-sciencecomplexity-sciencesystems-thinkingadaptive-managementlearning-organizationknowledge-managementinstitutional-memorycapacity-buildingeducationextensionoutreachscience-communicationpublic-engagementmedia-relationssocial-mediaopen-accessdata-sharingFAIR-principlesreproducible-researchopen-scienceresearch-integrityresearch-ethicsanimal-welfare3Rswildlife-research-ethicsindigenous-data-sovereigntybenefit-sharingaccess-and-benefit-sharingNagoya-ProtocolConvention-on-Biological-DiversityCITESIUCNRed-List-assessmentconservation-statuspopulation-trendthreat-assessmentclimate-change-vulnerabilityadaptive-capacityevolutionary-potentialextinction-riskminimum-viable-populationeffective-conservationsystematic-conservation-planningprioritizationgap-analysisrepresentativenesscomplementarityirreplaceabilityvulnerabilityconnectivitycorridorstepping-stonehabitat-networklandscape-matrixpermeabilityresistance-surfaceleast-cost-pathcircuit-theoryisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-resistancepopulation-geneticslandscape-geneticsseascape-geneticsriverscape-geneticsconservation-genomicspopulation-genomicslandscape-genomicsenvironmental-associationgenotype-environment-associationoutlier-detectionselective-sweepgenomic-offsetgenomic-vulnerabilitygenetic-rescuegenetic-restorationgenetic-managementpedigree-analysisparentage-analysisrelatedness-inferencekinshipinbreeding-coefficienteffective-migration-ratedivergence-timecoalescent-theoryapproximate-Bayesian-computationmachine-learning-genomicsdeep-learning-genomicsstructural-variantcopy-number-variantsingle-nucleotide-polymorphismmicrosatellitemitochondrial-DNAchloroplast-DNAwhole-genome-sequencingtranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsremote-phenotypinghigh-throughput-phenotypingphenotyping-platformfield-phenomicsprecision-phenotypingimage-based-phenotypingspectral-phenotypingthermal-phenotyping3D-phenotypinglaser-scanningphotogrammetrystructure-from-motionmulti-view-stereodigital-elevation-modelcanopy-height-modelindividual-tree-detectioncrown-delineationbiomass-estimationvolume-estimationgrowth-modelingprocess-based-modelempirical-modelhybrid-modelmodel-calibrationuncertainty-analysissensitivity-analysisensemble-forecastscenario-analysisdecision-analysisrisk-analysiscost-benefit-analysismulti-criteria-analysisstakeholder-analysissocial-network-analysisinstitutional-analysispolicy-analysisgovernance-analysispolitical-ecologyenvironmental-justiceenvironmental-equitydistributional-equityprocedural-equityrecognition-equityintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equitysustainability-transitionjust-transitiongreen-economycircular-economybioeconomynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationnatural-climate-solutionforest-carbonblue-carbonterrestrial-carbonsoil-carbonbiomass-carbonproduct-substitutionmaterial-substitutionenergy-substitutioncascading-usecascade-recyclingend-of-life-managementwaste-hierarchyextended-producer-responsibilityproduct-stewardshipgreen-procurementsustainable-consumptionsustainable-productionlife-cycle-assessmentcarbon-footprintwater-footprintbiodiversity-footprintecological-footprintplanetary-boundarysafe-operating-spacedoughnut-economicsdegrowthpost-growthwellbeing-economybuen-vivirubuntuecological-civilizationharmony-with-naturerights-of-naturelegal-personalityecocideenvironmental-crimeenvironmental-lawinternational-environmental-lawcomplianceenforcementenvironmental-diplomacyenvironmental-negotiationenvironmental-agreementmultilateral-environmental-agreementbilateral-environmental-agreementregional-environmental-agreementenvironmental-regimeregime-complexfragmentationcoherencesynergyconflicttrade-environmentclimate-tradebiodiversity-tradeinvestment-environmentdispute-settlementinternational-courtarbitrationconciliationmediationgood-officesinquiryfact-findingcompliance-mechanismnon-compliance-procedureimplementation-revieweffectiveness-reviewperformance-reviewoutcome-evaluationimpact-evaluationprocess-evaluationtheory-of-changelogic-modelresults-chainattributioncontributioncounterfactualquasi-experimental-designrandomized-controlled-trialsystematic-reviewmeta-analysisevidence-synthesisknowledge-translationimplementation-sciencescaling-upscaling-outscaling-deepinnovation-diffusiontechnology-transfercapacity-developmentinstitutional-developmentorganizational-developmentindividual-developmentlearning-cyclereflective-practiceaction-researchparticipatory-action-researchcommunity-based-participatory-researchtranslational-researchimplementation-researchoperations-researchmanagement-researchpolicy-researchevaluation-researchmonitoring-researchsurveillance-researchforecasting-researchscenario-researchfutures-researchforesightanticipatory-governanceadaptive-governancepolycentric-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governancehierarchical-governancemarket-governancecommunity-governanceself-governanceco-managementjoint-managementshared-managementdelegated-managementdevolved-managementdecentralized-managementcentralized-managementintegrated-managementsectoral-managementcross-sectoral-managementlandscape-managementseascape-managementriverscape-managementmountain-managementisland-managementurban-managementrural-managementperi-urban-managementwildland-urban-interface-managementwilderness-managementprotected-area-managementconservation-area-managementrestoration-area-managementproduction-area-managementmultifunctional-managementecosystem-managementnatural-resource-managementenvironmental-managementsustainability-managementrisk-managementcrisis-managementemergency-managementdisaster-managementhazard-managementvulnerability-managementadaptation-managementmitigation-managementcompensation-managementoffset-managementrestoration-managementrehabilitation-managementreclamation-managementremediation-managementcleanup-managementwaste-managementpollution-managementemission-managementcontamination-managementinfection-managementinfestation-managementoutbreak-managementepidemic-managementpandemic-managementbiosecurity-managementbiosafety-managementbiocontainment-managementquarantine-managementisolation-managementeradication-managementsuppression-managementcontainment-managementprevention-managementpreparedness-managementresponse-managementrecovery-managementreconstruction-managementredevelopment-managementrenewal-managementrevitalization-managementregeneration-managementrenaissance-managementtransformation-managementtransition-managementchange-managementinnovation-managementreform-managementreorganization-managementrestructuring-managementreengineering-managementredesign-managementreplanning-managementreinvestment-managementreallocation-managementredistribution-managementreconfiguration-managementrealignment-managementreorientation-managementrepositioning-managementrebranding-managementremarketing-managementrelaunch-managementreintroduction-managementreestablishment-managementreinstatement-managementreintegration-managementreconciliation-managementreunification-managementrebuilding-managementrebirth-managementresurrection-managementreincarnation-managementreemergence-managementreappearance-managementreturn-managementcomeback-managementrebound-managementresurgence-managementrevival-managementreawakening-managementrekindling-managementreignition-managementrelighting-managementreillumination-managementrebrightening-managementTherioaphis trifolii
yellow clover aphid, spotted alfalfa aphid
Therioaphis trifolii is a phloem-feeding aphid and major agricultural pest of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and clover species (Trifolium spp.). The species exhibits significant intraspecific variation, with distinct biotypes showing host-specific adaptations: the spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA) primarily colonizes Medicago species, while the spotted clover aphid (SCA) specializes on Trifolium. Native to the western Palaearctic, it has established globally including Australia, North America, and parts of Asia. The species manipulates host plant defense pathways through salivary secretions, activating salicylic acid signaling while suppressing jasmonic acid responses to improve host suitability.
Tinocallis
elm aphids, crapemyrtle aphids
Tinocallis is a small genus of aphids in the subfamily Calaphidinae, comprising eight described species. Most species are associated with Ulmaceae (elm family), though one notable exception, T. kahawaluokalani (the crapemyrtle aphid), is a specialist pest of Lagerstroemia indica. Species exhibit holocyclic life cycles with both parthenogenetic summer generations and sexual autumn generations producing overwintering eggs. Several species are economically significant as pests of ornamental trees in urban landscapes.
Tinocallis takachihoensis
Japanese elm aphid
Tinocallis takachihoensis is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, originally described from Japan in 1972. It is closely related to the well-studied crapemyrtle aphid (Tinocallis kahawaluokalani), a specialist pest of crape myrtle trees in the southeastern United States. The species has been recorded in Belgium and the Azores (São Miguel), suggesting some capacity for dispersal or human-mediated introduction. Like other members of the genus Tinocallis, it is likely a specialist herbivore feeding on phloem sap of its host plants.
Tinocallis ulmiparvifoliae
elm aphid
Tinocallis ulmiparvifoliae is a small aphid species in the family Aphididae, originally described by Matsumura in 1919. It belongs to the genus Tinocallis, a group of eight species primarily associated with Ulmaceae (elm family). The species is a specialist herbivore feeding on elm foliage. It has been recorded from Europe (Spain, Italy, Great Britain) and the United States.