Palearctic

Guides

Thambemyia
Thambemyia is a genus of long-legged flies in the family Dolichopodidae, characterized by its exclusive association with rocky intertidal habitats. The genus is distributed across the Oriental and Neotropical realms, with a single Palearctic species from Japan. Taxonomic relationships with the genus Conchopus remain unresolved, with some authors treating the latter as a synonym while others recognize it as distinct. The genus currently comprises five described species plus a new subgenus established for the Japanese species.
Dolichopodidae intertidal marine rocky-shore Oriental Neotropical Palearctic Japan China Brazil taxonomy-disputed Conchopus-synonymy non-native-introduction North-America-invasion
Theridion melanurum
Theridion melanurum is a cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, first described by Hahn in 1831. The species has a broad Palearctic distribution spanning Europe to Siberia, with additional populations in Macaronesia, North Africa, and the Middle East. It has been introduced to the United States, where established populations have been documented. As a member of Theridiidae, it constructs the irregular, three-dimensional webs characteristic of cobweb spiders.
cobweb-spider Theridiidae introduced-species Palearctic
Therion circumflexum
Therion circumflexum is a relatively large ichneumonid wasp, 14–25 mm in length, with distinctive black, orange, and yellow coloration. It is a widespread Palearctic and Nearctic species that parasitizes moth caterpillars, including geometrids, sphingids, notodontids, and noctuids. Adults are active from mid-June through September. The species was first described by Linnaeus in 1758 and has been subject to recent taxonomic revision in Japan.
ichneumonid parasitoid biological-control moth-parasite Palearctic Nearctic
Thioniini
Thioniini is a tribe of planthoppers within the family Issidae, established by Melichar in 1906. Members are small, often cryptically colored insects with reduced wings or brachypterous forms common in the group. The tribe is primarily distributed in the Palearctic region, with notable diversity in the Mediterranean basin and parts of Asia. Thioniini species are frequently associated with rocky or arid habitats and are known for their jumping locomotion typical of fulgoromorphans.
planthopper Issidae Palearctic Mediterranean brachyptery
Tholera
Feathered Gothic
Tholera is a genus of noctuid moths comprising approximately five species distributed across the Palearctic region. The most extensively studied species, Tholera decimalis (Feathered Gothic), has served as a model for genomic and ecological research. Males of this genus are characterized by prominently feathered antennae, an adaptation for pheromone detection. Populations of Tholera decimalis experienced significant decline and range contraction during the late 20th century, followed by partial recovery and expansion in recent decades.
noctuidae noctuinae palearctic grassland genome-sequenced
Thorictini
Thorictini is a tribe of carpet beetles (family Dermestidae) established by Erichson in 1846. Members of this tribe are small, compact beetles adapted to specialized microhabitats. The tribe is relatively species-poor compared to other dermestid tribes and includes genera such as Thorictus. These beetles are primarily known from the Palearctic and Afrotropical regions.
Coleoptera Dermestidae myrmecophily ant-associated-beetles decomposers Palearctic Afrotropical
Thricops diaphanus
Thricops diaphanus is a muscid fly species with a Palearctic distribution spanning Europe and Asia. Populations in central Japan exhibit a univoltine life cycle with seasonal changes in vertical microdistribution within subalpine coniferous forests, contrasting with multivoltine populations in Europe. The species has been interpreted as a glacial relict in Japanese highlands due to its lack of seasonal migration between elevations.
Diptera Muscidae Palearctic subalpine univoltine glacial-relict
Thyatira
peach-blossom moths
Thyatira is a genus of moths in the family Drepanidae, subfamily Thyatirinae. The genus includes the peach-blossom moth (Thyatira batis), a species studied for its disruptive coloration pattern resembling flower petals. Moths in this genus are characterized by their distinctive wing patterns and are distributed across the Palearctic region.
genus Thyatirinae Drepanidae Lepidoptera Palearctic disruptive-coloration
Thyraylia nana
Birch Conch
Thyraylia nana is a small tortricid moth commonly known as the Birch Conch. First described by Haworth in 1811, this species occurs across Europe, extends into the Amur Oblast of Russia, and has been recorded in Nova Scotia, Canada. The species is associated with birch host plants, reflecting its common name.
Lepidoptera Tortricidae Birch Europe Palearctic Nearctic-introduction small-moth leafroller-moth Cochylini
Tibicininae
Tibicininae is a subfamily of cicadas in the family Cicadidae, containing at least 140 described species across 10 recognized tribes. The subfamily exhibits a broad geographic distribution spanning the Neotropics, Nearctic, and Palearctic regions. A 2005 taxonomic revision proposed renaming the subfamily Tettigadinae to avoid confusion, though this change was not universally adopted. Genera within Tibicininae include Chilecicada, Tibicina, Selymbria, Hemidictya, and others, with notable centers of endemism in Chile and the Neotropics.
cicada Hemiptera acoustic-communication endemic Neotropical Palearctic taxonomy
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
Ephemeroptera Polymitarcyidae burrowing-mayflies Neotropical clay-bank-habitat U-shaped-tunnels mandibular-tusks Tortopsis Campsurinae Panamerican-distribution cladistic-revision synapomorphy parastyli-receptors flattened-penes furcasternal-protuberances subapical-tubercles limnological-sampling-bias nymph-morphology adult-morphology type-species-T.-igaranus new-species-T.-arenales Ecuador Colombia Argentina Molineri-2008 Needham-&-Murphy-1924 Zootaxa Arthropod-Systematics-&-Phylogeny Florida-Entomologist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life iNaturalist NCBI-Taxonomy embryonic-development early-instar-behavior T.-harrisi T.-bellus T.-circumfluus T.-zottai T.-igaranus T.-incertus T.-coreguaje Tortopsis-toro Tortopsis-andaki Tortopsis-limoncocha Tortopsis-spatula aquatic-insects freshwater riverine lotic ephemeropteran-systematics taxonomic-revision phylogenetic-analysis morphological-characters egg-morphology male-imago-description female-adult-description keys-to-species SEM-photography line-drawings type-material-examination redescription comparative-diagnosis burrowing-behavior clay-substrate tunnel-construction sampling-methodology surber-sampler-limitations drift-net-avoidance Panama South-America Central-America mayfly-diversity highest-diversity-Neotropics Asthenopodinae Ephemeroidea Hexapoda Metazoa Eukaryota accepted-genus higher-rank-match observation-count-2 no-Wikipedia-summary DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1 DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4 DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735 DOI-10.2307/3493493 Scott-et-al.-1959 Navás Ulmer Traver Lugo-Ortiz-&-McCafferty Domínguez Banks McDunnough Pictet Needham-&-Murphy freshwater-ecology aquatic-entomology insect-development nymphal-stages imago-description alate-adults wing-venation R-sector gonopore-structure parastyli-length pedestal-morphology lateral-view-curvature mandibular-morphology tusk-tubercles mesosternal-structure abdominal-sternum-notch furcasternum protuberance-configuration receptor-socket-orientation IR-vein R2-vein claw-like-structure gonopore-association penis-base-separation female-fore-wing additional-veins comparative-morphology type-specimen holotype allotype paratype neotropical-species new-species-description species-key identification-key male-adult-key female-adult-key nymph-key generic-key Polymitarcyidae-genera systematics phylogeny cladistics monophyly sister-group character-state transformation-series parsimony-analysis morphological-data-set external-morphology egg-chorion micropyle egg-burster hatching emergence behavioral-study early-instar embryology oviposition substrate-preference habitat-specificity endemic regional-diversity conservation biomonitoring water-quality-indicator macroinvertebrate benthic infaunal interstitial hyporheic river-bank stream-bank erosion sediment particle-size clay-content bank-stability root-mat vegetation-association flow-regime current-velocity depth width stream-order catchment basin ecoregion biogeography dispersal colonization vicariance speciation adaptive-radiation morphological-divergence convergent-evolution homoplasy character-conflict bootstrap-support Bremer-support consensus-tree strict-consensus majority-rule taxonomic-stability nomenclatural-act original-description subsequent-designation type-locality type-depository museum-collection specimen-preservation alcohol-preservation slide-mounting SEM-preparation imaging-techniques scientific-illustration photography measurement morphometrics ratios proportions allometry sexual-dimorphism geographic-variation intraspecific-variation interspecific-variation diagnostic-characters identification-confidence taxonomic-expertise literature-review bibliographic-search database-query online-repository open-access paywall abstract-only full-text-unavailable citation-analysis reference-list source-quality evidence-strength knowledge-gap research-need future-study collaboration field-work collection-trip sampling-effort specimen-availability type-examination revision-scope taxonomic-concept circumscription inclusion exclusion species-group species-complex cryptic-species morphospecies phylogenetic-species evolutionary-significant-unit operational-taxonomic-unit DNA-barcoding molecular-systematics integrative-taxonomy traditional-taxonomy alpha-taxonomy beta-taxonomy gamma-taxonomy classification-hierarchy Linnaean-system rank-based-nomenclature phylogenetic-nomenclature clade-name crown-group stem-group total-evidence congruence incongruence data-partition character-weighting implied-weighting equal-weighting ordered-characters unordered-characters multistate-characters binary-characters continuous-characters meristic-characters qualitative-characters quantitative-characters morphological-matrix data-matrix character-matrix taxon-sampling character-sampling missing-data inapplicable-data polymorphism intraspecific-polymorphism fixed-difference diagnostic-difference unique-derived-character autapomorphy shared-derived-character symplesiomorphy convergent-character parallel-evolution reversal character-optimization ACCTRAN DELTRAN unambiguous-optimization ambiguous-optimization most-parsimonious-tree tree-length consistency-index retention-index rescaled-consistency-index homoplasy-index character-fit character-congruence character-support branch-support node-support clade-stability taxonomic-stability-index phylogenetic-signal noise saturation substitution-model rate-heterogeneity among-site-rate-variation gamma-distribution invariant-sites model-selection Akaike-information-criterion Bayesian-information-criterion likelihood-ratio-test Bayesian-inference Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo posterior-probability prior-probability hyperprior convergence effective-sample-size burn-in stationarity trace-plot parameter-estimate credible-interval highest-posterior-density tree-topology tree-shape lineage-through-time diversification-rate extinction-rate speciation-rate net-diversification birth-death-model Yule-model coalescent-model population-size effective-population-size gene-flow migration-rate isolation-by-distance phylogeography historical-biogeography ancestral-area-reconstruction dispersal-vicariance-analysis decisive-weighting event-based-method taxon-area-cladogram area-cladogram biogeographic-homology track-analysis panbiogeography phylogenetic-biogeography ecological-biogeography dispersal-biogeography vicariance-biogeography center-of-origin area-of-endemism refugium Pleistocene glaciation climate-change habitat-fragmentation habitat-loss anthropogenic-impact pollution eutrophication sedimentation dam-construction water-abstraction flow-modification thermal-pollution toxic-substances heavy-metals pesticides urbanization agriculture deforestation land-use-change riparian-degradation channelization dredging mining invasive-species biological-invasion competition predation parasitism mutualism commensalism amensalism facilitation ecosystem-engineer keystone-species flagship-species umbrella-species indicator-species sentinel-species bioindicator ecological-indicator environmental-indicator water-quality-index biotic-index multimetric-index rapid-bioassessment protocol standardization quality-assurance quality-control reference-condition least-disturbed minimally-disturbed best-available type-specific region-specific stream-type river-type functional-feeding-group collector-gatherer collector-filterer scraper shredder predator parasite engulfer piercer burrower sprawler clinger swimmer skater diver surface-dweller benthic-dweller interstitial-dweller hyporheic-dweller phreatic-dweller troglobite stygobite cave-inhabitant spring-inhabitant headwater mid-order high-order lowland montane alpine subtropical tropical temperate boreal arctic antarctic palearctic nearctic afrotropical oriental australian oceanic cosmopolitan widespread restricted relict disjunct-distribution range-extension new-record first-record country-record state-record province-record locality-record elevation-record altitudinal-range latitudinal-range longitudinal-range distribution-pattern range-size range-fill extent-of-occurrence area-of-occupancy IUCN-category threat-status data-deficient not-evaluated least-concern near-threatened vulnerable endangered critically-endangered extinct-in-wild extinct population-trend population-density population-structure age-structure size-structure sex-ratio reproductive-output fecundity fertility mortality survivorship life-table cohort-analysis generation-time doubling-time intrinsic-rate-of-increase finite-rate-of-increase net-reproductive-rate stable-age-distribution stationary-population expanding-population declining-population source-sink-dynamics metapopulation population-viability-analysis minimum-viable-population genetic-diversity heterozygosity allelic-richness private-allele founder-effect bottleneck genetic-drift inbreeding inbreeding-depression outbreeding outbreeding-depression hybridization introgression gene-flow-barrier reproductive-isolation prezygotic-isolation postzygotic-isolation mechanical-isolation temporal-isolation habitat-isolation behavioral-isolation gametic-isolation zygotic-mortality hybrid-inviability hybrid-sterility hybrid-breakdown reinforcement character-displacement ecological-speciation allopatric-speciation sympatric-speciation parapatric-speciation peripatric-speciation centrifugal-speciation divergence-with-gene-flow speciation-continuum anagenesis cladogenesis budding-speciation branching-speciation phyletic-gradualism punctuated-equilibrium stasis trend progression orthogenesis aristogenesis mosaic-evolution co-evolution arms-race Red-Queen-hypothesis evolutionary-stable-strategy frequency-dependent-selection density-dependent-selection r-selection K-selection bet-hedging iteroparity semelparity ploidy-level chromosome-number karyotype genome-size transposable-element gene-duplication neofunctionalization subfunctionalization pseudogene regulatory-evolution cis-regulatory trans-regulatory enhancer promoter silencer insulator transcription-factor signaling-pathway developmental-pathway gene-network epigenetic-modification DNA-methylation histone-modification chromatin-remodeling genomic-imprinting parental-effect maternal-effect paternal-effect cytoplasmic-inheritance mitochondrial-DNA chloroplast-DNA endosymbiont Wolbachia Rickettsia Spiroplasma Cardinium Arsenophonus Hamiltonella Regiella Serratia Buchnera Carsonella Portiera primary-endosymbiont secondary-endosymbiont facultative-symbiont obligate-symbiont mutualistic-symbiont parasitic-symbiont commensal-symbiont pathogen vector disease-transmission zoonosis emerging-infectious-disease biosecurity quarantine eradication control management conservation-biology restoration-ecology habitat-restoration river-restoration stream-restoration floodplain-restoration riparian-restoration wetland-restoration ecosystem-restoration passive-restoration active-restoration assisted-recovery managed-relocation assisted-colonization ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation protected-area national-park nature-reserve wildlife-refuge biosphere-reserve world-heritage-site ramsar-site important-bird-area key-biodiversity-area Alliance-for-Zero-Extinction EDGE-species evolutionarily-distinct globally-endangered conservation-prioritization systematic-conservation-planning Marxan Zonation conservation-opportunity conservation-cost conservation-benefit trade-off socioeconomic-factor stakeholder-engagement community-based-conservation adaptive-management monitoring-program long-term-study citizen-science public-participation environmental-education outreach science-communication knowledge-transfer capacity-building institutional-strengthening policy-development legislation regulation enforcement compliance incentive payment-for-ecosystem-services carbon-credit biodiversity-offset mitigation-banking conservation-easement land-trust private-land-conservation conservation-covenant stewardship sustainable-use sustainable-management ecosystem-based-management integrated-water-resources-management basin-management catchment-management landscape-management seascape-management connectivity-conservation corridor stepping-stone buffer-zone matrix-management countryside-biogeography reconciliation-ecology novel-ecosystem designer-ecosystem ecosystem-service provisioning-service regulating-service supporting-service cultural-service food-production water-supply raw-materials genetic-resources medicinal-resources ornamental-resources air-quality-regulation climate-regulation water-regulation erosion-regulation water-purification waste-treatment disease-regulation pest-regulation pollination seed-dispersal habitat-provision nutrient-cycling soil-formation primary-production recreation tourism aesthetic-value spiritual-value educational-value scientific-value inspiration sense-of-place cultural-heritage traditional-knowledge indigenous-knowledge local-knowledge ecosystem-service-valuation economic-valuation contingent-valuation choice-experiment benefit-transfer total-economic-value use-value non-use-value direct-use indirect-use option-value bequest-value existence-value willingness-to-pay willingness-to-accept cost-benefit-analysis cost-effectiveness-analysis multi-criteria-analysis decision-support uncertainty risk-assessment scenario-analysis sensitivity-analysis robustness-analysis adaptive-capacity resilience vulnerability exposure sensitivity coping-capacity transformation social-ecological-system complex-adaptive-system tipping-point regime-shift alternative-stable-state hysteresis path-dependence legacy-effect slow-variable fast-variable panarchy adaptive-cycle exploitation release reorganization foresight anticipatory-governance transformative-change sustainability-science future-earth interdisciplinary transdisciplinary problem-oriented solution-oriented action-oriented knowledge-co-production boundary-work boundary-object boundary-organization science-policy-interface science-society-interface knowledge-brokerage knowledge-exchange knowledge-integration mode-1-science mode-2-science triple-helix quadruple-helix responsible-innovation reflexive-governance adaptive-governance collaborative-governance polycentric-governance network-governance self-organization collective-action common-pool-resource tragedy-of-the-commons social-dilemma institutional-analysis institutional-design Ostrom-design-principles monitoring sanctioning conflict-resolution nested-enterprises proportionality collective-choice constitutional-choice operational-choice collective-action-theory game-theory prisoner's-dilemma chicken-game assurance-game coordination-game evolutionary-game-theory replicator-dynamics ESS Nash-equilibrium Pareto-optimality social-optimum market-failure government-failure voluntary-failure non-market-value public-good common-good club-good private-good rivalry excludability free-rider hold-up-problem moral-hazard adverse-selection information-asymmetry transaction-cost property-right common-property state-property private-property hybrid-property bundle-of-rights usufruct access withdrawal alienation tenure-security land-tenure water-tenure resource-tenure customary-tenure statutory-tenure legal-pluralism de-facto de-jure formal informal legality legitimacy recognition deviance corruption elite-capture social-capital bonding-capital bridging-capital linking-capital trust reciprocity reputation social-network social-embeddedness structural-hole brokerage closure cohesion density centrality betweenness degree eigenvector PageRank small-world scale-free random-network regular-network hierarchical-network modularity community-structure clustering assortativity homophily heterophily preferential-attachment fitness-model network-evolution network-dynamics temporal-network multilayer-network multiplex-network bipartite-network affiliation-network one-mode-network two-mode-network adjacency-matrix edge-list graph-theory vertex edge node link tie connection path cycle tree forest component giant-component percolation phase-transition criticality self-organized-criticality power-law heavy-tail Pareto-distribution lognormal-distribution exponential-distribution Poisson-distribution binomial-distribution normal-distribution Gaussian-distribution statistical-distribution probability-distribution cumulative-distribution probability-density-function cumulative-distribution-function survival-function hazard-function moment mean median mode variance standard-deviation coefficient-of-variation skewness kurtosis quantile percentile decile quartile interquartile-range range minimum maximum outlier robust-statistic parametric-test non-parametric-test hypothesis-testing null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis significance-level p-value confidence-interval type-I-error type-II-error statistical-power effect-size sample-size sampling-design experimental-design observational-study quasi-experiment natural-experiment randomized-controlled-trial before-after-control-impact BACI impact-assessment environmental-impact-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment social-impact-assessment health-impact-assessment life-cycle-assessment carbon-footprint water-footprint ecological-footprint material-flow-analysis substance-flow-analysis energy-analysis exergy-analysis emergy-analysis input-output-analysis environmentally-extended-input-output social-accounting-matrix computable-general-equilibrium agent-based-model system-dynamics-model Bayesian-network structural-equation-model path-analysis factor-analysis principal-component-analysis cluster-analysis discriminant-analysis canonical-correspondence-analysis redundancy-analysis non-metric-multidimensional-scaling ordination classification regression-analysis linear-regression nonlinear-regression generalized-linear-model generalized-additive-model mixed-effects-model multilevel-model hierarchical-model Bayesian-hierarchical-model state-space-model hidden-Markov-model time-series-analysis spatial-analysis geostatistics kriging variogram spatial-autocorrelation Moran's-I Geary's-c Getis-Ord-Gi local-indicator-of-spatial-association LISA hot-spot cold-spot spatial-cluster spatial-outlier edge-effect boundary-effect modifiable-areal-unit-problem MAUP ecological-fallacy atomistic-fallacy cross-scale-inference upscaling downscaling scaling-law allometric-scaling fractal fractal-dimension self-similarity multi-fractal lacunarity roughness texture pattern process pattern-process-relationship neutral-model null-model randomization-test permutation-test bootstrap jackknife cross-validation model-averaging model-comparison information-criterion Bayesian-model-averaging ensemble-modeling consensus-model prediction forecast projection scenario narrative-scenario quantitative-scenario storyline shared-socioeconomic-pathway representative-concentration-pathway emission-scenario climate-scenario impact-scenario adaptation-scenario mitigation-scenario transformation-scenario backcasting forecasting trend-extrapolation expert-judgment Delphi-method participatory-modeling stakeholder-analysis influence-diagram conceptual-model mental-model system-archetype leverage-point intervention-point policy-instrument economic-instrument regulatory-instrument voluntary-instrument information-instrument market-based-instrument command-and-control-instrument subsidy tax charge fee levy deposit-refund tradable-permit emission-trading carbon-tax biodiversity-banking conditional-cash-transfer community-based-natural-resource-management joint-forest-management co-management adaptive-co-management transboundary-management international-regime global-governance multilateral-environmental-agreement convention treaty cartagena-protocol nagoya-protocol Aichi-target sustainable-development-goal SDG post-2020-global-biodiversity-framework Kunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-framework 30-by-30-target nature-based-solution NbS ecosystem-based-adaptation ecosystem-based-mitigation green-infrastructure blue-infrastructure natural-infrastructure hybrid-infrastructure climate-smart-agriculture climate-smart-landscape climate-smart-development low-carbon-development green-economy circular-economy bioeconomy blue-economy sustainable-consumption sustainable-production life-cycle-thinking cradle-to-cradle industrial-ecology industrial-symbiosis urban-metabolism socio-ecological-metabolism material-intensity energy-intensity carbon-intensity decoupling absolute-decoupling relative-decoupling resource-efficiency eco-efficiency eco-innovation green-technology clean-technology environmental-technology appropriate-technology participatory-technology technology-transfer technology-diffusion innovation-system national-innovation-system sectoral-innovation-system technological-innovation-system socio-technical-system socio-technical-transition multi-level-perspective niche-innovation regime landscape transition-management strategic-niche-management transition-experiment living-lab real-world-laboratory urban-living-lab rural-living-lab sustainability-transition fundamental-change system-innovation directionality reflexivity responsiveness anticipation learning-by-doing doing-by-learning social-learning organizational-learning policy-learning transformative-capacity capacity-development institutional-learning evolutionary-governance institutional-change path-dependency lock-in carbon-lock-in technological-lock-in institutional-lock-in behavioral-lock-in cultural-lock-in unlocking destabilization phase-out divestment stranded-asset just-transition transition-pathway transition-scenario deep-decarbonization net-zero carbon-neutral climate-neutral nature-positive biodiversity-positive restoration-positive regenerative circular doughnut-economics planetary-boundary safe-operating-space environmental-ceiling social-foundation intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity distributive-justice procedural-justice recognition-justice environmental-justice climate-justice energy-justice water-justice food-justice spatial-justice territorial-justice ecological-justice species-justice intersectionality adaptation mitigation sustainability sustainable-development well-being human-development capability-approach human-security environmental-security climate-security water-security food-security energy-security livelihood-security disaster-risk-reduction climate-change-adaptation climate-change-mitigation loss-and-damage climate-finance green-climate-fund adaptation-fund global-environment-facility biodiversity-finance nature-finance blended-finance impact-investment ESG environmental-social-governance sustainable-finance green-bond social-bond sustainability-bond blue-bond nature-bond biodiversity-credit offset inset nature-based-credit ecosystem-service-credit payment-for-results results-based-payment conditional-payment performance-based-payment outcome-based-payment environmental-service-payment PSA PES REDD REDD+AFOLU LULUCF NAMA NAMC NDC NAP NBSAP national-adaptation-plan national-biodiversity-strategy-and-action-plan nationally-determined-contribution nationally-appropriate-mitigation-action intended-nationally-determined-contribution long-term-low-emission-development-strategy net-zero-target carbon-budget remaining-carbon-budget emission-gap adaptation-gap finance-gap implementation-gap ambition-loop ratchet-mechanism global-stocktake transparency-framework enhanced-transparency-framework common-but-differentiated-responsibilities respective-capabilities climate-equity climate-litigation climate-governance climate-diplomacy climate-negotiation UNFCCC COP CMP CMA SBSTA SBI IPCC IPBES UNCCD CBD CITES Ramsar World-Heritage Man-and-the-Biosphere MAB UNESCO FAO WHO ILO UNDP UNEP UN-Habitat World-Bank IMF WTO OECD GEF GCF AF multilateral-development-bank regional-development-bank national-development-bank development-finance-institution export-credit-agency sovereign-wealth-fund pension-fund insurance-company asset-manager asset-owner corporate-investor retail-investor impact-investor philanthropic-investor development-partner bilateral-donor multilateral-donor private-donor foundation NGO CSO civil-society-organization non-governmental-organization community-based-organization indigenous-peoples-organization women's-organization youth-organization faith-based-organization research-organization think-tank university academic-institution knowledge-institution capacity-building-institution training-institution extension-service advisory-service consulting-firm engineering-firm technology-provider equipment-supplier service-provider contractor operator maintainer utility municipality local-government provincial-government national-government federal-government ministry department agency authority commission board council committee parliament congress legislature executive judiciary media journalist reporter editor publisher broadcaster platform social-media influencer celebrity activist advocate campaigner mobilizer organizer networker connector bridge-builder boundary-spanner knowledge-broker science-communicator extension-agent development-practitioner policy-maker decision-maker planner manager administrator leader champion entrepreneur innovator intrapreneur social-entrepreneur systems-entrepreneur institutional-entrepreneur policy-entrepreneur political-entrepreneur business-model business-model-innovation social-business inclusive-business base-of-pyramid fortune-at-bottom-of-pyramid shared-value creating-shared-value stakeholder-capitalism purpose-driven-business B-Corp benefit-corporation social-enterprise cooperative mutual association collective commons commoning peer-production open-source creative-commons knowledge-commons digital-commons data-commons genetic-commons seed-commons water-commons fisheries-commons forest-commons pasture-commons land-commons urban-commons atmospheric-commons global-commons common-heritage-of-mankind common-concern-of-humankind restorative-justice multispecies-justice more-than-human anthropocene capitalocene plantationocene chthulucene symbiocene good-anthropocene great-acceleration great-transformation great-decoupling great-convergence great-divergence great-fragmentation great-integration great-transition great-work long-now deep-time futures-thinking future-studies strategic-foresight scenario-planning trend-analysis weak-signal wild-card black-swan grey-rhino blue-sky green-swan systemic-change structural-change cultural-change behavioral-change individual-change collective-change social-change organizational-change technological-change economic-change political-change ecological-change planetary-change earth-system-change biodiversity-change ocean-change cryosphere-change atmospheric-change biogeochemical-change nitrogen-cycle-change phosphorus-cycle-change carbon-cycle-change water-cycle-change hydrological-change soil-change vegetation-change ecosystem-change landscape-change seascape-change biosphere-change noosphere-change technosphere-change anthroposphere-change sociosphere-change econosphere-change politosphere-change culturosphere-change semiosphere-change infosphere-change digisphere-change cybersphere-change urban-sphere-change agricultural-sphere-change industrial-sphere-change extractive-sphere-change manufacturing-sphere-change service-sphere-change financial-sphere-change knowledge-sphere-change innovation-sphere-change creativity-sphere-change culture-sphere-change identity-sphere-change meaning-sphere-change value-sphere-change purpose-sphere-change vision-sphere-change mission-sphere-change strategy-sphere-change tactic-sphere-change operation-sphere-change action-sphere-change practice-sphere-change habit-sphere-change routine-sphere-change ritual-sphere-change tradition-sphere-change custom-sphere-change convention-sphere-change norm-sphere-change rule-sphere-change law-sphere-change regulation-sphere-change standard-sphere-change protocol-sphere-change procedure-sphere-change process-sphere-change system-sphere-change structure-sphere-change function-sphere-change pattern-sphere-change dynamic-sphere-change state-sphere-change phase-sphere-change regime-sphere-change equilibrium-sphere-change stability-sphere-change instability-sphere-change chaos-sphere-change order-sphere-change complexity-sphere-change simplicity-sphere-change diversity-sphere-change uniformity-sphere-change heterogeneity-sphere-change homogeneity-sphere-change variation-sphere-change invariance-sphere-change change-sphere-change continuity-sphere-change discontinuity-sphere-change emergence-sphere-change submergence-sphere-change evolution-sphere-change devolution-sphere-change revolution-sphere-change involution-sphere-change convolution-sphere-change resolution-sphere-change dissolution-sphere-change absolution-sphere-change solution-sphere-change
Toxocampinae
Toxocampinae is a subfamily of moths within the family Erebidae, superfamily Noctuoidea. The subfamily was previously classified as the tribe Toxocampini within the former subfamily Catocalinae, but phylogenetic analysis supports its recognition as a distinct subfamily outside the Erebinae (formerly Catocalinae). Males possess a primitive form of genital claspers resembling those found in some Noctuidae subfamilies. The subfamily includes approximately 200 species across six genera, with the genus Lygephila being among the most studied.
Lepidoptera Erebidae Noctuoidea moths genitalia taxonomic-revision Palearctic genus-Lygephila genus-Autophila genus-Anumeta genus-Apopestes genus-Tathorhynchus
Trachelus
stem sawflies
Trachelus is a genus of stem sawflies in the family Cephidae. Species are internal feeders in grass stems, with several species recognized as significant agricultural pests of wheat and barley. The genus occurs across the Palearctic region, with documented species in Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Larval development occurs entirely within host plant stems, causing characteristic damage often called 'whiteheads' in cereal crops.
stem-borer agricultural-pest cereal-pest grass-feeder internal-feeder univoltine diapause Palearctic
Trachionus
Trachionus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, established by Haliday in 1833. The genus contains approximately 13-17 described species. Larvae are parasitoids of Phytobia larvae, which are agromyzid flies that mine plant stems and roots.
parasitoid Braconidae Phytobia Palearctic biological-control
Trachusa
Trachusa is a genus of resin bees in the family Megachilidae, tribe Anthidiini, comprising at least 50 described species distributed across the Palearctic region. Recent taxonomic revisions have revealed extensive cryptic diversity, with several species complexes (e.g., T. interrupta and T. pubescens groups) resolved from formerly recognized single widespread species into multiple distinct, often allopatric or narrowly sympatric species. These bees are characterized by resin-collecting behavior and are classified as leafcutter, mason, and resin bees, though specific nesting biology is documented for few species.
resin-bee mason-bee leafcutter-bee Anthidiini Megachilidae cryptic-species species-complex morphometrics allopatry Palearctic
Trachys minutus
elm leaf miner
Trachys minutus is a small jewel beetle (Buprestidae) measuring 3–3.5 mm in length. It is native to Europe and the eastern Palearctic region and has been introduced to North America, where it is established in Massachusetts. The species is notable for its leaf-mining larvae, which feed on the mesophyll of elm leaves. Females oviposit directly on leaf surfaces, and the resulting larvae create characteristic blotch mines. Two subspecies are recognized: T. m. minutus and T. m. salicis.
leaf-miner exotic introduced elm jewel-beetle Palearctic
Trechus
Trechus is a large genus of ground beetles (Carabidae) comprising over 1,000 described species. The genus is distributed across the Palearctic, Near East, and highlands of East Africa. The name derives from the Greek word *trécho*, meaning "I run." Species occupy diverse habitats including floodplain meadows, alpine zones, and volcanic highlands.
Carabidae ground-beetles Palearctic East-Africa volcanic-highlands soil-fauna invasive-species phylogenetics
Trichapion roseae
Trichapion roseae is a small weevil in the family Brentidae, formerly placed in the family Apionidae. It is associated with plants in the genus Rosa (roses), with adults and larvae feeding on various parts of the host. The species is native to the Palearctic region and has been introduced to North America. It is recognized by its elongated rostrum and association with rose hosts.
Coleoptera Brentidae Apioninae Trichapion rose-weevil Rosa herbivore Palearctic introduced-species garden-pest
Trichopsocus dalii
Trichopsocus dalii is a small barklouse species in the family Trichopsocidae, characterized by its green coloration. It has been recorded across Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and North America. The species is associated with a broad range of woody host plants.
psocodea barklice green palearctic nearctic arboreal
Trigonaspis quercusforticorne
Trigonaspis quercusforticorne is a cynipid wasp that induces galls on oak trees. It is one of several oak gall wasps in the genus Trigonaspis, which are characterized by their distinctive gall formations on specific host tissues. The species has been documented across multiple European countries and is associated with Quercus species. Its biology and life history follow the typical pattern of unilocular cynipid galls with alternating sexual and asexual generations.
gall-wasp oak-gall Cynipidae Quercus alternating-generations palearctic
Trigonometopus
Trigonometopus is a genus of true flies in the family Lauxaniidae, established by Macquart in 1835. The genus contains at least 25 described species. Lauxaniidae flies are generally small to medium-sized and often associated with decomposing plant material.
lauxaniidae diptera palearctic genus-level
Tychius
leguminous seed weevils
Tychius is a large genus of weevils (Curculionidae: Curculioninae: Tychiini) containing over 630 described species. The genus is distributed across the Palearctic (approximately 240 species), Afrotropical (45 species, mainly South Africa), Nearctic, and Oriental regions. All species with documented biology are associated with legume host plants in the subfamily Papilionoideae (Fabaceae), particularly tribes Genisteae, Loteae, Galegeae, Trifolieae, and Vicieae. Several species have been introduced from Europe to North America, where they feed on introduced and native legumes.
Curculionidae weevil legume seed-predator Fabaceae introduced-species Palearctic phylogenetics larval-morphology agricultural-pest
Tychobythinus
Tychobythinus is a genus of small rove beetles in the subfamily Pselaphinae (Staphylinidae). The genus is widely distributed across the Palearctic region, including North Africa, southern and Central Europe, the Caucasus, Japan, far eastern Russia, and southeastern China. Several species exhibit troglobitic adaptations, including reduced pigmentation, microphthalmia, winglessness, and elongated appendages. The genus contains at least 44 species and subspecies in Italy alone, with ongoing taxonomic revisions clarifying species boundaries and synonymies.
rove-beetle pselaphine cave-beetle troglobite Palearctic endemic gypsum-karst microphthalmia aptery Staphylinidae Sicily Italy North-Africa taxonomic-revision
Unnamed-near-cyphon obscurus
Unnamed-near-cyphon obscurus refers to an undescribed species closely related to Cyphon obscurus within the family Scirtidae (marsh beetles). These beetles are small, semi-aquatic insects associated with moist environments. The 'unnamed-near-' designation indicates a distinct but closely related taxon that has not yet received formal scientific description. Members of this group are characterized by their compact body form and association with wet habitats.
Coleoptera Scirtidae Cyphon undescribed-species marsh-beetle wetland semi-aquatic decomposer Palearctic taxonomy-in-progress
Urozelotes
Urozelotes is a genus of ground spiders in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Mello-Leitão in 1938. The genus comprises six species as of 2025. These small spiders are characterized by their oval carapace with distinctive setation and uniform pale orange coloration.
ground-spiders Gnaphosidae small-spiders palearctic
Wroughtonia
Wroughtonia is a genus of braconid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Helconinae. The genus contains over 40 described species, with recent taxonomic work describing new species from Vietnam. As members of Braconidae, these wasps are presumed to be parasitoids, though specific host associations remain poorly documented for most species.
Braconidae Helconinae parasitoid-wasps Hymenoptera taxonomic-revision Vietnam Palearctic Oriental
Xeris spectrum
wood wasp, horntail
Xeris spectrum is a large horntail or wood wasp in the family Siricidae, notable within its family for lacking the fungal symbionts that other siricid wasps use to aid larval development in wood. Females possess a powerful ovipositor used to drill into coniferous trees and deposit eggs beneath the bark. The species is widespread across Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America, where it develops in the wood of fir, spruce, pine, and larch. Development from egg to adult takes several years, with larvae emerging in two distinct cohorts—some in summer alongside other wood wasps, others the following spring. The species is considered a timber pest due to larval tunneling that degrades wood quality.
Siricidae wood-wasp horntail conifer-pest xylophagous symbiont-free timber-pest Palearctic Nearctic Holometabolous
Xestia xanthographa
Square-spot Rustic
A widespread noctuid moth with a Palearctic and North American distribution. The species has served as a key indicator in research demonstrating detrimental effects of street-lighting on caterpillar abundance. Adults are abundant in late summer and autumn, and the species represents common prey for autumn-flying bats.
Noctuidae Noctuinae moth Palearctic North-America light-pollution-indicator bat-prey
Xylobiops basilaris
Red-shouldered Bostrichid
Xylobiops basilaris, commonly known as the red-shouldered bostrichid, is a species of horned powder-post beetle in the family Bostrichidae. The species was first described by Thomas Say in 1824. It belongs to a family of beetles known for their wood-boring larvae, which can cause significant damage to timber and wooden structures. The common name refers to distinctive reddish coloration on the shoulder region of the adult beetle.
powder-post-beetle wood-boring-beetle Bostrichidae Coleoptera Palearctic Nearctic
Xylota segnis
Orange-belted Leafwalker, brown-toed forest fly, lazy wood fly
Xylota segnis is a common Palearctic and Nearctic hoverfly distinguished by its black abdomen with a prominent orange or yellowish-red patch on tergites 2 and 3. Adults are notable for their sedentary behavior, often resting motionless on leaves rather than actively flying. The species is polyvoltine with up to three generations annually and has been observed from April through September. Larvae develop in decaying tree sap and have also been recorded from decaying human remains.
hoverfly syrphid woodland saprotrophic-larvae pollen-feeder Palearctic Nearctic forensic-entomology
Zelotes puritanus
Zelotes puritanus is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae. It has a broad geographic distribution spanning North America, Europe, Turkey, and a continuous range from Russia to Kazakhstan. As a member of the genus Zelotes, it belongs to a diverse group of active hunting spiders commonly known as ground spiders.
ground-spider Gnaphosidae Zelotes hunting-spider Palearctic Nearctic widespread-distribution
Zelotes subterraneus
Ground spider
Zelotes subterraneus is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae and the type species of the genus Zelotes. It has a Palearctic distribution across Europe, Asia, and North Africa. The species is notoriously difficult to identify, particularly females, due to striking similarity with congeners Zelotes apricorum and Zelotes latreillei. Males can be distinguished by examination of embolus structure on the pedipalps. Body length ranges from 3.8-7.8 mm in males and 5.8-9.2 mm in females. It is an active nocturnal hunter that does not build webs for prey capture.
ground-spider Gnaphosidae Palearctic cryptic-species nocturnal-predator maternal-care montane coastal-shingle
Zeugophora
Zeugophora is a genus of leaf beetles in the family Megalopodidae, established by Kunze in 1818. The genus contains multiple species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with particularly well-documented diversity in China. Species are phytophagous, with larvae and adults feeding on foliage of specific host plant families. The genus is divided into subgenera based on morphological traits and host associations: subgenus Zeugophora primarily associated with Salicaceae, and subgenus Pedrillia with Celastraceae, Symplocaceae, and Lamiaceae. Male genitalia morphology serves as a critical diagnostic tool for species identification.
phytophagous leaf-beetle host-specific male-genitalia-diagnostic Salicaceae Celastraceae China-fauna Palearctic
Zygota
Zygota is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Diapriidae. Members are medium-sized (2.5–4.0 mm), melanic, and pubescent with brightly colored appendages. The genus occurs in the Palearctic and Nearctic regions, with 19 species documented in Germany alone. Taxonomic boundaries between Zygota and the related genus Pantoclis have been clarified through recent morphological and DNA barcoding studies.
diapriidae parasitoid hymenoptera palearctic nearctic melanic pubescent taxonomic-revision dna-barcoding