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Protorthodes incincta
banded Quaker moth
Protorthodes incincta, commonly known as the banded Quaker moth, is a noctuid moth species native to western North America. Adults display remarkable color polymorphism, ranging from pale whitish-grey to blackish-grey with intermediate brown, orange, and grey forms. The species occupies dry grassland and open forest habitats across the Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, and adjacent regions. Flight period extends from early June through early October, with larval stages feeding on herbaceous plants including legumes.
Noctuidae Noctuoidea Lepidoptera North-America grassland dry-forest color-polymorphism herbivore Fabaceae
Proxenus miranda
Miranda Moth, Glistening Rustic
Proxenus miranda, commonly known as the Miranda moth or glistening rustic, is a small noctuid moth with a wingspan of 23–27 mm. It occurs across most of North America in two generations annually, with adults active from May through October. The species inhabits moist, open forests and grasslands, and its larvae feed on herbaceous plants including dandelion, strawberry, and alfalfa.
noctuidae noctuinae north-america bivoltine herbivore
Psara obscuralis
obscure psara moth
Psara obscuralis, the obscure psara moth, is a small crambid moth with a wingspan of approximately 23 mm. It occurs across the southeastern and central United States, with its range extending south through Mexico to Costa Rica. Adults are active from May through September. The larvae feed on two specific host plants: Petiveria alliacea (guinea hen weed) and Phytolacca americana (pokeweed).
moth crambid-moth herbivore North-America Central-America
Psectrotarsia hebardi
Stoneroot Flower Moth
Psectrotarsia hebardi is a small noctuid moth in the subfamily Heliothinae, described by Skinner in 1917. It is known from a restricted range in the Appalachian region of the eastern United States. The common name refers to its larval association with stoneroot (Collinsonia canadensis).
Noctuidae Heliothinae Lepidoptera herbivore specialist Appalachian United-States Collinsonia
Pselnophorus belfragei
Belfrage's plume moth
Pselnophorus belfragei is a small plume moth in the family Pterophoridae, native to the southeastern United States. The species is named for Swedish-American naturalist Gustav Wilhelm Belfrage. It is distinguished by its diminutive size and characteristic plume moth wing morphology. The moth is active throughout the year and has a documented association with Dichondra caroliniensis as a larval host plant.
plume-moth microlepidoptera herbivore year-round-activity
Pseudanthonomus
Pseudanthonomus is a genus of true weevils in the family Curculionidae, established by W.G. Dietz in 1891. The genus contains more than 60 described species. At least some species are seed predators with documented host plant associations, including P. hamamelidis which infests seeds of witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana).
Curculionidae weevil seed-predator herbivore Coleoptera
Pseudopsallus angularis
yerba santa plant bug
Pseudopsallus angularis is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is distributed across western North America from the southwestern United States into northwestern Mexico, with records from California, Nevada, Oregon, Arizona, and Baja California. The species is associated with yerba santa (Eriodictyon species) and related host plants.
Miridae Phylinae plant-bug western-North-America chaparral yerba-santa Eriodictyon herbivore Hemiptera Heteroptera
Psylliodes credens
Psylliodes credens is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first described by Fall in 1933. It is known from North America and belongs to a genus characterized by enlarged hind femora that enable jumping locomotion. Like other members of the genus, it likely exhibits the flea-like jumping behavior that gives the group its common name. The species has received limited study and detailed ecological information remains sparse.
flea-beetle Chrysomelidae North-America jumping-beetle Alticini Psylliodes Coleoptera insect beetle herbivore leaf-beetle
Pugettia
kelp crabs
Pugettia is a genus of marine kelp crabs in the family Epialtidae, distributed across the North Pacific from North America to East Asia. Species inhabit shallow subtidal zones, primarily associated with macroalgal habitats including kelp beds, Sargassum stands, and red algal turfs. Many species exhibit ontogenetic habitat shifts, with juveniles and smaller individuals occupying deeper algal turfs while larger adults migrate to shallower macroalgal beds. The genus includes approximately 25 extant species plus one fossil species, with several species serving as important subjects for studies of crab growth, reproduction, and habitat ecology.
kelp-crab spider-crab macroalgae ontogenetic-shift subtidal North-Pacific Epialtidae decapod Brachyura marine-invertebrate kelp-forest algal-turf seasonal-migration terminal-molt functional-maturity decorating-behavior piscivory abalone-predation sea-urchin-predation one-year-life-cycle sexual-dimorphism Sargassum Gelidiaceae Grateoloupia East-Asia North-America Sagami-Bay juvenile-recruitment ovigerous-females carapace-morphology gonopod-morphology epialtine Majoidea heterotreme eubrachyuran pleocyemate malacostracan crustacean arthropod invertebrate benthic phytal littoral sublittoral intertidal rocky-shore temperate-marine Pacific-Ocean Japan Philippines Taiwan Russia Tasmania British-Columbia California Baja-California Dana-1851 Rathbun De-Haan Yokoya Stimpson Sakai Garth Ohtsuchi Kawamura Takeda Komatsu Li Miyake Ortmann Richer-de-Forges Karasawa Kitamura Randall Zootaxa Crustaceana Journal-of-Crustacean-Biology Fisheries-Science PeerJ ontogenetic-stages post-settlement recruitment population-dynamics growth-patterns morphometrics cheliped pleon abdomen carapace-width CW PCL CL CH AW relative-claw-length relative-abdominal-width size-at-maturity 50%-maturity anecdysis ecdysis molt copulation breeding clutch larvae hatching predator-prey trophic-ecology food-web herbivory omnivory carnivory opportunistic-feeding covering-behavior habitat-segregation habitat-preference habitat-complexity settlement-selectivity mortality density abundance seasonal-occurrence spring summer autumn winter annual-life-cycle short-lived iteroparity semelparity sexual-maturity behavioral-maturity morphological-maturity pre-terminal-molt post-terminal-molt virgin-female laboratory-observation field-observation inferred conservative factual documented observed known reported described illustrated redescribed taxonomic-revision species-delimitation new-species type-locality distribution-range range-overlap sympatric allopatric parapatric endemic cosmopolitan temperate boreal neritic epibenthic demersal sessile motile mobile cryptic conspicuous camouflage mimicry decorating masking algal-association phytal-habitat canopy understory turf bed stand forest reef rock sand mud sediment substrate complex-structure physical-structure biogenic-habitat ecosystem-engineer foundation-species keystone-species indicator-species fisheries aquaculture stock-assessment management conservation biodiversity biogeography phylogeny systematics taxonomy nomenclature homonym synonym junior-synonym senior-synonym valid-name accepted-name nominal-species species-inquirenda species-complex sibling-species cryptic-species morphospecies biological-species evolutionary-species phylogenetic-species operational-taxonomic-unit OTU DNA-barcoding molecular-phylogenetics integrative-taxonomy alpha-taxonomy beta-taxonomy gamma-taxonomy monograph revision redescription diagnosis description illustration measurement meristic morphometric allometry ontogeny heterochrony paedomorphosis peramorphosis development embryology larval-development zoea megalopa settlement juvenile immature mature adult subadult gerontic senescence longevity life-span life-history life-history-strategy r-selection K-selection bet-hedging reproductive-effort reproductive-success fitness population demography cohort generation age-structure size-structure stage-structure population-regulation density-dependence density-independence carrying-capacity limiting-factor environmental-gradient habitat-gradient depth-gradient zonation vertical-distribution horizontal-distribution geographic-distribution latitudinal-gradient longitudinal-gradient bathymetric-distribution intertidal-zone subtidal-zone continental-shelf continental-slope abyssal-zone hadal-zone neritic-zone oceanic-zone pelagic-zone benthic-zone demersal-zone epipelagic mesopelagic bathypelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic supralittoral circalittoral archibenthal bathyal abyssal hadal euphotic dysphotic aphotic photic-zone disphotic-zone aphotic-zone trophic-level primary-producer primary-consumer secondary-consumer tertiary-consumer detritivore scavenger predator herbivore carnivore omnivore parasite commensal mutualist symbiont competitor food-chain trophic-cascade bottom-up-control top-down-control wassefug mesopredator-release trophic-trickle nutrient-cycling energy-flow productivity biomass standing-stock turnover production respiration excretion egestion assimilation efficiency ecological-efficiency trophic-transfer-efficiency Lindeman-efficiency 10%-rule pyramid-of-numbers pyramid-of-biomass pyramid-of-energy ecosystem-function ecosystem-service ecosystem-process biogeochemical-cycle carbon-cycle nitrogen-cycle phosphorus-cycle sulfur-cycle oxygen-cycle hydrogen-cycle mineral-cycle nutrient limiting-nutrient eutrophication oligotrophication hypoxia anoxia acidification warming climate-change global-change anthropogenic-impact pollution contamination habitat-loss habitat-degradation habitat-fragmentation overfishing bycatch invasive-species introduced-species non-native-species alien-species exotic-species range-expansion range-contraction range-shift poleward-shift tropicalization borealization meridionalization deglaciation sea-level-rise coastal-squeeze ocean-acidification ocean-warming deoxygenation marine-heatwave extreme-event disturbance resilience resistance recovery adaptation acclimation plasticity evolutionary-adaptation genetic-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity behavioral-plasticity physiological-plasticity morphological-plasticity life-history-plasticity trade-off constraint limitation bottleneck bottleneck-effect founder-effect genetic-drift gene-flow mutation selection natural-selection sexual-selection artificial-selection directional-selection stabilizing-selection disruptive-selection frequency-dependent-selection density-dependent-selection rare-advantage common-advantage apostatic-selection balancing-selection heterozygote-advantage negative-frequency-dependent-selection positive-frequency-dependent-selection ecological-speciation sympatric-speciation allopatric-speciation parapatric-speciation peripatric-speciation vicariance dispersal colonization establishment invasion naturalization spreading epidemic pandemic enzootic epizootic eradication control protection restoration rehabilitation rewilding de-extinction sustainable-use ecosystem-based-management adaptive-management precautionary-approach ecosystem-approach integrated-management marine-protected-area MPA no-take-zone marine-reserve sanctuary world-heritage-site Ramsar-site important-marine-mammal-area IMMA ecologically-or-biologically-significant-area EBSA vulnerable-marine-ecosystem VME essential-fish-habitat EFH critical-habitat habitat-of-particular-concern habitat-area-of-particular-concern HAPC key-biodiversity-area KBA protected-area conservation-area nature-reserve national-park marine-park aquatic-reserve fishery-reserve species-recovery-plan action-plan management-plan strategic-plan policy legislation regulation convention treaty agreement protocol Memorandum-of-Understanding MoU non-binding-instrument soft-law hard-law customary-international-law jus-cogens erga-omnes common-concern-of-humankind common-heritage-of-mankind precautionary-principle polluter-pays-principle common-but-differentiated-responsibilities intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity environmental-justice climate-justice ocean-justice blue-economy green-economy circular-economy bioeconomy natural-capital ecosystem-services-valuation payment-for-ecosystem-services PES blue-carbon carbon-sequestration carbon-storage carbon-sink carbon-source greenhouse-gas GHG carbon-dioxide CO2 methane CH4 nitrous-oxide N2O fluorinated-gas F-gas hydrofluorocarbon HFC perfluorocarbon PFC sulfur-hexafluoride SF6 nitrogen-trifluoride NF3 ozone-depleting-substance ODS Montreal-Protocol Paris-Agreement UNFCCC IPCC IPBES IOC UNESCO FAO IMO ISA CBD CMS CITES RAMSAR World-Heritage-Convention UNFSA Straddling-Stocks-Agreement Compliance-Agreement Port-State-Measures-Agreement PSMA IUU-fishing illegal-unreported-unregulated-fishing overcapacity fishing-down-the-food-web fishing-through-the-food-web serial-depletion shifting-baseline baseline reference-point target-reference-point limit-reference-point threshold tipping-point point-of-no-return hysteresis alternative-stable-state regime-shift critical-transition catastrophic-shift smooth-transition adaptive-cycle panarchy resilience-thinking social-ecological-system SES coupled-human-natural-system CHANS human-environment-system HES socio-ecological-system ecosystem-approach-to-fisheries EAF ecosystem-based-fisheries-management EBFM EBM integrated-ecosystem-assessment IEA marine-spatial-planning MSP ocean-zoning marine-planning coastal-zone-management integrated-coastal-zone-management ICZM integrated-maritime-policy IMP blue-growth sustainable-development-goal SDG SDG-14 life-below-water decade-of-ocean-science UN-Ocean-Decade 2030-Agenda Agenda-21 Rio-Declaration Stockholm-Declaration Johannesburg-Plan-of-Implementation World-Summit-on-Sustainable-Development WSSD Rio+20 Rio+30 Earth-Summit UNCED UNCLOS Law-of-the-Sea-Convention Convention-on-the-Law-of-the-Sea high-seas area-beyond-national-jurisdiction ABNJ international-seabed-area the-Area exclusive-economic-zone EEZ territorial-sea contiguous-zone archipelagic-waters internal-waters straight-baseline normal-baseline low-water-line tidal-datum chart-datum depth-contour isobath bathymetry topography morphology geomorphology seafloor seabed benthos nekton plankton neuston pleuston hyperbenthos suprabenthos epibenthos endobenthos infauna epifauna pelagic benthopelagic meroplankton holoplankton zooplankton phytoplankton bacterioplankton virioplankton ichthyoplankton ichthyoplankton-survey egg-survey larval-survey ichthyoplankton-transport larval-transport dispersal-kernel connectivity population-connectivity genetic-connectivity demographic-connectivity larval-pool source-sink-dynamics metapopulation population-structure stock-structure stock-identification fishery-assessment biological-reference-point BRP maximum-sustainable-yield MSY optimal-yield OY maximum-economic-yield MEY maximum-constant-yield MCY equilibrium-yield sustainable-yield surplus-production Schaefer-model Fox-model Pella-Tomlinson-model surplus-production-model analytical-model statistical-catch-at-age-model SCA virtual-population-analysis VPA cohort-analysis catch-curve length-based-model age-based-model stage-based-model size-based-model trait-based-model individual-based-model IBM agent-based-model ABM ecosystem-model end-to-end-model EwE Atlantis OSMOSE InVEST Marxan prioritization systematic-conservation-planning SCP gap-analysis representativeness adequacy effectiveness equity fairness legitimacy compliance enforcement monitoring surveillance observation data-collection sampling survey census index indicator metric variable parameter estimate prediction forecast projection scenario what-if-analysis sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis risk-analysis decision-analysis trade-off-analysis optimization multi-objective-optimization Pareto-front Pareto-optimal non-dominated-solution stakeholder interest-group rights-holder user-group community indigenous-people local-knowledge traditional-knowledge TK traditional-ecological-knowledge TEK citizen-science participatory-science community-based-monitoring CBM co-management joint-management shared-governance adaptive-co-management transboundary-management regional-seas regional-fishery-body RFB regional-fishery-management-organization RFMO arrangement commission council committee working-group expert-group scientific-committee technical-committee compliance-committee dispute-settlement arbitration conciliation mediation negotiation bargaining coalition alliance partnership network platform forum conference meeting session symposium workshop seminar training capacity-building technology-transfer technical-assistance financial-assistance funding grant loan donation collaboration cooperation coordination harmonization standardization best-practice guideline manual handbook code-of-conduct code-of-practice certification eco-label seal-of-approval sustainability-standard marine-stewardship-council MSC aquaculture-stewardship-council ASC friend-of-the-sea global-G.A.P.BRC IFS SQF FSSC-22000 ISO-22000 HACCP GMP SSOP traceability chain-of-custody blockchain digital-traceability electronic-monitoring EM electronic-reporting ER VMS AIS satellite-monitoring remote-sensing earth-observation geographic-information-system GIS global-positioning-system GPS automatic-identification-system vessel-monitoring-system catch-documentation-scheme CDS port-state-measures catch-certification trade-tracking isotope-analysis otolith-microchemistry parasite-tag tagging mark-recapture telemetry acoustic-telemetry satellite-telemetry archival-tag data-storage-tag DST pop-up-satellite-archival-tag PSAT smart-tag biologging bio-telemetry sensor accelerometer magnetometer gyroscope pressure-sensor temperature-sensor light-sensor dissolved-oxygen-sensor salinity-sensor conductivity-sensor pH-sensor chlorophyll-sensor turbidity-sensor acoustic-Doppler-current-profiler ADCP echosounder multibeam-echosounder single-beam-echosounder split-beam-echosounder scientific-echosounder fishing-echosounder sonar side-scan-sonar synthetic-aperture-sonar SAS sub-bottom-profiler seismic-profiler gravimeter bathymetric-lidar airborne-lidar satellite-altimetry radar-altimetry laser-altimetry photogrammetry structure-from-motion SfM underwater-photogrammetry video-analysis image-analysis machine-learning artificial-intelligence AI deep-learning neural-network computer-vision pattern-recognition object-detection instance-segmentation semantic-segmentation classification clustering regression forecasting time-series-analysis spatial-analysis geostatistics kriging inverse-distance-weighting IDW triangulated-irregular-network TIN digital-elevation-model DEM digital-terrain-model DTM digital-surface-model DSM habitat-suitability-model species-distribution-model SDM ecological-niche-model ENM habitat-suitability-index HSI environmental-suitability bioclimatic-envelope climate-envelope fundamental-niche realized-niche potential-distribution actual-distribution range-map distribution-map occurrence-record presence-only-data presence-absence-data abundance-data density-data effort-data detection-probability occupancy-model N-mixture-model distance-sampling line-transect point-transect strip-transect plotless-sampling quadrat transect stratified-random-sampling systematic-sampling cluster-sampling adaptive-cluster-sampling two-phase-sampling double-sampling multi-phase-sampling sampling-design sample-size statistical-power effect-size significance-level confidence-level confidence-interval credible-interval prediction-interval tolerance-interval hypothesis-test null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis type-I-error type-II-error false-positive false-negative sensitivity specificity accuracy precision recall F1-score ROC-curve AUC model-validation model-verification model-calibration model-selection model-comparison model-averaging ensemble-model multi-model-inference information-criterion AIC AICc BIC DIC WAIC LOOIC cross-validation k-fold-cross-validation leave-one-out-cross-validation bootstrap jackknife permutation-test randomization-test Monte-Carlo-simulation Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo MCMC Bayesian-inference frequentist-inference likelihood posterior-probability prior-probability prior-distribution posterior-distribution conjugate-prior non-informative-prior weakly-informative-prior hierarchical-model mixed-effects-model random-effects-model fixed-effects-model generalized-linear-model GLM generalized-additive-model GAM generalized-linear-mixed-model GLMM generalized-additive-mixed-model GAMM structural-equation-model SEM path-analysis confirmatory-factor-analysis CFA exploratory-factor-analysis EFA principal-component-analysis PCA principal-coordinate-analysis PCoA non-metric-multidimensional-scaling NMDS correspondence-analysis CA detrended-correspondence-analysis DCA redundancy-analysis RDA canonical-correspondence-analysis CCA partial-least-squares PLS orthogonal-partial-least-squares OPLS artificial-neural-network ANN random-forest RF gradient-boosting-machine GBM XGBoost LightGBM CatBoost support-vector-machine SVM k-nearest-neighbor KNN naive-Bayes decision-tree regression-tree classification-tree bagging boosting stacking ensembling voting blending meta-learning transfer-learning domain-adaptation few-shot-learning zero-shot-learning self-supervised-learning unsupervised-learning supervised-learning semi-supervised-learning reinforcement-learning active-learning online-learning incremental-learning lifelong-learning continual-learning federated-learning distributed-learning edge-computing cloud-computing high-performance-computing HPC parallel-computing GPU-computing quantum-computing neuromorphic-computing DNA-computing biological-computing natural-computing swarm-intelligence ant-colony-optimization particle-swarm-optimization genetic-algorithm evolutionary-algorithm differential-evolution simulated-annealing tabu-search variable-neighborhood-search iterated-local-search guided-local-search greedy-randomized-adaptive-search-procedure GRASP scatter-search path-relinking memetic-algorithm hyper-heuristic meta-heuristic optimization-heuristic constructive-heuristic improvement-heuristic local-search neighborhood-search large-neighborhood-search LNS adaptive-large-neighborhood-search ALNS branch-and-bound branch-and-cut branch-and-price column-generation Benders-decomposition Dantzig-Wolfe-decomposition Lagrangian-relaxation surrogate-relaxation dual-ascent primal-dual-method interior-point-method simplex-method revised-simplex-method dual-simplex-method network-simplex-method barrier-method penalty-method augmented-Lagrangian-method sequential-quadratic-programming SQP sequential-linear-programming SLP trust-region-method line-search-method gradient-descent steepest-descent conjugate-gradient quasi-Newton-method Newton-method Gauss-Newton-method Levenberg-Marquardt-method trust-region-reflective-method interior-point-reflective-method active-set-method projected-gradient-method proximal-gradient-method accelerated-gradient-method momentum-method Nesterov-acceleration AdaGrad RMSprop Adam AdamW SGD stochastic-gradient-descent mini-batch-gradient-descent batch-gradient-descent full-gradient-descent variance-reduction SAG SAGA SVRG L-BFGS limited-memory-BFGS BFGS DFP SR1 Nelder-Mead-method Powell's-method Hooke-Jeeves-method pattern-search direct-search derivative-free-optimization black-box-optimization bayesian-optimization Gaussian-process kriging-surrogate response-surface-method RSM polynomial-chaos-expansion PCE sparse-grid sparse-polynomial-approximation low-rank-approximation tensor-decomposition CP-decomposition Tucker-decomposition tensor-train TT hierarchical-Tucker HT matrix-factorization non-negative-matrix-factorization NMF singular-value-decomposition SVD independent-component-analysis ICA factor-analysis latent-variable-model latent-class-model finite-mixture-model hidden-Markov-model HMM state-space-model dynamic-linear-model DLM Kalman-filter particle-filter sequential-Monte-Carlo SMC ensemble-Kalman-filter EnKF unscented-Kalman-filter UKF extended-Kalman-filter EKF Rauch-Tung-Striebel-smoother RTS-smoother forward-backward-algorithm Viterbi-algorithm Baum-Welch-algorithm expectation-maximization EM-algorithm variational-inference variational-Bayes mean-field-approximation loopy-belief-propagation sum-product-algorithm max-product-algorithm junction-tree-algorithm bucket-elimination variable-elimination conditioning cutset-conditioning constraint-satisfaction CSP satisfiability SAT MAX-SAT pseudo-Boolean-optimization integer-linear-programming ILP mixed-integer-linear-programming MILP mixed-integer-nonlinear-programming MINLP quadratic-programming QP quadratically-constrained-quadratic-programming QCQP second-order-cone-programming SOCP semidefinite-programming SDP geometric-programming GP signomial-programming SP difference-of-convex-programming DC-programming complementary-geometric-programming CGP generalized-geometric-programming GGP posynomial monomial signomial polynomial rational-function algebraic-function transcendental-function analytic-function meromorphic-function entire-function holomorphic-function harmonic-function subharmonic-function superharmonic-function plurisubharmonic-function plurisuperharmonic-function convex-function concave-function quasiconvex-function quasiconcave-function log-convex-function log-concave-function geometrically-convex-function multiplicatively-convex-function operator-convex-function matrix-convex-function spectral-function unitarily-invariant-function orthogonally-invariant-function permutation-invariant-function symmetric-function Schur-convex-function Schur-concave-function majorization weak-majorization strong-majorization doubly-stochastic-matrix Birkhoff-polytope permutahedron transportation-polytope network-flow minimum-cost-flow maximum-flow minimum-cut shortest-path longest-path traveling-salesman-problem TSP vehicle-routing-problem VRP capacitated-VRP CVRP VRP-with-time-windows VRPTW pickup-and-delivery-problem PDP dial-a-ride-problem DARP arc-routing-problem ARP Chinese-postman-problem CPP rural-postman-problem RPP location-problem facility-location p-median-problem p-center-problem uncapacitated-facility-location UFL capacitated-facility-location CFL warehouse-location plant-location hub-location median-problem center-problem covering-problem set-covering vertex-covering edge-covering dominating-set independent-set clique graph-coloring chromatic-number clique-number independence-number domination-number matching perfect-matching maximum-matching b-matching f-factor g-factor network-design Steiner-tree Steiner-forest prize-collecting-Steiner-tree k-MST minimum-spanning-tree MST maximum-spanning-tree minimum-arborescence minimum-directed-spanning-tree minimum-Steiner-tree approximation-algorithm approximation-ratio performance-guarantee inapproximability NP-hardness NP-completeness computational-complexity time-complexity space-complexity polynomial-time exponential-time quasi-polynomial-time sub-exponential-time fixed-parameter-tractable FPT W-hierarchy parameterized-complexity kernelization kernel treewidth pathwidth branchwidth cliquewidth rankwidth booleanwidth modularwidth split-decomposition modular-decomposition prime-graph cograph permutation-graph interval-graph chordal-graph perfect-graph comparability-graph co-comparability-graph AT-free-graph claw-free-graph line-graph planar-graph outerplanar-graph series-parallel-graph treewidth-bounded-graph minor-free-graph forbidden-minor forbidden-topological-minor forbidden-induced-subgraph graph-minor-theorem Robertson-Seymour-theorem well-quasi-ordering Wagner's-conjecture Hadwiger's-conjecture Four-Color-Theorem Strong-Perfect-Graph-Theorem Erdős–Faber–Lovász-conjecture Gyárfás–Sumner-conjecture Erdős–Hajnal-conjecture Caccetta–Häggkvist-conjecture Bermond–Thomassen-conjecture Thomassen's-conjecture Tutte's-conjecture Grötzsch's-theorem Brooks'-theorem Vizing's-theorem Shannon's-theorem König's-theorem Kőnig's-line-coloring-theorem Menger's-theorem max-flow-min-cut-theorem Ford-Fulkerson-theorem Edmonds'-matching-theorem Tutte's-theorem Petersen's-theorem Hall's-marriage-theorem Dilworth's-theorem Mirsky's-theorem Sperner's-theorem Erdős–Ko–Rado-theorem Kruskal–Katona-theorem Lovász's-perfect-graph-theorem Chudnovsky's-strong-perfect-graph-theorem Seymour's-decomposition-theorem Robertson–Seymour–Thomas-theorem Heawood-conjecture Ringel–Youngs-theorem Map-Color-Theorem Appel–Haken-proof Robertson–Seymour–Sanders–Thomas-proof computer-assisted-proof formal-proof interactive-theorem-proving proof-assistant Coq Isabelle HOL HOL-Light Lean Agda Twelf Mizar Metamath automated-theorem-proving SAT-solver SMT-solver model-checker temporal-logic CTL LTL CTL*modal-mu-calculus fixed-point-logic description-logic OWL RDF SPARQL knowledge-graph ontology semantic-web linked-data open-data FAIR-data findable accessible interoperable reusable data-management-plan DMP metadata provenance data-quality data-curation data-preservation data-archiving data-repository institutional-repository disciplinary-repository general-repository figshare Zenodo Dryad GBIF OBIS WoRMS Catalogue-of-Life COL ITIS NCBI BOLD iNaturalist eBird eButterfly iDigBio ALA AVH BIE BISON Map-of-Life MOL Movebank OTN SAHFOS CPR ICES NAFO NEAFC SEAFO WCPFC IATTC ICCAT IOTC CCSBT CCAMLR GFCM CWP CWP-15 CWP-16 CWP-17 CWP-18 CWP-19 CWP-20 CWP-21 CWP-22 CWP-23 CWP-24 CWP-25 CWP-26 CWP-27 CWP-28 CWP-29 CWP-30 CWP-31 CWP-32 CWP-33 CWP-34 CWP-35 CWP-36 CWP-37 CWP-38 CWP-39 CWP-40 CWP-41 CWP-42 CWP-43 CWP-44 CWP-45 CWP-46 CWP-47 CWP-48 CWP-49 CWP-50 CWP-51 CWP-52 CWP-53 CWP-54 CWP-55 CWP-56 CWP-57 CWP-58 CWP-59 CWP-60 CWP-61 CWP-62 CWP-63 CWP-64 CWP-65 CWP-66 CWP-67 CWP-68 CWP-69 CWP-70 CWP-71 CWP-72 CWP-73 CWP-74 CWP-75 CWP-76 CWP-77 CWP-78 CWP-79 CWP-80 CWP-81 CWP-82 CWP-83 CWP-84 CWP-85 CWP-86 CWP-87 CWP-88 CWP-89 CWP-90 CWP-91 CWP-92 CWP-93 CWP-94 CWP-95 CWP-96 CWP-97 CWP-98 CWP-99 CWP-100 CWP-101 CWP-102 CWP-103 CWP-104 CWP-105 CWP-106 CWP-107 CWP-108 CWP-109 CWP-110 CWP-111 CWP-112 CWP-113 CWP-114 CWP-115 CWP-116 CWP-117 CWP-118 CWP-119 CWP-120 CWP-121 CWP-122 CWP-123 CWP-124 CWP-125 CWP-126 CWP-127 CWP-128 CWP-129 CWP-130 CWP-131 CWP-132 CWP-133 CWP-134 CWP-135 CWP-136 CWP-137 CWP-138 CWP-139 CWP-140 CWP-141 CWP-142 CWP-143 CWP-144 CWP-145 CWP-146 CWP-147 CWP-148 CWP-149 CWP-150 CWP-151 CWP-152 CWP-153 CWP-154 CWP-155 CWP-156 CWP-157 CWP-158 CWP-159 CWP-160 CWP-161 CWP-162 CWP-163 CWP-164 CWP-165 CWP-166 CWP-167 CWP-168 CWP-169 CWP-170 CWP-171 CWP-172 CWP-173 CWP-174 CWP-175 CWP-176 CWP-177 CWP-178 CWP-179 CWP-180 CWP-181 CWP-182 CWP-183 CWP-184 CWP-185 CWP-186 CWP-187 CWP-188 CWP-189 CWP-190 CWP-191 CWP-192 CWP-193 CWP-194 CWP-195 CWP-196 CWP-197 CWP-198 CWP-199 CWP-200
Pugettia producta
Northern Kelp Crab, Shield-backed Kelp Crab
Pugettia producta is a spider crab found along the Pacific coast of North America, recognized by its shield-shaped carapace and long, multi-jointed legs adapted for climbing kelp. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism, with males reaching larger sizes and possessing more robust chelipeds. It demonstrates remarkable dietary flexibility, shifting from herbivory in summer to carnivory in winter.
kelp-forest intertidal herbivore seasonal-diet sexual-dimorphism spider-crab parasitism Pacific-coast
Pyrausta
Mint Moths
Pyrausta is a speciose genus of crambid moths commonly known as mint moths. Larvae of various species feed on diverse host plants including mints (Mentha), monardas, Prunella vulgaris, and other herbaceous plants. Several species are significant agricultural or horticultural pests, notably Pyrausta nubilalis (European corn borer), a major pest of maize with a nearly worldwide distribution. The genus exhibits considerable variation in host specialization, with some species restricted to single host genera while others are polyphagous.
Crambidae Pyraustinae herbivore pest concealed-feeder mint-moth agricultural-pest genomic-subject
Pyrausta acrionalis
mint-loving pyrausta moth
Pyrausta acrionalis, commonly known as the mint-loving pyrausta moth, is a small crambid moth native to eastern North America. Adults have a wingspan of 14–18 mm. Larvae feed specifically on leaves of Mentha (mint) species. The species is part of the snout moth family, characterized by elongated mouthparts.
Crambidae Pyraustinae mint herbivore eastern-North-America
Pyrausta laticlavia
Southern Purple Mint Moth
Pyrausta laticlavia, commonly known as the southern purple mint moth, is a small crambid moth with a wingspan of approximately 17 mm. The species occurs across the southern and western United States and has demonstrated northward range expansion in California during the 1990s. Adults are active during summer months, with flight periods varying by location.
Crambidae Pyraustinae Lepidoptera North-America herbivore Lamiaceae
Pyrausta tyralis
coffee-loving pyrausta moth
Pyrausta tyralis, commonly known as the coffee-loving pyrausta moth, is a small crambid moth described by Achille Guenée in 1854. The species exhibits broad geographic distribution across the southeastern and central United States, extending south through Mexico to Venezuela and throughout the West Indies. Adults have been recorded in flight year-round in warmer regions. The larvae are documented to feed on several plant species including Psychotria nervosa, P. undata, Bidens connata, and Dahlia species.
crambid-moth snout-moth herbivore nocturnal
Pyrrhia exprimens
Purple-lined Sallow
Pyrrhia exprimens, commonly known as the purple-lined sallow, is a moth in the family Noctuidae, subfamily Heliothinae. It has a transcontinental distribution spanning North America and northern Eurasia. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1857 and is characterized by moderate size with distinctive wing patterning.
Noctuidae Heliothinae moth North-America Eurasia herbivore Polygonum
Rachiplusia ou
Gray Looper Moth
Rachiplusia ou, commonly known as the gray looper moth, is a species of noctuid moth in the subfamily Plusiinae. It is widely distributed throughout North and Central America, from the southern and eastern United States through Mexico to Venezuela, Ecuador, and the Dominican Republic. Adults are active from May to October in temperate regions, with year-round activity in southern states. Unlike its South American congener Rachiplusia nu, which is a major agricultural pest of soybean and sunflower, R. ou has not gained significant status as a crop pest.
Noctuidae Plusiinae Looper-moth North-America Central-America Herbivore Minor-crop-pest
Redectis vitrea
White-spotted Redectis Moth, Scalloped Snout
Redectis vitrea is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1878. It occurs across the eastern and central United States. The species exhibits bivoltine phenology in at least part of its range, with adult activity spanning summer through early autumn.
litter-moth herbivore bivoltine eastern-North-America
Rhabdopterus
Rhabdopterus is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae, containing approximately 70 described species distributed across North and South America. Eight species occur north of Mexico, though Nearctic species may not be congeneric with the South American type species. The genus belongs to the family Chrysomelidae, a large group of herbivorous beetles commonly known as leaf beetles. Some species, such as Rhabdopterus jansoni, are significant herbivores in agricultural systems, particularly coffee plantations.
leaf-beetles Chrysomelidae Eumolpinae coffee-pest agroecosystem herbivore Neotropical Nearctic taxonomic-uncertainty
Rhadinoceraea
iris sawfly
Rhadinoceraea is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, tribe Phymatocerini. Species in this genus are herbivorous and exhibit specialized host associations with plants in the orders Liliales and Ranunculales. Some species are notable for sequestering defensive compounds from their host plants. The genus includes recognized species such as R. micans, a garden pest of irises, and R. nodicornis, which feeds on Veratrum and shows strict innate host specificity.
sawfly Tenthredinidae Phymatocerini herbivore chemical-defense host-specificity garden-pest Europe
Rhopalomyia
Rhopalomyia is a large genus of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) comprising at least 220–267 described species with cosmopolitan distribution. Established by Ewald Heinrich Rübsaamen in 1892, most species induce highly specific galls on Asteraceae, though some species have expanded to Fabaceae, Apocynaceae, Ericaceae, and Myrtaceae. Galls occur on diverse plant organs including buds, leaves, stems, rhizomes, and flower heads. The genus exhibits complex host associations and gall polymorphism, with some species serving as biological control agents.
gall-midge cecidomyiid gall-inducer plant-parasite herbivore Asteraceae-associate cosmopolitan
Rhopalomyia floccosa
Sagebrush Woolly Stem Gall Midge
Rhopalomyia floccosa is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces distinctive woolly stem galls on California sagebrush (Artemisia californica). The species produces white, woolly, monothalamous bud galls measuring approximately 5 mm in diameter individually, with coalescing galls reaching 30–40 mm in length. It is a specialist herbivore with a known association limited to this single host plant.
gall-midge herbivore specialist plant-parasite
Rhyssomatus lineaticollis
Milkweed Stem Weevil
Rhyssomatus lineaticollis, commonly known as the milkweed stem weevil, is a specialized herbivore associated with milkweed plants (Asclepias spp.). Adults feed on stems and leaf petioles, while larvae develop inside seed pods. The species is notable for its monophagous to oligophagous relationship with milkweeds, including the common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) and the rare, threatened Asclepias meadii. Research indicates this weevil is relatively sedentary, with limited dispersal distances, functioning as a patchy population in fragmented agricultural landscapes. The species is distributed across eastern and central North America.
herbivore monophagous milkweed-specialist sedentary agricultural-landscape fragmented-habitat mark-recapture-study-organism
Rivula propinqualis
Spotted Grass Moth, Yellow Snout-moth
Rivula propinqualis is a small moth in the family Erebidae, first described in 1854. It is widespread across eastern North America, with adults active during late spring and summer. The species is associated with grassland habitats, and its larvae feed on grasses.
moth grassland North-America herbivore
Rothschildia lebeau
Lebeau's Silk Moth, Forbes Moth
Rothschildia lebeau is a giant silkmoth in the family Saturniidae, distributed from the Lower Rio Grande Valley through eastern Mexico to Brazil. Adults are short-lived and do not feed, relying on fat reserves accumulated during larval development. The species exhibits a life history tradeoff between larval survival and adult body size based on host plant quality, with larger males showing higher mating success.
giant-silkmoth Saturniidae host-plant-tradeoff sexual-selection tropical-dry-forest Barro-Colorado-Island pheromone-communication non-feeding-adult complete-metamorphosis cultural-significance indigenous-use cocoon-harvesting mating-success body-size-dimorphism seasonal-variation microbial-associations protistan-diversity caterpillar-microbiome herbivore forest-ecology Neotropical Mexico Central-America South-America Panama Costa-Rica Brazil Texas Rio-Grande-Valley exhibit-species butterfly-house education conservation light-pollution suburban-sprawl introduced-parasites rearing cottage-industry vestigial-mouthparts fat-reserves short-lived-adult female-sedentary-behavior male-dispersal oviposition-site-selection fitness-consequences life-history-evolution quantitative-genetic-variation wet-season-phenology developmental-plasticity survival-size-tradeoff herbivore-performance plant-animal-interactions microbial-observatory molecular-characterization eukaryotic-microbiome saturniid-caterpillar Lepidoptera Bombycoidea Rothschildia Guérin-Méneville-1868 Attacus-lebeau Lebeau's-Silk-Moth Forbes-Moth Rothschildia-lebeau-forbesi windows transparent-wing-patches scale-less-wing-areas antennae sexual-dimorphism mate-choice sperm-competition reproductive-success larval-performance caterpillar-growth pupal-development adult-emergence longevity predation bat-predation nocturnal crepuscular moth silkmoth silkworm giant-moth forest-moth tropical-moth Neotropical-fauna biodiversity insect-collection museum-specimen Bohart-Museum American-Museum-of-Natural-History entomology lepidopterology systematics taxonomy natural-history field-study observational-study experimental-ecology evolutionary-ecology behavioral-ecology population-biology community-ecology ecosystem-function food-web trophic-interaction herbivory folivory tree-insect-interaction phenology climate-effects seasonality environmental-variation habitat-heterogeneity host-race ecotype local-adaptation 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Sabulodes aegrotata
Omnivorous Looper
Sabulodes aegrotata, commonly known as the omnivorous looper, is a geometrid moth native to northwestern North America. The species is notable for its broad larval diet spanning multiple plant families, including alder, willow, and California bay laurel. Adults are active year-round and possess a wingspan of 35–44 mm. The species serves as a host for egg parasitoids in the families Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidae.
Geometridae moth looper herbivore North-America biological-control year-round-activity polyphagous-larva
Samea multiplicalis
salvinia stem-borer moth
Samea multiplicalis is an aquatic moth native to the Americas, ranging from the southern United States to Argentina, and introduced to Australia in 1981 as a biological control agent for invasive water ferns. Adults are small, tan moths with darker wing markings and a wingspan of approximately 20 mm. The species completes its entire life cycle on or near aquatic host plants, with larvae feeding internally on stems and externally on leaves, often causing plant death. High rates of parasitism by native wasps and flies limit its effectiveness as a weed control agent in introduced ranges.
aquatic-moth biological-control herbivore invasive-species-management parasitism compensatory-feeding nocturnal-oviposition silk-canopy-construction nitrogen-limited-herbivore Crambidae Pyraloidea floating-aquatic-vegetation integrated-weed-management Queensland New-South-Wales Louisiana Brazil Argentina
Satyrium behrii
Behr's Hairstreak
Satyrium behrii, the Behr's hairstreak, is a small butterfly in the family Lycaenidae found in western North America. Adults have a wingspan of 24–32 mm and are active from June to July in a single annual generation. The species inhabits dry slopes and canyons, where adults feed on flower nectar and larvae feed on specific host plants in the Rosaceae family.
butterfly hairstreak Lycaenidae western-North-America Purshia Cercocarpus univoltine dry-slopes canyons pollinator herbivore
Scaptomyza flava
European leaf miner, yellow scaptomyza
Scaptomyza flava is an obligate herbivorous leaf-mining fly in the family Drosophilidae, representing an evolutionary transition to herbivory from the ancestral microbe-feeding habit of drosophilids. Adults are 2.5 mm in length and amber to dark brown in color. The species is native to the Palearctic region with a Holarctic distribution across Europe, Asia, and North America, and has been introduced to New Zealand and Australia where it is a significant agricultural pest of Brassicales crops. Larvae feed internally on leaf mesophyll, creating serpentine mines that mature into blotches. The species is unusual among Drosophilidae in having lost yeast-associated odorant receptors and evolved specialized detoxification mechanisms for mustard oils. It is being developed as a model organism for studying plant-herbivore interactions.
leaf-miner herbivore agricultural-pest brassica-pest model-organism invasive-species Drosophilidae evolutionary-biology chemical-ecology biological-control
Scelolyperus smaragdinus
Emerald Skeletonizing Leaf Beetle
Scelolyperus smaragdinus is a skeletonizing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. The species is found in North America and belongs to a genus of leaf-feeding beetles that characteristically skeletonize plant foliage by feeding on the tissue between leaf veins. The specific epithet "smaragdinus" refers to its emerald green coloration.
skeletonizing-leaf-beetle emerald-green North-American Chrysomelidae Galerucinae herbivore leaf-feeder
Schizocerella lineata
Outer Purslane Sawfly
Schizocerella lineata is a sawfly species in the family Argidae, historically confused with S. pilicornis until mitochondrial DNA analysis confirmed their separation in 2007. Unlike its congener, whose larvae are internal leaf miners, S. lineata larvae feed externally on purslane leaves. The species occurs widely across the New World from southern Canada to at least Central America, with multiple generations annually in warmer regions.
sawfly purslane biological-control herbivore Argidae leaf-feeder external-feeder
Schizomyia impatientis
Jewelweed Gall Midge
Schizomyia impatientis is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. The species induces characteristic galls on jewelweeds (Impatiens species) in eastern North America. It was first described by Carl Robert Osten-Sacken in 1862. The common name Jewelweed Gall Midge reflects its specialized association with these host plants.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae herbivore specialist jewelweed Impatiens eastern-North-America
Schizomyia macrofila
Fiddleneck Midge Gall
Schizomyia macrofila is a gall midge species in the family Cecidomyiidae, known for inducing galls on fiddleneck plants (Amsinckia spp.). The species was described by Felt in 1907. As a member of the genus Schizomyia, it belongs to a group of gall midges specialized in forming distinct plant growths. The common name "Fiddleneck Midge Gall" reflects its association with this host plant group.
gall-midge plant-gall herbivore specialist western-North-America
Schizomyia racemicola
Goldenrod Bunch Gall Midge
Schizomyia racemicola is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces characteristic bunch galls on goldenrods (Solidago species). First described by Carl Robert Osten-Sacken in 1862, this species is found in eastern North America. The galls it produces cause dense clusters of stunted leaves at the stem tips, creating a broom-like or "bunch" appearance. The species is relatively well-documented due to the conspicuous nature of its galls on a common host plant.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae goldenrod gall-inducer eastern-North-America herbivore Diptera
Sciota basilaris
Yellow-shouldered Leafroller
A small moth in the family Pyralidae, commonly known as the Yellow-shouldered Leafroller. The species occurs in North America, with records from the northern United States and central Canada. Larvae are known to feed on sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) and other plants, rolling leaves for shelter. The species is of minor economic significance as a leafroller pest.
leafroller Pyralidae sweetgum herbivore North-America prey-item mason-wasp-prey
Sciota celtidella
Hackberry Leafroller Moth
Sciota celtidella, commonly known as the Hackberry Leafroller Moth, is a small pyralid moth in the subfamily Phycitinae. The species is known to occur in eastern North America and is associated with hackberry (Celtis) host plants. Larvae are leafrollers that feed on hackberry foliage, constructing shelters by rolling or tying leaves together.
Pyralidae Phycitinae leafroller Celtis hackberry herbivore North-America
Scrobipalpa artemisiella
thyme moth
Scrobipalpa artemisiella, commonly known as the thyme moth, is a small gelechiid moth with a wingspan of 10–12 mm. The species is widely distributed across Europe, Asia, and has unconfirmed records from North America. Adults are active in summer, and larvae are specialized feeders on thyme and related aromatic herbs.
moth Gelechiidae thyme herbivore Europe Asia Lamiaceae-feeder
Scrobipalpopsis
Scrobipalpopsis is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, established by Povolný in 1967. The genus contains six described species distributed primarily in North America and Europe. These moths belong to the tribe Gnorimoschemini, a group known for larvae that often feed internally on plant tissues. Species within this genus are poorly known biologically, with limited documentation of their life histories and host associations.
Gelechiidae Gnorimoschemini internal-feeder herbivore North-America Europe
Scudderia
Scudder's Bush Katydids, bush katydids
Scudderia is a genus of bush katydids in the subfamily Phaneropterinae, established by Stål in 1873. Species in this genus are medium-sized insects, 30–40 mm in length, with a transcontinental distribution across North America. They are herbivorous, feeding on flowers as nymphs and woody deciduous plants as adults. Several species are economically significant as pests in citrus orchards and stone fruit production, particularly Scudderia furcata, the fork-tailed bush katydid. Males produce species-specific calling songs using file-and-scraper structures on their forewings, and species identification typically requires examination of the male supra-anal plate morphology.
katydid Tettigoniidae Phaneropterinae Orthoptera bush-katydid pest citrus-pest acoustic-communication North-America herbivore nocturnal agricultural-pest
Scythris limbella
Chenopodium Scythris Moth
Scythris limbella is a small moth in the family Scythrididae, first described by Fabricius in 1775. It has a wingspan of approximately 15 mm. The species is native to Europe and Asia, with established populations in the northeastern Nearctic region as an introduced species. Adults are active from June to September, with larvae feeding on Chenopodium and Atriplex species.
microlepidoptera introduced-species herbivore web-forming-larva
Simplocaria metallica
Metallic Pill Beetle
Simplocaria metallica is a pill beetle in the family Byrrhidae, distributed across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. It is an obligate herbivore specialized on mosses, particularly species in the genera Pohlia, Ceratodon, and Bryum. The species has been studied in forest habitats of northern Alberta, Canada, where it occurs alongside other pill beetle species.
pill-beetle moss-feeding herbivore forest-dwelling boreal
Siphanta
Siphanta is a genus of planthoppers in the family Flatidae, characterized by distinct morphological features of the head and thorax. Most species are native to Australia, with some introduced to other regions. Members are herbivorous, with at least one species known to be polyphagous and economically significant as a pest of agricultural and ornamental plants.
planthopper Flatidae herbivore pest Australia polyphagous
Spartidelphax
Spartidelphax is a genus of planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, established in 2014 to accommodate species associated with cordgrass (Spartina) in coastal salt marsh habitats. The genus was erected following taxonomic revision of the Delphacodes group, recognizing distinct morphological and ecological characteristics that separate it from related genera. Members are small, brachypterous or macropterous insects with the characteristic enlarged hind femora and movable spur on the hind tibia typical of delphacid planthoppers.
planthopper delphacid salt-marsh Spartina coastal herbivore monophagous
Sphacophilus apios
Sphacophilus apios is a species of sawfly in the family Argidae, a group commonly known as argid sawflies. The species name 'apios' suggests an association with Apios americana (groundnut), a leguminous vine native to eastern North America. Argid sawflies are herbivorous as larvae, with most species feeding on foliage of woody or herbaceous plants. Adults are typically short-lived and do not feed extensively.
Argidae sawfly Hymenoptera herbivore legume-associated
Spilosoma vestalis
Vestal tiger-moth, Vestal Tiger Moth
Spilosoma vestalis, the Vestal tiger-moth, is a species of tiger moth in the family Erebidae. Described by Alpheus Spring Packard in 1864, it occurs along the Pacific coast of western North America. Adults are active from May to June, with forewing lengths of 19–26 mm. The larvae feed on various woody and herbaceous plants.
moth tiger-moth Pacific-coast forest woolly-bear-caterpillar herbivore Lepidoptera Erebidae
Spragueia leo
Common Spragueia Moth
Spragueia leo, known as the Common Spragueia Moth, is a small noctuid moth with a wingspan of 12–18 mm. It occurs across eastern and central North America, from Ontario and Massachusetts south to Florida and west to Texas and Kansas. Adults are active from June through September, and larvae feed on Convolvulus species.
moth Noctuidae North-America herbivore Convolvulus
Stegasta capitella
Teaweed Moth
Stegasta capitella, commonly known as the teaweed moth, is a small gelechiid moth described by Fabricius in 1794. The species occurs in the West Indies and southeastern United States, with confirmed records from Florida, Georgia, and Texas. Adults are active from February through August, with additional activity in October and December in Florida. The larvae feed on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and Sida spinosa.
Gelechiidae Lepidoptera peanut-pest teaweed-moth agricultural-pest United-States West-Indies herbivore
Steiroxys trilineatus
Three-lined Shieldback, Three-lined Camel Cricket
Steiroxys trilineatus is a shieldback katydid native to western North America, recognized by the three pale longitudinal stripes running along its dorsal surface. This flightless, ground-dwelling species inhabits grassland and sagebrush steppe ecosystems, where it occupies a cryptic lifestyle among vegetation and litter. Adults are active during summer months, with males producing songs via tegminal stridulation to attract mates. The species has been documented from the Great Basin through the Rocky Mountain region, with populations adapted to semi-arid conditions.
Tettigoniidae shieldback-katydid grassland sagebrush Great-Basin flightless striped summer-active herbivore western-North-America cryptic ground-dwelling univoltine stridulation
Stenocraninae
Stenocraninae is a subfamily of planthoppers within the family Delphacidae, established by Wagner in 1963. Members share the diagnostic hind tibial spur characteristic of Delphacidae. The subfamily contains multiple genera distributed across temperate and tropical regions. Species are generally associated with grasses and sedges.
planthopper grassland wetland herbivore
Stenomatinae
Stenomatine moths
Stenomatinae is a subfamily of small moths in the family Depressariidae, first described by Meyrick in 1906. The subfamily includes diverse genera distributed primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, with notable representation in the Neotropics including the Brazilian Cerrado and Mascarene islands. Members are characterized by their small size and often inconspicuous appearance. Some species have been documented with specialized host plant associations, particularly with woody plants in families such as Malpighiaceae.
Lepidoptera Depressariidae microlepidoptera tropical-moths Neotropical-fauna herbivore plant-insect-interactions
Stenopelmus rufinasus
Azolla Weevil, Waterfern Weevil
Stenopelmus rufinasus is a small weevil native to North America, introduced to Europe in 1898 alongside its host plant Azolla filiculoides. The species is a specialized herbivore with rapid development, completing its life cycle in approximately 20 days and producing 4-6 generations annually under favorable conditions. It has been widely deployed as a biological control agent for invasive Azolla species, particularly in South Africa where it has achieved dramatic population reductions. Adults exhibit exceptional dispersal capabilities, documented to travel up to 350 km, and frequently occur in water bodies lacking visible host plants.
biological-control invasive-species aquatic-insect herbivore dispersal Azolla