Aquatic-insects
Guides
Plauditus
small minnow mayflies
Plauditus is a genus of small minnow mayflies in the family Baetidae, established by Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty in 1998. The genus contains approximately 10 described species distributed in North America. These mayflies are aquatic insects with larvae that exhibit considerable morphological and color variation, particularly in abdominal patterning.
Plecoptera
stoneflies
Plecoptera, commonly known as stoneflies, comprises approximately 3,500 described species worldwide. This order represents one of the most primitive groups of Neoptera, with fossil relatives dating to the Carboniferous and Lower Permian periods, though modern diversity appears to be of Mesozoic origin. Stoneflies are found on every continent except Antarctica, with distinct populations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. All species are aquatic in their immature stages and are highly sensitive to water pollution, making them important bioindicators of stream and river health.
Pleidae
pygmy backswimmers, pleids
Pleidae, the pygmy backswimmers, is a family of minute aquatic true bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha) containing approximately 52 species in four genera. Adults measure only 2–3.5 mm and inhabit stagnant or slow-moving freshwater with abundant vegetation. They are predatory, feeding on mosquito larvae and other small arthropods, and swim upside-down while carrying an air reserve beneath the body. The family is distributed worldwide except polar regions and remote oceanic islands, with genus Plea in the Old World, Neoplea in the Americas, Paraplea globally in warmer regions, and the recently described Heteroplea from Venezuela.
Potamyia
netspinning caddisflies
Potamyia is a genus of netspinning caddisflies in the family Hydropsychidae, containing more than 20 described species. Larvae are aquatic and inhabit streams, with five instars characterized by progressive increases in head capsule width. They are omnivorous filter-feeders that consume diatoms, green algae, filamentous algae, detritus, and arthropod fragments. The genus is distributed across Asia, with documented species in Thailand, China, and other regions.
Protanypus
Protanypus is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Diamesinae of the family Chironomidae. The genus comprises approximately 10 described species distributed across Europe, North America, and Asia. Species within this genus are found in aquatic environments, with larvae inhabiting freshwater habitats. The genus was established by Kieffer in 1906.
Protoptila
Protoptila is a genus of caddisflies (Trichoptera) in the family Glossosomatidae, subfamily Protoptilinae. The genus is primarily Neotropical in distribution, with numerous species described from Central America, northern South America, and Mexico. Species-level taxonomy relies heavily on male genitalia morphology. The genus has been subject to multiple regional revisions, with 19 species recorded from Costa Rica alone and new species continuing to be described.
Pseudostenophylax
northern caddisflies
Pseudostenophylax is a genus of northern caddisflies in the family Limnephilidae, containing at least 80 described species. The genus was established by Martynov in 1909 with Pseudostenophylax fumosus as the type species. Species are primarily distributed across northern regions of North America and Eurasia, with notable diversity in Japan and alpine regions. Research on Japanese species has revealed strong phylogeographic patterns linked to mountain formation and glacial history.
Psychoda
moth fly, drain fly, filter fly
Psychoda is a large genus of moth flies (family Psychodidae) containing over 400 described species. These tiny, moth-like flies are characterized by their dense body hair, broad wings held roof-like over the body, and long antennae. They are commonly associated with moist, decaying organic matter and are frequently encountered in sewage systems, drains, and bathrooms where they can become nuisance pests. The genus has worldwide distribution with records from North America, Europe, the Middle East, and South America.
Psychomyia
Psychomyia is a genus of caddisflies (Trichoptera) in the family Psychomyiidae, established by Latreille in 1829. The genus has an almost cosmopolitan distribution with species recorded across Europe, Asia, and other regions. Larval stages have been described for at least some species, with diagnostic morphological characters established for instar identification. The genus is taxonomically active, with new species continuing to be described, particularly from China.
Psychomyiidae
Net Tube Caddisflies, tube-making caddisflies, trumpet-net caddisflies
Psychomyiidae is a family of tube-making caddisflies (order Trichoptera) characterized by larvae that construct silken galleries or tubes on submerged surfaces. Adults are typically small with reduced wing venation, including absence of forewing fork I and shortened hindwing forks. The family is distinguished from similar Polycentropodidae by leg spur formula 2-4-4, short thyridial cell, and male genitalia with elongate preanal appendages and reduced tergum IX. Larvae possess separated submental sclerites, broad foretrochantin, and whip-like pupal mandible apices. The family contains approximately 10 extant genera and has a global distribution with notable diversity in the Oriental and Western Palearctic regions.
Pteronarcella
giant stoneflies, least salmonfly, dwarf salmonfly
Pteronarcella is a genus of giant stoneflies (family Pteronarcyidae) containing at least two described species: Pteronarcella badia (least salmonfly) and Pteronarcella regularis (dwarf salmonfly). These are among the largest stoneflies in North America, with adults known for their distinctive drumming communication behavior. Research on P. badia has provided significant insights into aquatic insect phylogeography and dispersal mechanisms in western North America.
Ptychoptera
phantom crane flies
Ptychoptera is a genus of phantom crane flies comprising at least 70 described species. The genus is characterized by larvae that are aquatic or semi-aquatic detritivores inhabiting freshwater environments. Adults are recognized by their distinctive wing folding behavior, giving rise to the common name "fold-winged crane flies." Species occur across the Holarctic and Oriental regions, with significant diversity in China.
Rhagovelia
smaller water striders, riffle bugs
Rhagovelia is a large genus of small aquatic bugs in the family Veliidae, with over 390 described species. Members are distinguished by a swimming fan on the distal tarsomere of the middle leg, an adaptation that enables rapid maneuvering on water surfaces. The genus has colonized lotic freshwater systems and coastal marine environments across the Americas, with additional species in Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Evolutionary origins trace to gene duplications ('geisha' and 'mother-of-geisha') that created this propelling fan structure, allowing exploitation of faster-flowing and more turbulent streams than relatives lacking this adaptation.
Rheopelopia
Rheopelopia is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Tanypodinae. Members are aquatic in their larval stage and belong to the tribe Pentaneurini. The genus was established by Fittkau in 1962. Larvae are generally found in running water habitats.
Rhyacophiloidea
Rhyacophiloidea is a superfamily of caddisflies (order Trichoptera) established by Stephens in 1836. The group has been treated variously in classification systems, sometimes encompassing the entire suborder Spicipalpia when that group is ranked as a superfamily within Annulipalpia. The superfamily includes families of free-living caddisfly larvae that do not construct the portable cases characteristic of many other trichopteran groups.
Saetheria
Saetheria is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, established by Jackson in 1977. It belongs to the subfamily Chironominae and is distributed across the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions, including Europe and the Russian Far East. The genus comprises at least four described species. Taxonomic revisions have provided detailed morphological descriptions of adult males, pupae, and larvae for multiple species.
Scatella
shore flies
Scatella is a large genus of shore flies in the family Ephydridae, with at least 140 described species worldwide. Species are primarily aquatic or semi-aquatic, associated with streams, seeps, and other moist habitats. Some species have adapted to artificial environments including greenhouses, where they can develop in substrates such as rockwool. The genus has notable diversity in the Pacific basin, including 17 species in the Hawaiian Islands with 15 endemics.
Scatellini
Scatellini is a tribe of small shore flies in the family Ephydridae. Members are characterized by their association with aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats, often found near the margins of water bodies. The tribe includes the genus Scatella, which is the most speciose and well-known group within this lineage. Scatellini flies are generally small, dark-colored, and possess distinctive wing patterns that aid in identification.
Sciomyza
snail-killing flies
Sciomyza is a genus of marsh flies (Sciomyzidae) whose larvae are specialized predators or parasitoids of freshwater snails. Adults inhabit moist environments near gastropod populations. The genus includes seven described species distributed across northern Europe and North America.
Sciomyzidae
Marsh Flies, Snail-killing Flies
Sciomyzidae is a family of acalyptrate flies in the order Diptera, commonly known as marsh flies or snail-killing flies. The family contains 543 extant species in 63 genera with worldwide distribution, though poorly represented in the Australasian and Oceanian realms. Adults are small to medium-sized flies (2–14 mm) typically found in wet habitats. The larvae are predominantly predators or parasites of freshwater and terrestrial mollusks, particularly snails and slugs, making this family notable for its specialized feeding biology.
Sepedon
Snail-killing Flies
Sepedon is a genus of marsh flies in the family Sciomyzidae, commonly known as snail-killing flies. The genus contains approximately 70 described species distributed across multiple subgenera. All species share a distinctive life history: larvae are obligate predators or parasitoids of aquatic pulmonate snails. Adults are slender, elongate flies found in association with freshwater habitats. Several species have been investigated as potential biological control agents for snails that serve as intermediate hosts of schistosomes and other trematode parasites.
Setacera
Setacera is a genus of shore flies (family Ephydridae) established by Cresson in 1930. The genus occurs in multiple continents including Australia, where at least one species (S. breviventris) has been documented. As ephydrid flies, members of this genus are associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented in published literature.
Setodes
long-horned caddisfly
Setodes is a genus of long-horned caddisflies in the family Leptoceridae, established by Rambur in 1842. The genus contains at least 230 described species, making it one of the largest genera within the family. Species occur across multiple continents including Africa, Asia, and Madagascar, with colonization patterns suggesting potential dispersal from India to Madagascar. Larval stages are aquatic and inhabit freshwater lotic environments.
Shipsa rotunda
Intrepid Forestfly
Shipsa rotunda is a Nearctic stonefly species in the family Nemouridae with an extensive distribution across Canada and the United States. Despite its wide geographic range, the species exhibits remarkably little morphological variation in both males and females. Reproductive terminalia have been examined using scanning electron microscopy from specimens across its range, revealing consistent structural features. The species was originally described as Nemoura rotunda by Claassen in 1923 and later transferred to the genus Shipsa.
Simulium
black flies, buffalo gnats, turkey gnats
Simulium is a large genus of black flies in the family Simuliidae, containing nearly 2,000 described species across 38 subgenera. Adult females are obligate blood-feeders that use blade-like mandibles to slice skin and lap pooled blood, while males feed on nectar. The genus includes significant disease vectors, most notably species that transmit Onchocerca volvulus, the nematode causing human onchocerciasis (river blindness). Larval stages are strictly aquatic, inhabiting fast-flowing streams and rivers where they filter-feed using specialized cephalic fans.
Siphlonurus
primitive minnow mayflies, gray drakes
Siphlonurus is a genus of primitive minnow mayflies in the family Siphlonuridae, comprising more than 40 described species. Species inhabit temporary and intermittent ponds, with nymphal development occurring during spring months and adult emergence in late May to June. Adults are non-feeding and rely on energy reserves accumulated during the aquatic larval stage. The genus is notable among fly fishers for species such as Siphlonurus quebecensis (early brown quill), which is imitated with specialized fly patterns.
Sisyridae
spongillaflies, spongeflies
Sisyridae, commonly known as spongillaflies or spongeflies, are a small family of aquatic Neuroptera with approximately 60 extant species worldwide. Adults are small, brownish or greyish insects resembling brown lacewings (Hemerobiidae), with forewings spanning 4–10 mm. The family is distinguished by their unique larval biology: larvae are aquatic and obligate predators of freshwater sponges (Porifera: Spongillidae) and bryozoans (Phylactolaemata), using elongated piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract cell contents. Larvae possess seven pairs of jointed, movable tracheal gills on the abdomen—a trait unique among extant insects. The family has a fossil record extending to the Late Cretaceous, with two extant subfamilies (Sisyrinae and Paradoxosisyrinae) and four living genera: Climacia, Sisyborina, Sisyra, and Sisyrina.
Skwala
springflies
Skwala is a genus of springflies (Plecoptera: Perlodidae) established by Ricker in 1943, containing approximately five described species distributed across North America and Asia. Species in this genus are amphibiotic, with aquatic nymphal stages in freshwater streams and terrestrial adults. At least one species, Skwala pusilla, has been documented as predatory. The genus has been subject to cytogenetic study, with Skwala compacta representing the first photographic documentation of stonefly chromosomes.
Stilobezzia coquilletti
Stilobezzia coquilletti is a species of predaceous biting midge in the family Ceratopogonidae, first described by Jean-Jacques Kieffer in 1917. The species is known from Brazil, with records from Amazonas and São Paulo states. As a member of the genus Stilobezzia, it belongs to a group of ceratopogonids characterized by predatory larval and adult stages. The specific epithet honors the American entomologist Daniel William Coquillett.
Sweltsa
green stoneflies
Sweltsa is a genus of green stoneflies in the family Chloroperlidae, established by Ricker in 1943. The genus comprises more than 50 described species worldwide, with documented diversity in North America and Asia. Species are small to medium-sized stoneflies recognized by their characteristic green or yellow-green wing coloration. Adults are typically collected in mid-summer months in mountainous stream habitats.
Tallaperla
roach-like stoneflies, roachflies
Tallaperla is a genus of stoneflies in the family Peltoperlidae, commonly known as roach-like stoneflies or roachflies. The genus contains seven described species distributed in eastern North America. Members of this genus are aquatic insects whose nymphs inhabit forested headwater streams and function as shredders in stream food webs. Adults emerge in late spring to early summer.
Tanytarsini
Tanytarsini is a diverse tribe of non-biting midges (Chironomidae: Chironominae) comprising over 20 genera and approximately 1,000 described species. The tribe is divided into two subtribes: Tanytarsina and Zavreliina. Members occupy a wide range of aquatic habitats including freshwater lotic and lentic systems, hygropetric seepages, and marine intertidal zones. The genus Pontomyia represents truly marine chironomids within this tribe, with specialized life history adaptations including flightless, larviform females and short-lived non-feeding adults.
Thaumaleidae
solitary midges, trickle midges, madicolous midges
Thaumaleidae is a family of small nematoceran flies in the order Diptera, closely related to Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, and Simuliidae. Adults are non-feeding, stocky, yellow to brown flies measuring 3–4 mm, with short antennae no longer than the head. The family comprises approximately 202 extant species in seven genera (Afrothaumalea, Androprosopa, Austrothaumalea, Neothaumalea, Niphta, Thaumalea, Trichothaumalea) plus one fossil genus. Larvae inhabit thin water films on rock surfaces alongside waterfalls and torrents, where they graze on diatoms.
Thienemanniella
Thienemanniella is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, first described by Kieffer in 1911. These small dipterans belong to the subfamily Orthocladiinae and are part of the diverse group of chironomid midges commonly known as bloodworms. The genus is known from limited observational records across parts of Europe and South America.
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
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Traverella is a genus of pronggilled mayflies established by Edmunds in 1948. It belongs to the family Leptophlebiidae, one of the most diverse families within the order Ephemeroptera. The genus comprises 13 described species. Members of this genus, like other leptophlebiid mayflies, possess the characteristic forked gills on their abdominal segments that give the family its common name.
Trichoptera
Caddisflies
Caddisflies are an order of approximately 14,500 described species of insects with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults. The order is divided into two principal suborders: Integripalpia, whose larvae construct portable protective cases while foraging, and Annulipalpia, whose larvae build fixed retreats and wait for food to arrive. Caddisflies are widely distributed globally and are recognized as important bioindicators of freshwater ecosystem health due to their sensitivity to water quality changes.
Tricorythodes
little stout crawler mayflies
Tricorythodes is a genus of small, robust mayflies in the family Leptohyphidae, commonly known as little stout crawler mayflies. The genus comprises approximately 16 described species distributed across the Americas. Nymphs are primarily found in stream habitats where they function as collector-gatherers, processing fine particulate organic matter. Species within this genus exhibit multivoltine life histories with development rates strongly influenced by temperature.
Tvetenia
non-biting midges
Tvetenia is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Orthocladiinae. Species occur across northern and eastern Europe, extending into Russia and Central Asia. The genus was established by Kieffer in 1922. Taxonomic revisions have clarified species boundaries, including the synonymy of T. vitracies with T. tshernovskii.
Typopsilopa
Typopsilopa is a genus of shore flies in the family Ephydridae, established by Cresson in 1916. The genus contains approximately 19 described species. Shore flies in this family are typically associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats, often found along shorelines and in moist environments.
Veliidae
riffle bugs, small water striders, broad-shouldered water striders, ripple bugs
Veliidae is a large family of predatory true bugs in the suborder Heteroptera, comprising approximately 1173 species across 66 genera. Members are small (1.5–6 mm), surface-dwelling insects that walk on water using surface tension and hydrophobic leg adaptations. They are distinguished from the related family Gerridae by their broader pronotum, smaller size, and internal genitalia differences. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution excluding Antarctica, with centers of origin in the Indo-Malayan region and the Caribbean.
Zavrelimyia
Zavrelimyia is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Tanypodinae, and tribe Pentaneurini. The genus was established by Fittkau in 1962 and is placed within the predatory midge lineage Tanypodinae. Species in this genus are aquatic in their larval stages and are part of the diverse chironomid fauna found in freshwater habitats.
Zeros flavipes
Zeros flavipes is a species of shore fly in the family Ephydridae, described by Williston in 1896. As a member of the order Diptera, it possesses the characteristic single pair of wings and halteres typical of true flies. The specific epithet 'flavipes' refers to yellow legs, a trait that may aid in identification. Shore flies in this family are generally associated with moist or aquatic habitats, though specific ecological details for this species remain limited in available sources.