Neotropical
Guides
Telothyria
Telothyria is a genus of tachinid flies established by van der Wulp in 1890. The genus contains approximately 50 described species, with 25 new species described in 2020 from Costa Rica alone. All studied species are parasitoids of caterpillars, specifically targeting two lepidopteran families. The genus is distributed almost exclusively in the Neotropical region.
Teminius insularis
Teminius insularis is a spider species in the family Miturgidae, first described by Lucas in 1857. It is widely distributed across the Americas, ranging from the southern United States through the Greater Antilles to Argentina, with records from multiple Brazilian states and French Guiana. The species has accumulated over 1,100 observations on iNaturalist, indicating it is moderately well-documented. As a member of Miturgidae, it belongs to a family of wandering spiders that do not build permanent webs for prey capture.
Tenaspis
Tenaspis is a genus of fireflies (family Lampyridae) containing approximately 17 described species. These beetles are characterized by their bioluminescent capabilities, a defining trait of the Lampyridae family. The genus was established by LeConte in 1881 and is classified within the subfamily Lampyrinae and tribe Lamprocerini. Species in this genus are found in the Neotropical region, with distribution records from Colombia.
Tenuirostritermes tenuirostris
Tenuirostritermes tenuirostris is a species of higher termite in the family Termitidae, subfamily Nasutitermitinae. Originally described as Termes tenuirostris by Desneux in 1904, it is currently accepted under the genus Tenuirostritermes. The species has been recorded in North America and Middle America based on distribution data. As a member of Nasutitermitinae, it belongs to a group commonly known as nasute termites, characterized by specialized defensive adaptations.
Terapus
Terapus is a genus of clown beetles in the family Histeridae, established by Marseul in 1863. It belongs to the subfamily Haeteriinae, a group characterized by associations with ants and termites. The genus is poorly known, with very few observations and limited published information on its biology. Members of Haeteriinae are generally myrmecophilous or termitophilous, living as inquilines in ant or termite colonies.
Tetrabothynus
Tetrabothynus is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae. The genus was established by Labram and Imhoff in 1852. It belongs to the tribe Eustylini, a group of weevils characterized by their broad snouts and often colorful or patterned bodies. Very few observations of this genus exist in public databases, suggesting it is either rare, poorly sampled, or restricted to specific habitats.
Tetracha
metallic tiger beetles
Tetracha is a genus of metallic tiger beetles in the subtribe Megacephalina, closely related to Megacephala. The genus was resurrected by Huber (1994) after nearly a century of being treated as a subgenus of Megacephala, and subsequently elevated to full generic status by Naviaux (2007). Species occur primarily in the Western Hemisphere from southern Mexico through Central America, northern South America, and the West Indies. Members are characterized by crepuscular and nocturnal activity patterns, metallic coloration, and relatively large eyes adapted for low-light vision.
Tetraclipeoides dentiger
Tetraclipeoides dentiger is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Aphodiinae. It is found in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Like other members of Aphodiinae, it is likely associated with dung or decomposing organic matter, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Tetranodus
Tetranodus is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the tribe Tillomorphini. The genus was established by Linell in 1896 and contains seven described species distributed in the Americas. Species have been described from the late 19th century through the late 20th century, with several described by Chemsak and colleagues. The genus is placed in the subfamily Cerambycinae, a diverse group of primarily wood-boring beetles.
Tetranychinae
Tetranychinae is a subfamily of spider mites (Tetranychidae) containing economically significant agricultural and ornamental crop pests. The subfamily includes the genera Tetranychus, Eutetranychus, Oligonychus, Panonychus, Amphitetranychus, Schizotetranychus, Aponychus, Paraponychus, and Stylophoronychus. Species within this subfamily are phytophagous and pose serious threats to crop yield and quality. Identification relies primarily on morphological examination of adult male genitalia, though molecular and biochemical methods are increasingly employed for accurate species discrimination.
spider-mitesagricultural-pestsphytophagous-mitescrop-pestsinvasive-speciesacarologyintegrated-pest-managementmolecular-identificationDNA-barcodingTurkeyRussiaPaleotropicalNeotropicalNorth-AmericaMalusPrunusQuercusPiceaAbiesrosaceous-plantsconiferous-plantsmonocotyledonsdicotyledonsacaricide-resistancequarantine-pestsdiapausemale-genitaliaaedeagusPCR-RFLPreal-time-PCRLAMPMALDI-TOF-MSallozyme-analysisspecies-discriminationreproductive-isolationTetranychusEutetranychusOligonychusPanonychusAmphitetranychusSchizotetranychusAponychusParaponychusStylophoronychusEotetranychusBryobiaProstigmataAcariArachnidaArthropodaAnimaliaTetrapriocera
horned powder-post beetles
Tetrapriocera is a genus of horned powder-post beetles in the family Bostrichidae, established by Horn in 1878. The genus comprises at least four described species. Members of this genus are wood-boring beetles, with T. longicornis documented as a host for the parasitoid wasp Acrophasmus sp. in Panama.
Thallumetus
Thallumetus is a genus of cribellate araneomorph spiders established by Eugène Simon in 1893. It contains ten species distributed across the Neotropical region, from the southern United States through Central America to South America. The genus is characterized by the presence of a cribellum, a silk-producing structure used to produce hackled silk for prey capture.
Thambemyia
Thambemyia is a genus of long-legged flies in the family Dolichopodidae, characterized by its exclusive association with rocky intertidal habitats. The genus is distributed across the Oriental and Neotropical realms, with a single Palearctic species from Japan. Taxonomic relationships with the genus Conchopus remain unresolved, with some authors treating the latter as a synonym while others recognize it as distinct. The genus currently comprises five described species plus a new subgenus established for the Japanese species.
Theridion submissum
Theridion submissum is a species of cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae. The species was described by Gertsch and Davis in 1936. It is found in the United States, Mexico, the Bahama Islands, and Jamaica. Like other members of the genus Theridion, it constructs irregular three-dimensional webs.
Theridula gonygaster
Ladybird Spider
Theridula gonygaster is a species of cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae. Commonly known as the Ladybird Spider, it has a broad native range across Central and South America and the Caribbean, and has been introduced to multiple regions including parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia. The species is notable for its widespread anthropogenic dispersal and distinctive appearance.
Thermonectus nigrofasciatus ornaticollis
Thermonectus nigrofasciatus ornaticollis is a subspecies of diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae, tribe Aciliini. As part of the genus Thermonectus, it is an aquatic predator inhabiting freshwater systems. The subspecies epithet 'ornaticollis' refers to decorative or ornate features of the pronotum or neck region. Like other members of Thermonectus, it possesses adaptations for underwater respiration and predation.
Thespidae
Thespidae is a family of mantises in the order Mantodea, primarily distributed in the Neotropical region with some Nearctic representatives. The family underwent significant taxonomic revision in 2019, when the subfamilies Haaniinae and Hoplocoryphinae were elevated to family level. Members of Thespidae exhibit diverse ecological adaptations, including cryptic grass-mimicry in some genera and leaf-litter dwelling in others.
Thesprotia
Grass-like mantids
Thesprotia is a genus of small, cryptic praying mantids in the family Thespidae. Species in this genus are known for their grass-like appearance and exceptional camouflage among vegetation. The genus contains 14 Neotropical species, with most distributed in South America and one species, Thesprotia graminis, occurring in the southeastern United States. These mantids are considered beneficial due to their predatory habits.
Thione championi
Thione championi is a beetle species in the family Monotomidae, first described by Sharp in 1899. The species belongs to a small family of beetles commonly known as root-eating beetles, though specific ecological details for this particular species remain poorly documented. It has been recorded across multiple regions including the Caribbean, Middle America, and North America, suggesting a broad geographic distribution in the Neotropical and Nearctic realms.
Thiotricha sciurella
Thiotricha sciurella is a small gelechiid moth described by Thomas de Grey, 5th Baron Walsingham, in 1897. It is characterized by distinctive forewing coloration with bright orange and black markings on a bluish-white ground. The species occurs in the Neotropical region from Mexico through Central America to Brazil, including the West Indies. It is a member of the subfamily Thiotrichinae, which contains many small, often colorful moths.
Tholymis citrina
evening skimmer
Tholymis citrina, the evening skimmer, is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It occurs across a broad geographic range spanning the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America. The species is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, with a stable population and no immediate threats to its survival. The IUCN status was last reviewed in 2017.
Thoracophorus
Thoracophorus is a genus of unmargined rove beetles in the subfamily Osoriinae (Staphylinidae). The genus comprises more than 20 described species distributed across the Neotropical region and beyond. Members are primarily associated with arboreal habitats, particularly tree canopies and trunks.
Thraulodes speciosus
Thraulodes speciosus is a species of mayfly in the family Leptophlebiidae, described by Traver in 1934. It belongs to the order Ephemeroptera, an ancient group of aquatic insects with brief adult stages. The genus Thraulodes is distributed across the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Like other leptophlebiid mayflies, this species has aquatic nymphal stages and terrestrial adults that do not feed.
Thyanta perditor
neotropical red-shouldered stink bug, red-shouldered stink bug
Thyanta perditor is a phytophagous stink bug native to the Neotropics, now recognized as an agricultural pest in soybean and other crops. Adults are distinguished by a reddish band across the pronotum and lack the long ventral spine found in the similar redbanded stink bug. Laboratory studies demonstrate nymphs require seeds or seed heads for development, as leaves are unsuitable. The species serves as host to multiple tachinid fly parasitoids.
Thymoites maderae
Thymoites maderae is a species of cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, first described by Gertsch and Archer in 1942. The species occurs from the United States through Panama. Very little is known about its biology or ecology. Available records suggest it inhabits Middle and North America, though specific habitat associations remain undocumented.
Thyreocephalus
Thyreocephalus is a genus of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Xantholinini) established by Guérin-Méneville in 1844. The genus exhibits substantial geographic diversity, with 32 recognized species in sub-Saharan Africa and nine species recorded from Mexico—the most species-rich country for this genus in the Americas. Recent taxonomic revisions have clarified species boundaries, transferred multiple species from related genera (Eulissus, Xantholinus), and established the 'puncticeps' species group for five closely related Mexican species. A new genus, Afrus, was erected to accommodate species formerly placed in Thyreocephalus.
Thysania
White Witch Moths
Thysania is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, erected by Johan Wilhelm Dalman in 1824. The genus is best known for Thysania agrippina, the white witch moth, which holds the record for the largest wingspan of any insect, measuring up to 12 inches. These moths are found in the Neotropical region, from Mexico through Central and South America.
Tibicininae
Tibicininae is a subfamily of cicadas in the family Cicadidae, containing at least 140 described species across 10 recognized tribes. The subfamily exhibits a broad geographic distribution spanning the Neotropics, Nearctic, and Palearctic regions. A 2005 taxonomic revision proposed renaming the subfamily Tettigadinae to avoid confusion, though this change was not universally adopted. Genera within Tibicininae include Chilecicada, Tibicina, Selymbria, Hemidictya, and others, with notable centers of endemism in Chile and the Neotropics.
Tidarren sisyphoides
Tent Cobweb Weaver
Tidarren sisyphoides is a tangle web spider (family Theridiidae) known for extreme sexual size dimorphism, with males approximately 10% the size of females. The species exhibits a rare mating system in which males die during copulation and remain attached to females for over two hours, though females do not practice sexual cannibalism. It constructs a distinctive three-dimensional web with a dome-shaped sheet and upper tangle that functions as the primary prey capture structure.
Timochares
Timochares is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae, subfamily Pyrginae, established by Godman & Salvin in 1896. The genus contains three recognized species distributed in the Neotropical region. Members of this genus are characterized by their banded wing patterns and relatively robust body form typical of pyrgine skippers.
Tinacrucis
Tinacrucis is a genus of tortricid moths established by Powell in 1986. The genus exhibits marked sexual dimorphism, with males and females showing distinct morphological differences. It contains six described species distributed primarily in Mexico and Central America, with one species extending into the mountains of Arizona. Tinacrucis noroesta is noted as North America's largest tortricine moth.
Tipula schizomera
Tipula schizomera is a large crane fly in the family Tipulidae, described by Charles Paul Alexander in 1940. It is distributed across the southwestern United States and Mexico, representing one of the Nearctic species in this diverse genus. As with other Tipula species, it belongs to a group commonly known as crane flies or daddy longlegs, characterized by elongated bodies and extremely long legs.
Tominotus communis
burrowing bug
Tominotus communis is a species of burrowing bug in the family Cydnidae. It occurs across a broad geographic range spanning the Caribbean, Central America, and North America. As a member of Cydnidae, it possesses the fossorial adaptations characteristic of this family, including enlarged forelegs modified for digging.
Tomoplagia
Tomoplagia is a genus of tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) comprising approximately 60 described species. The genus is primarily Neotropical in distribution, with species recorded from Brazil and other South American regions. Larvae develop within plant tissues of Asteraceae, with documented associations including flower heads and stem galls on members of the tribe Vernonieae. Host specialization varies among species, ranging from monophagy to oligophagy on related host plants.
Tomoplagia obliqua
Tomoplagia obliqua is a species of fruit fly in the family Tephritidae, originally described by Thomas Say in 1830 under the basionym Trypeta obliqua. The species belongs to the subfamily Tephritinae and tribe Acrotaeniini. It is one of approximately 50 species in the genus Tomoplagia, which is primarily Neotropical in distribution.
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
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Tortyra is a genus of moths in the family Choreutidae, established by Walker in 1863. The genus comprises approximately 23 described species distributed primarily in the Neotropical region, with some species extending into North America. These moths are generally small and exhibit metallic coloration, a common trait within their family.
Townsendia albomacula
Townsendia albomacula is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, described by Martin in 1966. The genus Townsendia is a small group of asilid flies primarily found in the Neotropical region. As with other robber flies, this species is presumed to be a predatory insect, though specific details about its biology remain largely unreported in the scientific literature.
Toxidium
Toxidium is a genus of rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Scaphidiinae. The genus was established by John Lawrence LeConte in 1860. Recent taxonomic work has expanded the genus with multiple new species described in 2025, primarily from Brazil. Members of this genus belong to the tribe Scaphisomatini, a group of small beetles often associated with fungal habitats.
Toxomerus
Calligrapher Flies
Toxomerus is a large genus of hoverflies (family Syrphidae) distributed across the Americas, with over 130 described Neotropical species and additional Nearctic endemics. Species are small (typically 6–9 mm), characterized by large eyes with posterior indentation and diagnostic abdominal patterns. Most larvae are predatory on soft-bodied insects, particularly aphids, though at least three species are known pollen-feeders. Adults are pollinivorous, feeding on nectar and pollen from diverse flowering plants. The genus includes notable ecological specialists such as Toxomerus basalis, a kleptoparasite of sundews (Drosera), and several species introduced to the Afrotropics.
hoverflyflower-flyaphid-predatorpollinatorbiological-controlHymenoptera-mimickleptoparasiteintroduced-speciesNeotropicalNearcticAfrotropical-introductionpolyvoltineSyrphiniSyrphinaeDipteraSyrphidaeToxomerus-marginatusToxomerus-disparToxomerus-pulchellusToxomerus-basalisToxomerus-floralisToxomerus-politusToxomerus-apegiensisDroserasundewpollenivorypredatory-larvaeurban-adapteragricultural-beneficialcryptic-larvaeeye-dimorphismterritorial-behaviorDNA-barcodingcitizen-sciencemuseum-collectionsrange-expansionconservation-concernToxomerus corbis
Black-sided Calligrapher
Toxomerus corbis is a small hover fly in the family Syrphidae, commonly known as the Black-sided Calligrapher. It is one of approximately 144 species in the genus Toxomerus, a diverse group distributed primarily in the Neotropical region. The genus was historically assumed to have predatory larvae, though some species have been found to feed on pollen. Adults are active pollinators, visiting flowers for nectar.
Toxomerus dispar
Dark-sided Calligrapher
Toxomerus dispar is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae, commonly known as the Dark-sided Calligrapher. The species was described by Fabricius in 1794. It belongs to the diverse genus Toxomerus, which includes numerous small to medium-sized hoverflies often recognized by their distinctive abdominal patterning. As a member of Syrphidae, this species is likely involved in pollination and may exhibit larval predation on small arthropods, though specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented in available sources.
Toxomerus jussiaeae
Orange-backed Calligrapher
Toxomerus jussiaeae is a species of hover fly in the family Syrphidae, first described by Vigé in 1939. It belongs to the genus Toxomerus, a diverse group of small syrphid flies with over 144 species in the Neotropics. The species is known by the common name "Orange-backed Calligrapher." Like other members of its genus, it is likely a pollinator as an adult, though specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented.
Toxomerus parvulus
Black-backed Calligrapher
Toxomerus parvulus is a small hover fly in the family Syrphidae, commonly known as the Black-backed Calligrapher. The genus Toxomerus is exceptionally diverse in the Neotropics, with over 144 species, though many remain understudied. Larval feeding habits in this genus have historically been assumed to be predatory, but some species have been discovered to feed on pollen, indicating dietary diversity within the genus.
Toxonprucha
cruel toxonprucha moth, spotted toxonprucha moth, bird toxonprucha
Toxonprucha is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, subfamily Erebinae, containing approximately 13 described species. The genus was established by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1890. Species are distributed across the southwestern United States (primarily Arizona), Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. Several species have received common names, including the 'cruel toxonprucha moth' (T. crudelis), 'spotted toxonprucha moth' (T. pardalis), and 'bird toxonprucha' (T. volucris).
Toxotrypanini
Toxotrypanini is a tribe of fruit flies within the subfamily Trypetinae of Tephritidae. The tribe includes economically significant genera such as Toxotrypana (containing the papaya fruit fly) and Anastrepha (a large genus of Neotropical fruit fly pests). Members are primarily associated with tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. The tribe is characterized by specialized relationships with host fruits, with several species recognized as major agricultural pests.
Toya idonea
Toya idonea is a delphacid planthopper in the family Delphacidae, first described by Beamer in 1947. The species has a broad distribution spanning the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America. Specific records exist from the southeastern United States (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi) and Brazil (Bahia). As a member of Delphacidae, it belongs to a family characterized by a movable spur on the hind tibia, a trait distinguishing delphacids from other planthopper families.
Trachyderini
Trachyderini is a tribe of long-horned beetles (Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae) comprising at least 140 genera and 650 described species. Members are predominantly diurnal, medium to large-sized, and frequently exhibit bright coloration. The tribe has a primarily New World distribution, with notable diversity in southwestern North America, Mexico, Central America, and South America, though some genera extend into the Palearctic region including Mongolia. Several genera display striking mimicry of wasps or other beetles.
Trachypus
bee-hunting wasp
Trachypus is a Neotropical genus of digger wasps in the family Crabronidae, comprising 31 described species. Species are ground-nesting and may be solitary or communal. The genus is notable for its specialized predation on bees, with some species exhibiting narrow prey specialization on stingless bees (Meliponini). Trachypus species harbor symbiotic streptomycete bacteria in antennal glands, a trait shared with their close relative Philanthus.
Tramea darwini
Striped Saddlebags
Tramea darwini is a dragonfly species in the family Libellulidae, commonly known as the Striped Saddlebags. An insular population has been documented exhibiting exceptional behavioral diversity in oviposition strategies, with four distinct modes recorded—more than any other studied population of the genus. This species belongs to a genus characterized by saddlebag-like markings on the hindwings.